SOCIAL sCIENCE vOL- CBSE CLASS _IX

to the Russian Civil War in 1918-1920? Any four

What conditions led
S.
points.
land
began to break up after Bolsheviks ordered
Ans (il The Russian army
who mostly peasants wished to go home for
redistribution. Soldiers
were

the land redistribution.

condemned
and supporters of autocracy
(iil Non
Bolshevik Socialists, Liberals
the troops to fight the
uprising. Their leaders organised
the Bolshevik
Bolsheviks.

Revolutionaries) and whites'

1918 and 1919, the 'greens' (Socialist
(iii) During backed by
controlled most of the Russian empire. They were

(pro-Tsarists)
and the
American, British and Japanese troops. As these troops
French,
famine became common.

Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry and

took harsh steps against
Supporters of private property among whites'
(iv)
seized land.
peasants who had
conditions in Russia before
What were the social, economic and political
9.
1905
diverse
classes, religions and
Ans. Social conditions: People of different social status,
made to belittle
w e r e there. Imposition
of Russian language was
nationalities
population were farmers,
people. Main groups of Russian
the cultures of these
industrialists and traders.
workers, landowners, capitalists,
cent of Russians were agriculturists. Agriculture
Economic conditions: 85 per
market
to a vast population. Cultivators produced food for
provided employment
conditions: Nobles got their power and
as well as their own needs Political
Tsar, not through local popularity. This
position through their services to the
them. In
respected nobles and fought for
was unlike France where peasants
refused to pay rent and
wanted the land of the nobles;
they
Russia, peasants
even murdered landlords.

45
 CBSE_CLASS_IX sOCIAL SCIENCE-VOL-
2. Lenin led the revolutionaries after the fall of the Tsar under Lenin's
leadership; the Bolshevik Party put forward clear policies to end the war.

Transfer land to the peasants and advance the slogan 'All power to the

Soviets'.

4. He was of the opinion that no genuine democracy could be established

unless all the non-Russians were given equal rights.
5. These were the real objectives of the Russian Revolution and he fulfilled
all these objectives. That is why Lenin's has become
name
inseparable
from the Russian Revolution.

6. What were the immediate consequences of the Russian Revolution?

Ans.

1. Most industries and banks were nationalised in November 1917.

2. This meant the
government took over the ownership and
Land was declared social management.
property.
3. Peasants were allowed to seize the land of the
4. In
nobility.
cities, Bolsheviks enforced the
partition of large houses according to
family requirements.
5. They banned the use of old title of
7. How did
aristocracy.
Russia's participation in the World War
cause the fall of the
Ans. 1. The
initially popular and people rallied
war was Tsar
2. As the war around Tsar Nicholas II.
continued, support became thin
and Tsar's
Anti-German sentiments became popularity declined.
high.
3The Tsarina Alexandra's German
origins and poor
monk called Rasputin, made the advisers, especially a
autocracy unpopular.
4 Defeats were shocking and
demoralising. Russia's armies lost
Germany and Austria between 1914 and badly in
1916. There
were over 7 million
casualties by 1917.

EThe destruction of crops ana Duaings e a to Over

3
million ugees in
ref1gees
Russia. The situation discredited tne government and the Tsa
ar.

Narayana Group of schoo

 VOL-I
SCIENCE
-

sOCIAL without property.

can operate
according to socialists,
how a society,
Explain socialist society?
3. the basis
of individual1
w o u l d be scaie only through
What a wide
on
not be b u i l t
could
Co-operatives
Ans. a n d replace
co-operatives
initiative. must encourage

governments
wanted t h a t
They
1.
capitalist enterprise. who p r o d u c e d
associations of people
were to be
cooperatives
the w o r k
done by
said t h a t accordirng to
They
2. divided the profits
together a n d
goods
members.
of arguments.
added to this body
More ideas
were M a r x arguedd
3 and F r e d r i c
Engels.
Karl Marx
These ideas
were added by o w n e d the capital
invested
4. Capitalists
that industrial society w a s capitalist.
in factories.
was produced by
these factories
came to t h e m through
which
The profit did not gain
5. contributed to the profits but
workers
the workers. The

anythinng.
collectivisationprogramme.

