> BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY :
– The university was founded in 1970 as Bhopal University. It was renamed
Barkatullah University in 1988.
– It was named after Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopali, One of the freedom
fighter in Bhopal. Barkatullah University has been accredited as a B
category university by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council
(NAAC).
– Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopali was an Indian revolutionary from Bhopal,
He fought from outside India, with fiery speeches and revolutionary
writings in leading newspapers, for the independence of India, He was
also Prime Minister of first Provisional Government of India established
in Afghanistan in 1915, He died in San Francisco in 1927
LAKE MANSAROVAR : ( Mansarovar school )
– Lake Manasarovar (Sanskrit: मानसरोवर ) also called Mapam Yumtso( मपाम
युमत्सो ) in tibet , is a high altitude freshwater lake near Mount Kailash, It is
located at an elevation of 4,600 m (15,100 ft), near the western trijunction
between China, India and Nepal,
– The lake is sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Bon religion
( indigenous Tibetan religion ) People from India, China, Nepal and other
countries in the region undertake a pilgrimage to the region. The pilgrimage
generally involves trekking towards Lake Manasarovar and a
circumambulation of the nearby Mount Kailash.
– The Sanskrit word "Manasarovar" (मानसरोवर) is a combination of two
Sanskrit words, Mānas (मानस्) meaning "mind" (generally denotes the
mental powers associated including intellect, perception, conscience)[3]
and sarovar (सरोवर) meaning "lake or a large pond"
HAMIDIA :
– हमीिदया आट् र्स एं ड कॉमसर् कॉलेज भोपाल की स्थापना 1946 में तत्कालीन भोपाल िरयासत के
शासक नवाब हमीदु ल्ला खान ने की थी। इसका पहला पिरसर प्रितिष्ठत िमं टो हॉल था। 1 नवंबर
1956 को जब मध्य प्रदेश का नया राज्य बना, तो िमं टो हॉल को िवधान भवन में बदल िदया गया।
–
1956 को जब मध्य प्रदेश का नया राज्य बना, तो िमं टो हॉल को िवधान भवन में बदल िदया गया।
VIKARMADITYA ( VIKRAMSEN ) :
– िवक्रमािदत्य (57 ईसा पूवर् ( 57 BCE - Before common era ) - 19 ईस्वी) भारतीय सम्राट
थे िजन्हें 'िवक्रमसेन' के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। उनके साम्राज्य की राजधानी उज्जैन थी।
– Vikramaditya began the Vikram Samvat era in 57 BCE after defeating the
Shakas, and those who believe that he is based on a historical figure place
him around the first century BCE.
– “िवक्रमािदत्य" की उपािध भारतीय इितहास में बाद के कई अन्य राजाओं ने प्राप्त की थी, िजनमें गुप्त
सम्राट चन्द्रगुप्त िद्वतीय और सम्राट हेमचन्द्र िवक्रमािदत्य (जो हेमु के नाम से प्रिसद्ध थे) उल्लेखनीय हैं।
– was a legendary king as mentioned in ancient Indian literature, featuring in
traditional stories including those in Vetala Panchavimshati and Singhasan
Battisi.
KOTRA :
– Kotra is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is
located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.
GIS : ( GLOBAL INVESTOR SUMMIT )
– Global Investors Summit-2025, Took place on 24-25 February in Bhopal.
AIM : Summit aims to position Madhya Pradesh as a premier investment
destination at both the national and international levels by showcasing the
state’s robust industrial capabilities and investor-friendly environment.
– inaugurated by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 24 February at the
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya.
Launch of strategic policy initiatives :
– PM Modi launched 18 new policies designed to stimulate industrial growth
includes Madhya Pradesh Industrial Policy 2025, MSME Policy, Export
Promotion Policy, Logistics Policy, Start-up Policy, Madhya Pradesh
Animation, VR, Gaming etc
Key takeaways : ( important )
– It position Madhya Pradesh as a leading investment destination,
fostering economic growth and job creation.
