Scribd
Upload
6 views17 pages

SQL

This document contains SQL notes in Hindi, covering basic to advanced topics of Structured Query Language. It explains SQL commands, queries, and important database concepts with examples. These notes are especially useful for students, beginners, and anyone preparing for exams who prefer learning in Hindi. The content makes it easy to understand SQL in a simple and clear way."

Uploaded by

rj6196532
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
6 views17 pages

SQL

This document contains SQL notes in Hindi, covering basic to advanced topics of Structured Query Language. It explains SQL commands, queries, and important database concepts with examples. These notes are especially useful for students, beginners, and anyone preparing for exams who prefer learning in Hindi. The content makes it easy to understand SQL in a simple and clear way."

Uploaded by

rj6196532
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Technical Education & Social Welfare Society (Run Under CG Society [Link].122201950672) SQL Hindi Note Head Office: VIP Road Fundhar Raipur CG All rights reserved [Link] Ques - SQL #7 2? SQL #1 aH Fraferfad feigat arare oe area A aH HT 2: 1- SQL #1 Yt ATH structured query language @! 2- SQL #1 avedfeh ATT SEQUEL @ fort BH Structured English query Language *et zl 3- SQL at aH Seta FT access Ft AA ZI SQL ¥ at 4 Baraat F AT records # insert Ht AHA ZI SQL ¥ SI eH Seraa A Scr AT delete Ht AHA ZI 6- SQL gia aH Saraa F feara data FT update Ft AHA ZI ae WH ansi(American national standard Institute) language @1 8- 7 Oracle, MS-Access, DB2 TT MS SQL Server # AT aT F AAT STAT ZI SQL Data types ®1 2? SQL # data types fraferfara ware & rea al atest wa eed PAeae TA ZI Exact numeric types SQL # fraferfacd w41z % exact numeric data types 217 21 1. Int:- int #1 ahat(range) -2,147,483,648 4 Aazt +2,147,483,648 aH ard a1 SAAT 4 bytes 4T storage #t araganat rat 21 2. Bigint:- Bigint 4t * -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 4 ArT +9,223,372,036,854,775,808 Ztdt #1 zat 8 bytes 41 storage Ft aagaear atet ZI 3. Smallint:- <4 7 -32,768 F THT +32,768 TH Aidt Zl TA 2 bytes FT storage At saga att a1 4. Tinyint:- Sa4t St OF HT 255 TH att Sl SAAT 1 bytes * storage At aragaHaT art 2 5. Bit:- bit Set zrey Ft tr 0 A aT 1 aH Att Zi SAAT 1 bytes FT storage Ft HATHA ST 6. Money:- &4 Set 2tet At Tt -922,337,203,685,477.5808 & aT +922,337,203,685,477.5808 7 Zidt 21 ZaaT 8 bytes At atest AT HaHa Stat AI 7. Smallmoney:- 4 data type #T range -214,748.3648 4 art +214,748.3648 a didi &1 saat 4 bytes At araganat Ate ZI 8. Decimal:- Zt TH -10438-+1 F THT 41043841 TH ATT ZI 9. Numeric:- Sat St Hi -10438+1 F THe +1043841 TH ate I Datetime type SQL # frafafad vax % datetime data types a ZI 1. Date:- 4 Set eet ara, HET, TAT fea Ft eq BT RATT HAT SI TAHT 3 bytes Ft area Ft araernat art 21 2. time:- Te Set ater Aer, fre, Tar Aavs AT Ary HT VIE HAT ZI 3. Smalldatetime:- 24 Szt eTaq 41 8 bytes Ht tea Ft aragasaT tet ZI Character data type SQL # fraferfra ware & character S21 21e4 Sa ZI 1. Char 2. Varchar 3. Varchar(max) 4. Text Unicode character type Unicode character frafefad waz % ard 21 1. nchar 2. nvarchar 3. nvarchar(max) 4. ntext Binary data type SQL # ateat Ser aren Prafetaa wart ® ara 21 1. Binary 2. Varbinary 3. Varbinary(max) 4. Image Boolean data type Boolean data type #t fh at aeq Ztc true aT false. Ques:- SQL table #1 #4 create Ta @? SQL & 24 TABLE ai fraferfara a 4 create FU ZI SYNTAX:- CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name! data_type, column_name2 data_type, ) HA FH APT TATECM HF ATT SAY TATA TAA TET a Jarecr # SAT Student * ATA a table aware 2 frag ATE columns @! column aT# Last Name, First Name, Address