4. Discuss Stalin's

Ans. of shortage.
collectivisation would definitely solve the problem
1. Stalin felt that
collective farms
to cultivate in
forced the peasants
2. From 1929 the Party

(Kolkhoz). ownership of
were transferred to the
and implements
3. The bulk of land
collective farms
shared.
the land and the
Kolkhoz profit was

4. Peasants worked on
livestock.
resisted the a u t h o r i t i e s
and destroyed their
5. Enraged peasants
the number of cattle fell by 1/3.
Between 1929 and 1931
revolution and his
Lenin in the
5. Comment o n the role of Vladimir
contribution to the economic policy.
Russian Revolution of
Ans. 1. Vladimir Lenin played an important part in the

1917.

43
Narayana Group of Schools
 soCIAL SCIENCE VOL-I

min
by night
and nisters
C B S E _ C L A S S _ I X
t h e city
controls

C o m m i t t e e

Revolutionary

Military

surrender. comnin
t h e way for
power.
of the ete
control
event paved
take This
Lenin.
ule.
s i n g l e - p a r t y mal.
Bolshevik

The
was
led by beginning
of a
R e v o l u t i o n
the
October and
Russia
The over
Bolsheviks
about;
control of the know
what you Stalin was
show
the
kulaks. was
to called
a few l i n e s were
Write
the kulake
landowners

2:
2:
of farming,
Answer:
The wealthy c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n

Kulaks:
During
a) for hoarding.
suspicious
of t h e m
seized.
were
their lands Duma. The first
raided and called the
were
parliament
is
Russian
Answer:
The
The Duma:
b in 1905.
Duma was
constituted
Participation of women
Answer:
between 1900 and 1930:
Women
workers i n d u s t r i a l workers
c Russia. About
one-third

workers was quite significant in workers

number of w o m e n
the war years, the
were women. Especially during duties.
able-bodied m e n w e r e
called for wartime
increased because the

wanted a change society. They wanted

in the
d The Liberals: Answer: Liberals
the uncontrolled power of dynastic
toleration towards all religions. They opposed
of individuals. They favoured a
rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights
representative, parliamentary government. Such a government should
elected

be subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained and independent judiciary.

However, some of the liberal ideas were not democratic. They did not believe in
universal adult franchise and wanted the voting rights only for men with

property.
e) Stalin's collectivization programme
Stalin believed that collectivization of
agriculture would help in improving grains
supplies in Russia. He began collectivization in 1929. All peasants were forced
to cultivate in collective farms (kolhoz). The bulk of land and
transferred to the ownership of collective farm.
implements were
Many
peasants protested such
attempts and destroyed livestock to show their
anger. Collectivization did not
bring the desired results in the food supply
situation turned even in worse
subsequent years.

Narayana Group of Schools

 sOCIAL SCIENCE -VOL-I CBSE_CLASS_IX

Sought to overcome the economic and political [Link] plagued

the Soviet economy.
(ii) Aimed at revitalising all sectors of the economy particularly industry,
introducing a totalitarian regime, and collectivisation of agriculture.

Comment on the global influence of the Russian Revolution.

18.
Existing soCialist parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the
Ans.
Ans. 1.
Bolsheviks took power and kept it.
imagination across the
2. Still the possibility of a workers' state fired their
world. In many countries communist parties were formed.

Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow. their example. Many non-

3.
Russians received education in the USSR's University of the Peoples of the
the time the Second World War broke out, the USSR had given
East. By
socialism a global face and world stature.

Long Answer Questions:

of the February
Make two lists: with the main events and the effects
one
1 the October
main events and effects of
Revolution and the other with the
w e r e the
who was involved in each, who
paragraph on
Revolution. Write a

impact of each on
Soviet history.
leaders and what w a s the
Ans: February Revolution

On 22 February: A
lockout at a factory.
curfew was imposed.
centre of the capital, and
Demonstrators thronged the
of Duma.
25th February: Suspension
Formation of Soviet.
27th February: formed.
government
leaves power
and provisional
Znd March: Tsar and paved
rule in Russia
autocratic Tsarist
Revolution ended the
The February leader of this
movement.

There was no
elected government.
tne way for an

October Revolution: Committee

Revolutionary
Formation of Military situation.
oth October: deal with the
called in to
troops
Pro-government
h October:

41

Naray Group of Schools owww

 CLASS

13. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a dress rehersal of the Octoh..
ber
Revolution of [Link]:
The Revolution of 1905 was a dress rehersal ofthe October Revolution of 1917

(i) The 1905 revolution aroused the people and prepared them for the lata.
ter
events.
(ii) It drew soldiers and the people of non-Russian nationalities into close.

contact with the Russian revolutionaries.

14. What factors contributed to industrialisation in Russia in the last quarter

of the 19th century?