Three major exhibition :
1. Auto Show: Showcasing Madhya Pradesh’s automotive capabilities and
future mobility solutions.
2. Textile and Fashion Expo: Showcasing the state’s expertise in traditional
and modern textile manufacturing.
3. One District-One Product Village: A glimpse of the unique craftsmanship
and cultural heritage of various districts of the state.
– Day one of the summit saw the receipt of numerous investment proposals,
including intentions to invest and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs),
totalling ₹22,50,657 crore.
TRADE/ TARIFF WAR :
News : China raised tariffs on US goods from 84% to 125% ( current 145% ) in
retaliation for US President Donald Trump’s hike on Chinese imports to 245%
What is a Trade War?
– A trade war occurs when nations impose tariffs or trade barriers against
each other in retaliation for perceived economic harm or unfair trade
practices.
– It disrupts global supply chains, increases production costs, and impacts
economic growth worldwide.
> Factors Led to the Intensifying Tariffs Between the US and China ?
1. A US Dollar 295 billion US trade deficit with China in 2024 remains a major
trigger behind US tariff hikes.
2. Both nations aim to Reduce mutual dependence, especially in critical
goods like Semiconductors, Rare Earth Metals, and Electric vehicles
(EVs) components.
3. Geopolitical Rivalry: US-China tensions go beyond trade, rooted in
strategic conflicts over Taiwan, the South China Sea, and tech
3.
dominance (Artificial Intelligence, Quantum).
4. Tariff Evasion via Third Countries: Chinese firms reroute goods through
nations like Vietnam and Malaysia to bypass US tariffs.
What are the Implications of the US-China Trade War on India?
1. Supply Chain Disruptions: Electronics, auto parts, and pharmaceuticals in
India heavily rely on Chinese components.
Rising costs or delayed shipments due to tariffs may make gadgets,
vehicles, costlier or harder to source in India.
2. Around 70% of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) used in Indian
medicines are imported from China.
Tariff-linked cost hikes or supply bottlenecks could raise drug prices and
impact India’s healthcare and pharma exports.
3. Inflation could rise due to costlier imports, affecting household spending
and business costs.
4. Export Opportunities: As the US imposes steep tariffs on China, Indian
sectors such as textiles, and leather have an opportunity to become more
competitive and capture a larger share of the US market. ( positive
implication )
Way Ahead for India :
1. Strengthening Trade Agreements : with the US, ASEAN, and EU.
2. Diversifying Supply Chains : boosting make India.
3. The US is India’s largest trading partner, so India must accommodate US
interests to maintain a good relationship.
TRIBES IN INDIA AND MP :
> INTRO :
According to D.N. Majumdar ( Anthropologist )
– “A tribe is a collection of families, bearing a common name, members to
–
which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe
certain taboos regarding marriage profession or occupation and have
developed a well assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of
obligation.”
– The present popular meaning of ‘Tribe’ in India refers to a category of
people, included in the list of Scheduled Tribes.
– The term Adivasi refers to indigenous people of the region, coined by
Amritlal vithaldas Thakkar. ( was a prominent Indian social worker, मध्य प्रदेश
राज्य सरकार ने गरीब, पीिड़त और पूरी तरह िपछड़े आिदवासी समुदाय के िलए समिपर् त सेवाओं के
िलए उनके सम्मान में एक पुरस्कार की स्थापना की है। ) In 1922, he founded the Bhil Seva
Mandal.
> DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES IN INDIA :
– The Census of India held in 2011 counted the number of scheduled
tribes (both ‘major tribes’ and their ‘sub-tribes’) to be 705.
– Bhils form the largest tribal group in India, followed by Gonds, Santhals,
and Meenas.
