Here’s the text version of the Human Physiology NEET cheat sheets — short, clear,
and high-yield for last-minute revision:
1. Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Organs: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles →
Alveoli
• Mechanism:
• Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts → thoracic volume ↑ → pressure ↓ → air
in
• Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes → volume ↓ → pressure ↑ → air out
• Gas Exchange:
• O₂ diffuses from alveoli to blood; CO₂ from blood to alveoli
• Bohr Effect: ↑CO₂ / ↓pH → ↓Hb-O₂ affinity
• Haldane Effect: O₂ loading → promotes CO₂ unloading
• Transport:
• O₂: 98.5% by Hb, 1.5% dissolved
• CO₂: 70% as HCO₃⁻, 20–25% as carbamino-Hb, 7% dissolved
• Volumes: Tidal (500 mL), IRV, ERV, RV
• Vital Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
• Respiratory Disorders: Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational lung diseases
2. Body Fluids and Circulation
• Plasma: 55% of blood; contains proteins, ions, nutrients
• RBC: Transport O₂ using Hb; no nucleus
• WBC: Immunity – Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, etc.
• Platelets: Blood clotting
• Heart Flow:
RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body
• Valves: Tricuspid (RA–RV), Bicuspid/Mitral (LA–LV), Semilunar
• Double Circulation: Pulmonary + Systemic
• Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
• ECG Waves:
• P: Atrial depolarization
• QRS: Ventricular depolarization
• T: Ventricular repolarization
• Disorders: Hypertension, CAD, Heart Failure
3. Excretory Products and Elimination
• Main Organs: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra
• Nephron: Glomerulus → PCT → Loop → DCT → Collecting duct
• Urine Formation:
• Filtration (glomerulus)
• Reabsorption (PCT: glucose, amino acids, Na⁺, water)
• Secretion (DCT: H⁺, K⁺, drugs)
• Hormones:
• ADH (water reabsorption)
• Aldosterone (Na⁺ reabsorption)
• Counter-current Mechanism: Loop + vasa recta maintain medullary
gradient
• Disorders: Uremia, Kidney stones, Glomerulonephritis
⸻
4. Locomotion and Movement
• Types of Muscle: Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), Cardiac
• Sarcomere: Functional unit — contains actin and myosin
• Sliding Filament Theory:
• Ca²⁺ binds troponin → exposes actin → myosin binds → ATP required for
detachment
• Bones: 206 in adult; axial + appendicular skeleton
• Joints:
• Hinge: Knee
• Ball and socket: Shoulder
• Pivot: Atlas–axis
• Disorders: Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Myasthenia gravis
5. Neural Control and Coordination
• Neuron Parts: Dendrite, Cell body, Axon
• Resting Potential: –70 mV (Na⁺ out, K⁺ in)
• Action Potential: Depolarization → Repolarization → Hyperpolarization
• Synapse: Presynaptic neuron → neurotransmitter → receptor → post-
synaptic neuron
• Brain:
• Forebrain: Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
• Midbrain: Reflexes
• Hindbrain: Cerebellum (balance), Pons, Medulla (vital functions)
• Reflex Arc: Receptor → Sensory → Interneuron → Motor → Effector
• Autonomic NS:
• Sympathetic (fight/flight)
• Parasympathetic (rest/digest)
6. Chemical Coordination and Integration
• Hormone Types:
• Peptide: Insulin, Glucagon
• Steroid: Cortisol, Aldosterone
• Amine: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline
• Glands & Hormones:
• Pituitary: GH, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH
• Thyroid: T3, T4 (↑ metabolism), Calcitonin
• Parathyroid: PTH (↑ Ca²⁺)
• Adrenal:
• Cortex: Cortisol, Aldosterone
• Medulla: Adrenaline
• Pancreas: Insulin (↓ glucose), Glucagon (↑ glucose)
• Ovary/Testis: Estrogen/Testosterone
• Feedback: Mostly negative (e.g., TSH–T3/T4 loop)
• Disorders: Diabetes, Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s, Addison’s