Factors enabling industrialisation were:

increased foreign investments.

(ii) extension of railway network.

(ii) doubling of coal production.

(iv) quadrupling of iron and steel output.

15. List the of the
names leaders, and the names of the groups into which the
RSDWP split.
The two groups into which the RSDWP split were (i) Mensheviks and (i)
Bolsheviks.
1. Mensheviks was a
minority group under Alexander Kerensky.
ii. Bolsheviks was a
majority group whose leader
Lenin.
was
popularly known as
16. Briefly explain the term 'Bloody Sunday'.
The term Bloody Sunday' relates to the event of Jan. 22, 1905 in
when of Petersburg
a mass
peaceful workers and their
families, were fired upon by the
police when they were on their way to the Winter
to the Tsar.
Palace, to present a petition

In this firing more than over 100 workers killed and about 300
were
wounded.
17. State two objectives of Stalin's Five Year Plan.
Stalin's Five Year Plans had the following objectives:

Narayana Group of Schoos

 i) The communist ideology of the Soviet Union was viewed as a threat to the
social and economic system of the Western
European countries.
(ii) There was iear in many capitalist countries of Western Europe that Soviet
Union was helping many countries to
turn communist.
What were the two
stages of the Russian Revolution?
Ans. The Russian Revolution of 1917 had two stages. They were:
i The February Revolution or political stage when Tsar abdicated his throne
and the Mensheviks under Kerenskii came to power.
il The October Revolution or
economic and social stage, when the Bolsheviks
under the leadership of Lenin overthrew Kerenskii's
control. government and seized
10. Give any two reforms introduced Tsar
by Nicholas-II immediately after the
Revolution of [Link] Tsar Nicholas-II:
Ans. (i) Introduced the October manifesto which
granted the people freedom of
speech, press and associatioon.
(i) Power to make laws
conferred upon on elected body called the
was
Duma.
28. Who the leader of the Bolshevik
was
Party? Lenin was the leader of the
Bolshevik Party.
11. What was the attitude of former USSR
towards the movements for
independence in Asia?
(i) The USSR was against imperialism and supported independence
movements occurring in Asia.
i1) Immediately after the Revolution the Soviet
government annulled the
unequal treaties which the Tsar had imposed on China. It
supported China's
efforts at unification under Sun-Yat-Sen.
.What according to Lenin were the
prerequisites necessary to make the
Revolution a success?
Perquisites to make the Revolution a success were:
People should fully understand that revolution is necessary and be ready
to sacrifice their lives for it.
The existing government should be in state
a
of crisis to enable it tob
Overthrown quickly.
Narayan Group of Schools 39
 S O C I A L SCIENCE VOLI
CBSE_CLASS_IX
Peasants were allowed to seize the land of
Land was declared social property.

the nobility.
per family requirements.
In cities, large houses were partitioned as

Old titles of aristocracy were banned.

leaders had to go into hiding or flee?

5. Why many Bolshevik

Ans. Because in June 1917,about 500

Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian
s a w its power reduce and
Congress of Soviets. As the Provisional Government
Bolshevik influence grow, it decided to take stern measures against the

discontent. It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and

spreading
leaders. demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks in
began arresting Popular
July 1917 were sternly repressed. Many Bolshevik leaders had to go into hiding

or flee.
6. How Petrograd Soviet was formed?
Ans. In the winter of 1917, The streets thronged with people raising slogans about
bread, wages, better hours and democracy. The government tried to controJ
the situation and called out the cavalry once again. However, the cavalry refused
to fire on the demonstrators. An officer was shot at the barracks of a regiment
and three other regiments mutinied, voting to join the striking workers. By
that evening, soldiers and striking workers had gathered to form a soviet' or
council in the same building as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
7. What were the contributions of Lenin?
Ans. Contributions of Lenin were:

i) Lenin was leader of the Bolshevik party.

(i) After assuming power he directed the social and economic revolution of
October 1917 and made Russia the first communist state in the world.
8. Emergence of the Soviet Union as a great power after World War I was
considered a danger by many countries. Give reasons:

Ans. Reasons why Soviet Union was considered a danger by many countries after
the World War I were:

38 Narayana Group of Schools

 sOCIAL SCIENCE -VOL-I CBSE_CLASS _IX

63. Why did liberals and radicals think that workforce in the economy should
be healthy and citizens should be educated?

Ans. Because they had made wealth through trade or industrial ventures and it
would benefit only if the workforce in the economy was healthy and citizens
were educated.