– Two important government classification of tribes are :
1. De-notified, nomadic and semi nomadic tribal population, : They constitute
about 10% of the country’s population. They practice a range of
occupations like metal workers, stone workers, basket makers herbalist etc,
2. PVTG’s : these tribes are characterized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Groups (PVTGs) (earlier known as Primitive Tribal Groups) on the basis of
their greater ‘vulnerability’ and economical backwardness, within the
scheduled tribes. Ministry of Home affairs initiated four criteria for
identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. They are:
1) Pre-agricultural level of technology and economy,
2) Very low rate of literacy,
3) Declining or near stagnant population, and
4) A subsistence level of economy.
> DEFINITION OF SCHEDULE TRIBE OR MENTION OF SCHEDULE
TRIBES IN THE CONSTITUTION : IMP articles
1. ARTICLE 366(25) ( 366 SUBCLAUSE 25 ) : Article 366 (25) of the Indian
1.
Constitution refers Scheduled Tribe to those who are scheduled in
accordance with Article 342.
( भारतीय संिवधान के अनुच्छेद 366
(25) में अनुसिू चत जनजाित के अंतगत
र् उन लोगों को शािमल िकया गया है जो अनुच्छेद 342 के अनुसार
अनुसिू चत हैं। )
2. ARTICLE 342 says that the Indian President, after consulting with the
concerned Governors of State or Union territory, can specify the tribes or
tribal groups through public notification
( अनुच्छेद 342 में कहा गया है िक भारतीय राष्ट्रपित, राज्य या केंद्र शािसत प्रदेश के संबिं धत
राज्यपालों के साथ परामशर् करने के बाद, सावज
र् िनक अिधसूचना के माध्यम से जनजाितयों या
जनजातीय समूहों को िनिदर् ष्ट कर सकते हैं )
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO TRIBE :
Article 244 Talks about administration of
schedule areas and tribal areas
Article 275(1) subclass 1 It guarantee grant-in-aid from the
consolidated funds of India for
development of infrastructure in the
tribal areas.
Article 366(25) Discussed earlier
Article 342 Discussed earlier
SOCIAL SAFEGUARD : ARTICLE 17 : Abolition of untouchability.
EDUCATIONAL & CULTURAL SAFEGUARDS :
– ARTICLE 15(4):- Special provisions for advancement of other backward
classes (which includes
STs).
– ARTICLE 16 (4):- The state can make any provision for the reservation of
appointments or posts in
favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state,
is not adequately
represented in the services under the state.
POLITICAL SAFEGUARDS :
– ARTICLE 330:- Reservation of seats for STs in Lok Sabha.
– ARTICLE 332- Reservation of seats for STs in State Legislatures.
– ARTICLE 334:- 10 years period for reservation (Amended several times to
extend the period.).
–
– ARTICLE 243:- Reservation of seats in Panchayats.
> SCENARIO OF TRIBES IN MADHYA PRADESH :
– Madhya Pradesh is the residence of almost 46 Tribes and 96 sub-Tribes.
– According to census of 2011 Tribal population in Madhya Pradesh
comprises of 21.1% of the total population of
the state.
BASIS INDIA MP
TRIBAL POPULATION 10.45 CR 1.53 CR
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL 8.6% 21.1%
POPULATION
– Madhya Pradesh also has the highest population of scheduled Tribes in
India.
– The three biggest tribes of Madhya Pradesh are – Bhil, Gond and Kol.
– Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Barwani are 4 districts of Madhya Pradesh that
consist of around 50%
tribal Population
Districts with maximum ST Population :
By population 1. Dhar , 2. Badwani, 3. Jhabua.
By percentage 1. Alirajpur, 2. Jhabua, 3. Badwani.
Districts with minimum ST Population :
By population 1. Bhind, 2. Datia, 3. Guna.
By percentage 2. Bhind, 2. Morena, 3. Datia
– Western region of our state (which includes Khandwa, Khargone, Jhabua,
Ratlam and Dhar, there is a major concentration of Bhil Population.
