Answer Key for Part-I and Part-II
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f20240983Answer Key for Part-I and Part-II
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Powered by AICis-1,2-dichloroethene is microwave active due to its polar nature, which causes a dipole moment necessary for microwave radiation absorption. In contrast, trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar, resulting in no net dipole moment and thus remains microwave inactive .
The reducing ability of complexes is influenced by the strength of ligands, which affects d-orbital splitting. CN- is a strong field ligand causing greater splitting than NH3 and H2O, leading to easier electron removal and thus a higher reducing power. Consequently, [Co(CN)6]4- is the strongest reducing agent, followed by [Co(NH3)6]2+ and [Co(H2O)6]2+, aligning with ligand field strength .
The orbital angular momentum vector orientation affects the magnetic quantum number ml. If the vector lies in the xy-plane, the z-component, and consequently ml, is zero. This situation is consistent with orbitals having ml = 0, such as the pz orbital, demonstrating the directional dependency of ml on vector orientation .
Geometrical isomers arise from different spatial arrangements of ligands around a central metal ion, while optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images. The total number of such isomers influences the stereochemical properties, impacting the complex's reactivity and interaction with polarized light. The presence of five geometrical and two optical isomers in a complex indicates rich stereochemistry that enhances its diversity in chemical behavior .
Co3+ in an octahedral environment with a weak field ligand like F- adopts a t2g4 eg2 configuration due to the d6 electron count. The unequal filling of electrons in the t2g orbitals causes Jahn-Teller distortion, specifically a compression, to stabilize the energy of the system .
The mutual exclusion principle highlights that in centrosymmetric molecules like trans-1,2 dichloro ethene, the same vibrational modes cannot be both IR and Raman active. As a result, the C=C stretching mode is Raman active but IR inactive for the trans isomer due to its centrosymmetry, unlike the cis isomer which exhibits the C=C mode in both IR and Raman spectra because it is not centrosymmetric .
Jahn-Teller distortion in transition metal complexes leads to asymmetrical electron distribution, particularly in degenerate orbitals like t2g and eg. This distortion alters the absorption bands, resulting in varied spectral properties. For instance, in a Co3+ complex, it causes a compression affecting electronic transitions visible in techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, thereby directly impacting color and spectral profile .
Bulky ligands such as PPh3 prefer tetrahedral coordination in [NiCl2(PPh3)2]2- due to steric hindrance. The tetrahedral geometry reduces repulsion between the large ligands, which would otherwise be more restricted in a square planar geometry .
Symmetry and ligand field strength are pivotal in dictating complex magnetic properties. High symmetry complexes often result in negligible Jahn-Teller distortion, while strong field ligands induce significant d-orbital splitting, impacting spin states. Paramagnetic behavior arises in complexes with unpaired electrons due to weak field ligands or low symmetry, whereas strong field ligands and high symmetry promote diamagnetism by pairing all d electrons .
Hund's rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term corresponds to the maximum multiplicity (2S+1) and highest total orbital angular momentum (L). Applying this, with 2S+1 = 4 and L_max = 2, the lowest energy term is a 4D term, indicative of maximum spin multiplicity and orbital occupancy .