Short Answer Questions:

1: What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before
1905P

Ans: A large section of the Russian population was dependent on agriculture. Some

industries had developed in selected pockets. The Russian empire was under
the autocratic rule of the Tsar. The workers were divided in different social
groups, but often united to strike work in factories. The peasants had a long
tradition of working in commune.

2: In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other
countries in Europe, before 1917?

Ans: Compared to other parts of Europe, a larger portion of the Russiarn population
was engaged in
farming. Workers in the industry had already begun to organize
themselves to stop work in factories. Farmers had a long tradition of working
collectively on farms.
3: Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Ans: The Tsar first dismissed the initial two Dumas and then
packed the parliament
with the conservatives. During the First World War, the Tsar took decision
without consulting the Duma. Large scale casualties of Russian soldiers in the
war further alienated the
people from the Tsar. Burning of crops and buildings
by the retreating Russian armies created huge shortage of food in Russia. All
of these led to the collapse of the Tsarist autocracy in 1917.
4: What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately
after the October Revolution?
Ans: Major changes after the October Revolution:
Most of the industry and banks were nationalized in November 1917. TH
government took over ownership and management.
rayana Group of Schools boccwooowwwwwewwwawwecoonoore
 -VOL4
56. What was needed for development of societies that Liberals and
thought of?
radicaa
Ans. If freedom of individualsensured, if the poor could labour, and those ui
was
i
capital could operate without restraint, liberals and radicals believed the
sOcieties would develop.
n
57. Who backed 'Greens' and 'whites'?

Ans. They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops
those forces who were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia.

58. What was the condition of workers in Russia?

Ans. Workers divided social group. Some had strong links with the
were a
villag
from which they came. Others had settled in cities permanently. Worke
were divided by skill.

59. What was known as Lenin's April Theses?

Ans. In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia fro

his exile. He and the Bolsheviks had opposed the war since 1914. Now he fe
it was time for soviets to take over power. He declared that the war be broug
to a close, land be transferred to the peasants, and banks be nationalize
These three demands were Lenin's April Theses'.

60. Nationalists, liberals and radicals became revolutionaries in which part

the world?
Ans. France, Italy, Germany and Russia

61. In Russia most factories were set up in the 1890s?

Why
foreign investment
Ans: Because Russia's railway network was extended, and

industry increased
Bolsheviks?
62. What was the effect of land redistribution
ordered by
ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began
Ans. When the Bolsheviks
home for the redistributic
break up. Soldiers, mostly peasants, wished to go
autocra*
liberals and supporters of
socialists,
and deserted. Non-Bolshevik

condemned the Bolshevik uprising.

of Schoe
Narayana Group
 CBSE_CLA

47. What were the immediate consequences of centralised planning?

Ans. Centralised planning led to (i) Economic growth, (i) Coal, oil and steel
production registered 100% increase, (ii) New factory cities developed.
48. Who succeeded to power after Lenin?
Ans. Stalin succeeded to power after Lenin.
49. What emergency measure did Stalin introduce?

Ans. Stalin introduced the emergency measure called 'collectivisation',

50. Why did Stalin introduce collectivization?

Ans. Stalin introduced collectivization to overcome the problem of acute shortages

of grain.

51. How were the critics of Planned Economy and Collectivization within the
party handled by Stalin?

Ans. Critics within the party were handled sternly by Stalin. They were charged

with conspiracy against socialism, were imprisoned or sent to labour camps or

executed.

52. What was to be the basis of socialist society?

Ans. Socialist society was to be a classless society. Private property was to be
abolished and means of production and distribution were to be in the hands
of the people.

53. Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin using which slogan?

Ans. The Bolshevik slogan was "All Power to the Soviets".

54. Why was Kerenskii's government unpopular?

Ans. Kerernskii's government was unpopular because he could not fulfil the four-
fold demands of the people (peace, land to the tiller, equal status to non-

Russian nationalities, and nationalization of banks and industry).

55. What was the effect of division in workers?

Ans: Divisions among workers showed themselves in dress and manners too. Some

workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment

financial hardship but such associations were few.

35
Narayana Group of Schools
 CBSE_CLASS_IX
soCIAL SCIENCE-VOL
the breakun
9 . What was the single most important cause for the breakup ofth
e Russia
army?
Ans. The single most important cause for the dreakup of the Russ
ssian
Bolshevik order of land redistribution.
Most soldiers in the
the army were army
arr wa
They wanted to go home for land
redistribution.
peasants
40. Who were the 'Reds'?
Ans. The Bolsheviks were called 'Reds'.
41. Who were called 'Whites' and Greens'?