TT Roll number 21 CREATE TABLE Student ( Last Name varchar, First Name varchar, Address varchar, Roll number int, ) afe gua column % afaay Hest FH specify HAT ZT a- CREATE TABLE Student ( Last Name varchar(30), First Name varchar, Address varchar, Roll number int(5), ) Ques: - SQL # table 4 drop ai alter HA Hea F? DROP TABLE:- Table #1 e174 @ea *% fem fraferfad syntax ar TatT Pat STAT &; SYNTAX:- [DROP TABLE table_name] ALTER TABLE:- Alter table @2¥2 #1 Tan Zac H column #1 add ait drop Ft fere ear sat 21 SYNTAX:- [ALTER TABLE table_name ADD to column_name datatype ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name] Ques:- SQL # built in functions #1 2? SQL #1 built-in-functions az 4 Sarat powerful FATS ZI Built-in-functions 4 ZT aft tasks oT ft areata eet He AH Vl Safes FH eT built-in-functions ¥ are + rat ee ST re 2 1. SUM:- SUM Hert HT TanT TAH HATA F total sum FT select Hea * fora Frat STAT ZI easy syntax fet z [SELECT SUM (column) FROM table) sage fer: lable name: students LAST NAME FIRSTNAME AGE Joshi Yugal = 21 Bhatt Kamal 23 Sharma Piya 20 ae tae students ATH A Zl = table Ft tery F THT ages Ft SS fear STAT ZI [SELECT SUM (age) FROM students] Sq Jae FT answer= 64. 2-AVG:- AVG Haar, FAH Ft Alaa eq FT return FLAT Sl SAAT syntax Frew 2:- [SELECT AVG (column) FROM table) See: Se Fa Ft table F:- [SELECT AVG (age) FROM students] Sa Sze FT answer=21.33 3-MAX:- MAX Haart HierH H ATA TA(highest) Aq 1 return FAT 21 SAT syntax fre @:- [SELECT MAX (column) FROM table) SEE: Se At eat [SELECT AVG (age) FROM students] Za Seq FT answer= 23 4- MIN:- MIN 94 4 TaTT column At faa (lowest) 4eq FT return Hea * fers Far AAT BI Saat syntax frat: [SELECT MIN (column) FROM table) SeE:- Hae At Sat [SELECT MIN (age) FROM students] =a Jase FT answer= 20 5- COUNT:- COUNT aor HT WANT WH Seva Saet H rows Ft Hear HY FTAA(count) a feat Prat oat #1 zat syntax Fre 2: [SELECT COUNT (column) FROM table} 6-SQRT:- ea Hata HT WaT fav gu daz % aT Ha(square root) Ht aa FA FT frat STAT 21 7-RAND:- 24 G42 FT TART random numbers #1 generate Het *% fere Fra STAT 8-Numeric Function:- 34 42s FT TANT ATA AAT manipulation FA fora frat STAT @1 Fe numeric functions fw z:- ASIN, ABS, FLOAT, INT, INTEGER, LN, COT, COS, DOUBLE, LOG10 9-String functions:- string functions #1 T4™T string manipulation * fara fear sat @| %@ string functions fra @:- CHAR, CONCAT, GRAPHIC, DIGITS, LCASE, LEFT, LENGTH, LOCATE, LOWER, DIFFERENCE Ques — SQL # indexes #aT 21a 2? Ser at aft gar afrtarget we a ea(find) fare index Ht tact F create #2 ZI INDEX ® ater 24 data #1 fat TF table Tz Ash F de THT ZI Saraa Ft index Sa Ae AAA Stet Z ra ace Peet Prava * Are index eet 21 Prava aa Paelt topic At asa 7 Feet index FI Fae z FH ae topic Pra Tet aes fee sa TT H ara 21 Indexes #T existing table # create wea @ Frevat FH EA rows FT Ast & Ta ahraryT TAF F locate FX AHF Zl GT users Za = at indexes FI Fa Tet AHA z 4 ATF speed up queries #1 TART FLA ZI Indexes #1 Fret table At wa aT TAA SaTaT columns # create He AHA SF TAT TAH index 4 UH ATH = AAT ZI Unique index:- afm 3344 Sa Zsa F Hea @ Pras ST rows % Wat FATA index aq at art 21 Unique index #1 create For *% feru frafafad syntax er sat Pear STAT &:- CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) column_name =a column #1 specify #zdt # frat SAT indexed FAT ZT Simple index:- af UNIQUE keyword #1 Tart vet fat aTaT @ aT duplicate Aq FT permit far aT art ZI SaaT syntax rer = CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) composite index:- a1 41 saa afas table + Ta index FT create HUF Z TT FS composite index *eaTaT €| SAT syntax fra 2:- CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1,column2); implicit index:- implicit index 4 indexes Zt Ht Sava server AMT ATT