– In the Southern region of our state (which includes districts of Mandla,
Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul and Hoshangabad), there is a major
concentration of Baiga, Gond, Bharia and Mandia Tribes. Even though Gond
is the largest tribe of the region
– Three tribes of Madhya Pradesh Baiga, Bhariya and Sahariya have been
–
declared ( PVTG’s ) specific backward tribes by the Government of India.
( PVTG’s discussed earlier ) Note : There are 75 listed PVTG’S by the GOI
and the highest number are found in Odisha.
> ABOUT GOND TRIBE :
Area Around Narmada valley region
Dance Karma, saila, gend, Gocho, Reena,
Kaharwa, Sajni.
painting Nohdora+
agriculture Baari or bari
colony Tola
INTRO :
– Gond tribe is the 2nd largest tribe of the state.
– Their roots belongs to dravidian race.
– The word Gond is derived from the Telugu word Kond,
which means - Mountain. This tribe lives in mountainous
areas, so they are called Gond.
– It is India's largest tribal groups and the second
largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
– Distribution : This tribe resides in Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Seoni
and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
– languages : they speak Gondi and Dorli language.
– According to 2011 Census, the population of Gond tribe in Madhya Pradesh
is 50.93 lakh,
which is 33.25% of the total tribal population in the state.
– The highest population of Gond tribe is 6.2 lakhs in Chhindwara district.
– Verrier Elwin wrote the book The Muria and their Ghotul in 1947.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION :
– Gondwand dynasty spread across the regions of – Garh-mandla,
–
Singaurgarh (Damoh), Makdai (Harda) Kharela (Betul), Devgarh
(Chhindwara) etc. were some important centers of Gond rulers.
– Currently these tribes are settled around the Banks of Narmada – like-
Betul, Hoshangabad. Mandla. Dindori, Jablapur, Harda, Narsinghpur etc.
– Gond dynasty used to rule over south – east, southern and central district
of MP.
SOCIETY : Major classes of gonds are :
1. Rajgond- ruling class
2. Dhur gond- General persons/commoners
On the basis of profession, Gond are classified into different classes.
3. Muqaddam- Head of gond Panchyats
4. Ojha- Tantrik
5. Koila Bhutis – Dancers
6. Agariya – Iron smiths/ Blacksmith
7. Pradhan – Priests
8. Salahus/Solhas – carpenter
– Their society is manly patriarchial
– Staple food of gonds is millets- kodo-kutti
– The most worshipped tree of Gond communilty is peepal tree.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBTRIBES OF GONDS :
On the basis of Residence:
Rajgond Land Owners
Dhurgond Common People
Muriya and Mariya Most Backward Subtribe
On the basis of Occupation:
Agaria Iron Smith
Pardhan Priest
Ojha Tantric
Solhas Carpenter
Koilabhutis Nomad
Nagachi Plays nagada
Agaria Iron Smith
Pardhan Priest
Ojha Tantric
Solhas Carpenter
Koilabhutis Nomad
Nagachi Plays nagada
CREMATION PRACTICE :
– Gond follow both types of funeral systems – (I) by burrying (II) creamtion by
burning ( Khehul pata- it is a sad song sung at the time of funeral )
– The most loving drink of Gonds is – Paej ( पैज )(cocktail of rice and
Cornflakes)
– Gond women are fond of – ornaments & Tattoo( Gudna, गुदना )
– The main deity of Gond tribe is Dulha Dev and there are other gods and
goddesses like
Buddha Deva, Bada Deo, Thakur Dev (God of land), Nag Dev, Narayana
Dev worshiped by
Gond People.
RELIGION : Important Deities of Gonds :
Badadev- Creator of Gonds
Dulhadev – worshipped during marriage
Badhadev/ Budhadev- kuldevta
Khairmai ( Khairmata ) – local diety kuldevi ( her place is mostly under the
Mahua tree.
Narsen- Protector of Boundary of villages.