Ans. The pro Tsarists were called Whites' and socialist revolutionaries
ies were called
Greens'
42. Which two groups fought one another in the civil war that ensued..
ued after the
October Revolution?
Ans. The non-Bolsheviks, socialists, liberals and supporters of
autocracy cked by
foreign troops, fought the Bolsheviks in the civil war that ensued aftar
October Revolution. the

43. State the reason for loss of

popular support for non-Bolsheviks.
Ans. The harsh steps taken by supporters of non-Bolsheviks, against
peasants who
had seized land was the cause for loss of
popular support for non-Bolsheviks.
44. What were the factors
behind Bolshevik success in the Civil
War?
Ans. The factors
responsible for Bolshevik success in the Civil War were
(i) Bolshevik order of land
redistribution and
ii) cooperation with non-Russian
nationalists and Muslim Jadidists.
45. Which treaty marked the
end of Russia's participation in the o World
War?
Ans. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk between marked th:
end of Russia's
Russia and ny in
Germany 19 1918

participation in the First World

War.
46. Explain the term "extended school
Ans. Under the
system'.
extended school oft
system', education for all was ne
motive

state. Arrangements were e n e

made for factory

ersities. workers and Pec

34 S c h o

Narayana Group of
 CBSE_CLASS_IX
31. How were the
peasants in Russia different from
other European peasants?
Ans. Peasants of Russia were different
from other
posted their land European peasants because they
periodically and the commune divided it
according to the
needs of individual families.
32. What was the source of
inspiration for the Russian Social
Democratic
Workers Party (RSDWP)?
Ans. The source of
inspiration for the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was
Marx's ideas.

33. How did the Russian Social

Democratic Workers Party
support? (RSDWP) enlist
Ans. The RSDWP enlisted
support by setting up a
newspaper, mobilising workers
and organising strikes.

34. Why did the Russian Socialists feel

peasants and not workers would be the
main force of the Revolution in
Russia?
Ans. The Socialists felt that the
peasants would be the main force of the revolution
because Russian peasants were natural
socialists. They had the custom of
dividing land periodically according to the needs of individual families.
35. State the reason for the
split in the RSDWP.
Ans. The RSDWP split over the ofquestion organisation and policy.
36. How did the war on the eastern front differ from war on the western front?
Ans. On the western front armies
fought the war from trenches. While on the eastern
front armies moved a great deal and the battles left large casualties.
37. Why is International Women's Day celebrated on February 22nd?
Ans. International Women's Day is celebrated on February 22nd, as a mark of

honour, because on this day in Russia many women led the way to strikes in
factories.
98. Name the ship which played an important role in the assault of the Winter

Palace.
Ans. The name of the ship which played an important role in the assault of the

Winter Palace was AURORA'.

Narayana Group of Schools 33

 sOCIAL SCIENCE -VOL
CBSE CLASS_IX b e f o r e

1914.
R u s s i a
groups
in
Orthodox
Ort Christiaianity.
Other
R u s s i a n
21. List the religious
21 to
the
belonged B u d d h i s t s .
Russia and
Ans. Majority of Muslims
Catholics,

P r o t e s t a n t s ,
non-Russian

nationalities
alities hbefore th e 1917
Were
c o n d i t i o n
of the Russian
Revolution:
What was the 1917
22. Prior to the
enjove
equal status
neither
r e v o l u t i o n ?
1hey
Russian inferiors.
as
treated them and
were on
Ans. The
n o n - R u s s i a n s
was
imposed
were not
language
Russian
language.
or equal rights. culture
or
own
their
to practise between
t h e political n . .
allowed
mention
one
difference
that
23. Name and
workers?
industrial
the The .
represented
and M e n s h e v i k s .
the
Bolsheviks
eviks
political parties
were
OI government it
cLhile
Ans. The two system the
parliamentary
a
in establishing
believed if necessary.
socialist system by force,
favoured a
Bolsheviks
Bolshevik's?
the
24. Who were
were eager to establish a saeiaf:..
They
formed the majority party.
Ans. Bolsheviks violence if need be.
and
as possible, even by force
state as quickly
of the Russian peonleo
what was the main occupation
25. In early 20th century
of Russians in early 20th century was
of vast majority
Ans. The main occupation
agriculture.
the main source of export earnings?
26. What was
Russia.
the main source of export earnings in
Ans. Grain was
which workers were divided in Russia?
27. What was the basis on
Ans. In Russia, workers were divided on the basis of skill.
28. Who among the workers were aristocrats?
rs.
Ans. The metal workers considered themselves aristocrats among otne
29. What industries were most prone to strikes?
Ans. The metal and textile industry were most prone to strikes.
30. What was the source of power and position of the nobles? ant
SOurce of power
Ans. Services to the 1sar and not local popularity was the sour
position of the nobles.
c h o o
ofSchu
Group
32 Narayana
 Robert
13. What was the basic difference between
the cooperatives advocated by
Owen and Louis Blanc?
ot
initiative in the setting up
Ans. While Robert Owen favoured individual
in setting up or
cooperatives, Louis 451anc favoured government intervention
cooperatives.