AT create @1 siTdt @ Wa alestFz( object) create TAT ZI DROP INDEX:- Index 41 drop #24 ® fara Frafeta syntax ar yar Pear TAT 2:- Drop index_name index_name Ques - SQL # view aT 2? VIEW Ta virtual tact atct @ afer ae Pet areata tact Ft TE rows siz columns Tl contain #aT ZI wa WH tae create St f ae SAH Set FT insert Frat Arar Sl TAH user HT TA SAT AT access Het % fet permission At Arasarat eat S TI Sx Feet st Sas7 permission aat St ort & raat Set FT security at tact Z Ta data Hr gare At wet ferar STAT = fSrta Set redundant #ft at Zar 21 View #1é ff record aét Taal AE Haat Fat FI definition Taat & aa zat F Beat fetch #<% show aT Zl CREATE VIEW:- View #1 create #74 & fore fra syntax eT TANT FAT STAT @:- CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE conditions; Wet Wt aH view Ft oe At ara STH ZI DROP VIEW:- view #1 drop #2 *% fem ftw syntax aT FATT PAT TAT e:- DROP VIEW view_name; UPDATE VIEW:- view #1 ate Her * fore fra syntax HT TAT Pear TTT 2:- CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS SELECT columns FROM table WHERE conditions; view #T Tar data manipulation * fere sft feat stat @ TAT view ftw condition THAT HLA ST:- 1:- view fate 2ae A TATA WAT STI 2:- af Aar record insert HAT ATeaT ZT aT view # primary key TAT AF not null column #1 include ft 7 3:-view #1 update Tat delete #4 ¥ fey view # 4 primary key TT not null column fT exclude(fereat) far Wat et Ques - PL/SQL # procedure #1 @at &? Procedure T# stored WHITH Za @ ras A ZA parameters pass # AH ZI procedures #1 3a UH specific task #1 perform Her % fora Feat aa 2 Te TA Tait atast % procedure #t ave # similar gat 21 PROCEDURE 21A(function) 4t azz Zt HF Feat f TT function # return value vee a fratite adi & safe procedure # tar at fear strat 21 function 1 call #TAT Ta procedure 1 call HAT aeaaT-aert faferat Z1 Function call Heat TAT SAT AT at at frei variable # ft src 2 aT output 4 print wet set 21 Taf PROCEDURE aT direct call fat AraT @ TAT AaLaH parameters pass #t fat ATA Z1 PROCEDURE ff FUNCTION 4t az oracle database # store tad @ fra aragaHat & AqATe user call Ft THAT ZI TYPES OF PARAMETERS IN PL/SQL PROCEDURE:- 1.1N :- IN Trex procedure FI UH APT pass HAT FAT Zl AE WH read-only tat Zl Procedure * az, IN Saftex Constant #t ave HM FEAT ZI 2.0UT:- TH OUT tAtez calling program *t 4 return FLAT Zl Procedure % Azz, OUT 4zrfiex variable Ft ace HPT FAT ZI [Link] OUT:- IN OUT ‘erfizz procedure #1 UH initial A] pass FATE AX caller #T wh updated 4 return FAT 2 SQL object Fa Sat 2? SQL OBJECT 4st % Bret define fea St 21 SQL AAT HE THIEF object FATA HTT F 31:-table, view, synonym da series SaTfal Objects HI Aaa H fre He rules Zaz ot frre @:- 1:-Object #1 aT afer 30 characters #T Zt AHA zl 2:-Object #1 4TH case sensitive Tt ZlaT ZI ZA upper TAT lower case H ferat ST aA #1 object #1 ATA alphabet 4 Te Zar ZI 3:-object # ava #"" ar’ ' HT use At Prat STAT 21 4:-object # aT F digit alphabets, $, # gaTfe ar vat Hat ST THAT el Database FT ava 8 seri A afer vet Seat ariel SQL # cursor #2 &? SQL teeta FT aa HA fer oracle wH AAMT TAA create FLAT z, Fr context ufar fi el AAT ZI Cursor 2a Aart war & few aigex Frat z az cursor ® are SA FAMA(context) wftar ar fare Pear sat 2 cursor 41 size 4% Set F ATA flexible Za 21 Oracle cursor #T open #*ea * fer main memory # % space predefined waar @ Tafeae cursor Ff size limited ect 21 oa aft TE query run eat % A cursor Tt FLAT Zl Cursor at 9-1e Ft Etat @:- 1:-Implicit cursor 2:-Explicit cursor 1:-Implicit cursor:- 44 ff SQL eH execute Bra Z, Oracle * aT implicit cursor T automatically create Ft far STAT @ Ha Reete * fora FTE explicit cursor Tet art zi) “star implicit cursor tar saa Saesa aaa at aa aah He aH ZI” Oracle art internal processing * fer Sit cursor open fat STAT