Mariya – Goddess of disease
ECONOMY OF GONDS :
– Practice Agriculture and Hunting
– Mostly dependent on forest Resources
– They practice Jhum cultivation ( slash and burn ), which is
known as - Bari
CUSTOMS :
1. Ghotul system :
Ghotul System is a life university in the Gond Community where the Tribal
youths (unmarried boys and girls) are Trained about the socio-cultural
traditions of gond community.
FESTIVAL :
1. Madhi :
– This is the biggest cultural event of Gonds. Celebration is started in the
beginning of December and Continues till March.
– Goddess Danteshwari and others local dieties worshipped and folk dance
performed
– Ritual Sacrifice is an important element in this festival. ( goat sacrifice )
– This cultural event is marked by singing of songs like – Railo, Chital
2. Pola :
– It is the celebration of labour.
– It is an event of offering gratitude to Ox and its labour on the field .
– The Gonds consider Ox (बैल) as an important asset in farming that’s why it
must be honoured and worshipped.
3. Bidri :
– Bidri ceremony is celebrated with the start of sowing season,
– In the bidri worship both cloud and earth and others are worshipped
– Thakur dev is worshipped and entire village participates in bidri
4. Ghajla :
– Ghajla ceremany is a cermony in which Earthen pot is worshipped.
– celebrated during sowing season.
–
5. Navakhani :
This is a havesting festival when people eat new grains of rice after harvesting
season.
6. Other festivals- Bakpanthi and Malai.
MARRIAGES :
Pathauni Vivah : Girl (Bride) takes the marriage procession to grooms House,
Chad Vivah : (Boy) groom’s procession to bride’s House,
Lamsena Vivah : Marriage in which boy stays in girl’s house or father in law
house and perform service work. If the bride’s father is satisfied with the
groom’s work then he arrange his daughter marriage with groom. In this the
groom is called Lamani.
Doodh Lautava : Marriage between maternal cousins and paternal cousins.
Piesotur Marriage : Abduction marriage in gonds.
GOND PAINTING :
– It is known for its vibrant colours, bold patterns, and imaginative imagery
that often includes elements of
nature and tribal life.
– Gond artists typically use natural materials such as charcoal, mud, and
vegetable dyes to create their paintings, which are typically made on the
walls of
houses, on cloth, or on handmade paper
– The Gond paintings depict Lord Krishna village deities like Marahi Devi,
Phulvari Devi, Sanphadki snake, Phulchukki chiriya (bird), Sarpoti tree, etc.
– Traditional Gond Art of MP's Dindori district receives GI Tag recognition.
Patangarh village, located in the Dindori district of the [Link] in Gond
art. The main source of Gond painting has been Dindori, it has been expanded
from place to place in Dindori
GI Tag ensures that no one other than the registered authorised user is allowed
to use the name of the popular product.
Artists of Gond Painting
1. Shri Shambhu Dayal Shyam, Madhya Pradesh
2. Shri Bhajju Shyam, Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh
3. Smt. Chandrakali Vyam, Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh
4. Ms. Japani Shyam, Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh
5. Smt. Nankusia Shyam, Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh
6. Shri Narmada Prasad Tekam, Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya
Pradesh
7. Shri Sukhnandi Vyam, Sonpuri village, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Rani Durgawati :
– Rani Durgavati ((1524-2024), the descendant of the famous Chandela
dynasty of Mahoba, and the queen of the Gond kingdom of Garha-Katanga,
took on the might of the Mughal Empire with great courage and leadership.
– Rani Durgavati, like many other women of her time, chose to embrace death
rather than fall into the hands of the enemy.
– It is said that since she was born on the festival of Durgashtami, her
parents named her Durgavati after the fierce Hindu goddess Durga. She
–
proved to be a human embodiment of the deity.
– She is remembered today for her sacrifices as a defender of her culture and
a symbol of pride and honour.
– At the age of 18, she was married to Dalpat Shah the son of the Gond King
Sangram Shah of Garha-Katanga, strengthening an alliance between the
two royal families
Rani Kamlapati :
– Rani Kamlapati was the widow of Nizam Shah whose Gond dynasty ruled
the then Ginnorgarh,
in the 18th century.