Name the international body formed to coordinate socialist efforts.

14. (a)
formed in 1870, to coordinate socialist
Ans. The Second International was the body
efforts throughout Europe.
14. (b) What was second International?

Second International was- an international body formed in the 1870s. It was

set up to coordinate the efforts and ideas of socialists who were spread

throughout Europe.
15. Why were workers associations formed in France, Britain and Germany?

Ans. Workers associations were formed in France, Britain and Germany to fight for
better living and working conditions and to pressurize governments to grant

right to vote to workers.

16. List the names of two workers associations.
Ans. The names are: (i) Labour Party in Britain (i) Socialist Party in France
17. How did the Socialists succeed in influencing legislation prior to 1914?

Ans. Prior to 1914, the socialists were unable to form a government of their own,
but were able to influence legislation through their strong parliamentary

representatives.
18. Where and when was the first Socialist Government formed?

Ans. The first Socialist Government was formed in Russia after the 1917, October

Revolution.
19. What is meant by the term Russian Revolution?

Ans. The Russian Revolution entails fall of monarchy (Tsar) in February 1917 and

the events of October 1917.

20. Name the Tsar in whose reign the Revolution broke out.

Ans. Nicholas II was the Tsar of Russia at the time of the Revolution.

Narayana Group of Schools 31

 CBSECLASS_IX
What differentiated the 'liberals' from the democrats?

believe in universal franchise and were against right of wos

S. l1berals did not
men
to vote.

List some similarities between 'liberals' and 'radicals'.

Both liberals and radicals firmly believed in value of individual effort, labaur
and enterprise. They were in favour of privileges based on merit not birth

What was the significance of the Russian Revolution?

The significant
most feature of the Russian Revolution was the
establishment
of a socialist state.

Into which two

prominent political groups was the Russian Socialist
Democratic Labour Party divided in 1898.
s. (i) Bolsheviks and (ii) Mensheviks.
What
according to Socialism was the root of all evils in
s. Socialist regarded private society?
property the root of all evils
as
in society.
Give any two features
of Socialism.
s. (i) Means of production are owned
by the state. There is no
property. concept of private
(ii) The socialist idea is
"From each
to his work". according to his capacity, to each
according
Why were the socialists
against private property and
private property as the main capitalism?
Socialists considered
which is why they cause for class
favoured abolition of divisions
with its profit
motive became the main
private
property. Therefore,
target of the capitalism
List names of two
advocates of
socialists.
(i) Robert Owen
cooperatives.
(ii) Louis Blanc.
What was the name of the
cooperative community built
Where was it started? by Robert
Owen?
The name of the
cooperative community started by Robert
Harmony. It was started in Indiana (USA). Owen
wen was New
ew

Narayana Group of
Schools
 tine, thc Second World War began, USSR was considered to be the gIODa

of socialism.

the 1act t
B the 1950s, many within the country began to acknowledge
Cverything was not right in Russia. Although USSR had become a glo

industrial power; but basic freedoms were denied to the people. Many count1

adapted to sonme ideals of socialism, but cach country interpreted them

ther OWn WaVs.

Answer Questions:
Very Short
Categorize the responses that emerged in Europe after the French
1.
Revolution.

Ans. The responses that emerged in Europe after the French Revolution can b
categorised as 'conservative', liberal' and 'radical'.

2 What does the term 'conservative' mean?

Ans. The conservatives believed in respect for the past and change through a

gradual process.
3.
3 Who were the 'radicals'?

Ans. The radicals believed in drastic change of society. A society based oon

majority rule and was in favour of women's suffragette.

1. They were opposed to privileges of landowners and wealthy factory own

They disliked concentration of property in few hands.

Narayana Group of Schools