FA implicit cursor ea @ | 2:- Explicit cursor:- Explicit cursor $t¢-fSarg= Zar 21 Explicit cursor ge SA FATA (context) TRA H Saran ream aT HT ZI wa Preft caret peg Pats aT PL/SQL code block # watT Peat STAT TF cursor FT Tan FRAT TAT Zl SA cursor #1 declare *ea * fem SQL queries #1 TAT FRAT STAT al e =a Sat THI ® cursor # AT common attributes Za @, st fafeafaa 2:- 1:-%isopen:-4fz cursor open @ a true AAA false TY return FLAT Zl 2:-%found:-af record THAATTAy fetch Fra WT z AT true a7aT false 7 return TT zl 3:-%notfound:-af2 record successfully fetch at FRI 7T ZT aT true wat false Toy return @ BEGIN EXCEPTION WHEN exception1 THEN exception1-handling-statements WHEN exception2 THEN exception2-handling-statements WHEN exception3 THEN exception3-handling-statements WHEN others THEN exception3-handling-statements END; wet ear FA areft ara Az Z WHEN others THEN #1 WATT act exception handling block % sa # Prat sat @. 2a ate Pret at exception #1 handle +ét Frat THT, System Defined Exceptions in Hindi % WATT PL/SQL H Feet F Zt define Za g Ax Eee Ta execute frat wat # HT database * frat fart rule #1 violate (Seer) frat sTaT @. =z pre-defined exceptions 1 #21 STAT Z. system defined exceptions # Ht a1 WHTe eld :- 1. Named system exceptions. 2. Unnamed system exceptions Named system exceptions - fen % att SAHT ATA Tact A Tt define erat & tat FH — ACCESS_INTO_NULL, DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX, LOGIN_DENIED arfa. Unnamed system exceptions - 4 exceptions fir system % art are ft ATH eT feat STAT See unnamed system exceptions Fad @. F exceptions AMATI het at Sa &. STH AT parts Za Sf Tea code six FAT message. SA WHE H VFA FT handle #24 % fer zrtT Pragma EXCEPTION_INIT 1 SANT FH ATA assign Frat Oat @. ZaqsT syntax — PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(exception_name, -error_number) ; User-defined Exceptions in Hindi =a Tate % exceptions #1 user % aI Ga create Fear stat @. Aare aa ara ATA exceptions FH create HX THA Z att TE handle Fe AHA Z. User-define exception #1 74a Tet declare HAT AALTH SAT Z AT TAH ATS Tes raise Frat sat @. Be RAISE eat sit DBMS_STANDARD.RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR @t srfaear % art raise FRAT STAT z. zat declare #4 *T syntax Frater é- DECLARE my-exception EXCEPTION; « SQL aT 2? + SQL Data Type in H Raising Exceptios — Ufataa HT raise FCAT wa oft aft aia database error Z1at @ ai database server * IT exceptions aT automatically (474-217) raise #< far HAT & TT exceptions FT RAISE command % art ¥f raise Prat ST apAT z. Uw exception 41 raise HC FT syntax frafafad &- DECLARE exception_name EXCEPTION; BEGIN IF condition THEN RAISE exception_name; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name THEN statement; END; Exception Handling #1 example ist aaa STUDENT table #1 create frat 2. SELECT* FROM STUDENT; ID NAME AGE ADDRESS ROLL No 1 Yugal 26 Delhi 111111 2 Kamal 27 Dehradun 222222 3 Pankaj 22 Nainital 333333 4 Vishal 23 Kanpur 4444ag 5 Deepak 24 Mumbai 555555 6 Vinay 25 Haridwar 666666 =a Table #1 program — DECLARE s_id [Link]%type := 9; s_name [Link]%type; s_addr [Link]%type; BEGIN SELECT name, address INTO s_name, s_addr FROM student WHERE id = s_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Name: ‘|| s_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Address: ' || s_addr); EXCEPTION WHEN no_data_found THEN dbms_output.put_line('No such student! '); WHEN others THEN dbms_output.put_line( ‘Error! *); END; RAR ASETE — No such student PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. sux feu Ty program F student #1 ATH at address arseqe F area ATAU. TeeT SAT aet id 9 frat z ax table F id 9 wet g Eahaw TTF run-time exception — NO_DATA_FOUND raise #

You might also like