– Kampalati is known to have shown great bravery in facing aggressors
during her reign after her
husband was killed.
– Kamlapati was the “last Hindu queen of Bhopal”, who did great work in the
area of water
management and set up parks and temples.
– Kamalapati Palace is located on the bridge, between the larger and the
smaller lake of Bhopal. The Palace has been designated as a Monument of
National Importance by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI).
– Rani Kamalapati station’s redevelopment project
● under PPP mode has set up benchmark and learning model for other
railway stations.
● Reconstructed on the lines of Germany’s Heidelberg railway station Rani
Kamalapati railway
● station is India’s first world-class station.
IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITY :
1. Lahari Bai :
– She belong to Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh and belong to Baiga tribe.
– The year 2023 has been declared by the United Nations on the request of
India as the year of
“Shri Anna (Millet)” the ‘International Year of Millets’.
– Madhya Pradesh government has made Lahari Bai its brand ambassador of
Millets.
2. Pema Fatya : Pithora painting
– Belonged to Bhil community of Jhabua (died 2020)
– Artists of Pithora painting. Born at Chandra Shekhar Azad Nagar (Jhabua).
She is one of the most renowned painters of
Bhil tribal`s Pithora paintings.
–
3. Ms. Jodhaiyabai Baiga (Padma Shri 2023) (Field – Art)
– On 22 March 2023, President Smt. Draupadi Murmu honoured Madhya
Pradesh’s famous Baiga painter Jodhaiya Bai Baiga with the Padma Shri
Award for the year 2023 for her special contribution in the field of arts.
– Jodhaiya Bai Baiga has been popularising the traditional Baiga tribal culture
and philosophy through her paintings for decades.
4. Durga Bai Vyam – Awarded in the field of painting (Padmashree 2022)
– Durga Bai Vyam is an artist. She is one of the foremost female artists based
in Bhopal working in the Gond tradition of Tribal Art
– She belong to Mandla district.
– Their Art form is related to Digna Art.
– Digna Art- It is a traditional art of painting geometric patterns on the walls
and floors of
home during weddings and festive occasions.
5. Arjun Singh Dhurve – Dancer of Baiga tribe (Padmashree 2022)
– Folk artist Arjun Singh Dhurve of Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh (village
Dhurkuta) honored with Padma Shri, famous for Baiga Pradhani dance
– He belongs to Dindori district.
– Pardhauni Natya- This is a folk dance performed by the Baiga tribals to
receive the wedding procession on the occasion of marriage. In which
artistic dances are performed in the masks of bull, peacock, elephant,
horse etc.
6. Bhuri Bai : (Padmashree 2021)
– She is an Indian Bhil artist (Bhil painting), born in Pitol village (situated on
the border of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat but Pitol is a village of Jhabua
–
district in
Madhya Pradesh).
– She is the first tribal painter belonging to the tribal community to use paper
and canvas.
– Among the Bhils of Jhabua Pithora painting is a ritual held in great esteem.
Pithora horses are painted by the lekhindra, the traditional painter and
offered to the devas.
7. Jangarh Singh Shyam :
– He was the first Gond artist to use paper and canvas for his art. Jangarh
Singh Shyam passed away when he was still in his 40s. He was in Japan on
a three month painting assignment with the Mithila Trust when he took his
own life.
Jangarh Singh Shyam passed away when he was still in his 40s. He was in
Japan on a three month painting assignment with the Mithila Trust when he
took his own life. The reasons for his action are still a mystery. But his name will
remain eternal, along with the present genre of Gond painting which he started,
and is named Janagarh Kalam in his honour.
8. Raja Nareshchandra Singh :
– He was a ruler of Sarangarh state in Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh.
– He was made the first Minister for Tribal Welfare in M.P. in 1955 and
continued in this post , till he became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
in 1969.
– He also served as the 6th Chief Minister of undivided Madhya Pradesh for a
short duration of 13 days