CIVILISATION
Description Mesopotamian Egyptian Indus Valley Chinese
Period 2500 BCE 3300 BCE 2500 - 1500 BCE 1800 BCE
Location Tigris and Euphrates Nile Indus Hwang-Ho
Bhirrana - Haryana, Harappa, Mohenjo-daro,
Cities Eridu, Kish, Uruk, Lagash and Ur Old - Middle – New Hwang-Ho
Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan and Rupar.
The Shang dynasty - Chou/Zhou dynasty are
King - Priests - Scribes - Farmers - Artisans - King - Priests - Scribes - Merchants - Artisans - Kings - Priests - Merchants - Artisans - Craftsmen -
Social Classes popular. King - Nobles - Merchants - Craftsmen -
Traders – Slaves Farmers - Slaves Farmers - Slaves
Farmers - Slaves.
Father is head of the family, women were People lived in small clans. Father is head of the
Father is head of the family, women were not
Family welcomed. Queen Hatshepsunt and Nefertiti No Information family. Children respected elders. They venerated
treated equal to men.
ruled. their ancestors.
Worshipped the forces of nature. Later accepted
Worshipped different forces of Nature and many Confucianism and Taoism. Believed in life after
Each city had a patron god. Amun-Re was the Mother goddess, pashupati, Pipal tree, Amulets.
Religion gods. Each city had its own god. Believed in life death. Pagodas were temples for the followers of
chief god. Believed in life after death. Belief in life after death.
after death. Buddhism. Human being turned into a powerful
soul.
Farming, metal workers such as blacksmiths and Farmers, traders, potters, Jewellers,
Farming, sericulture, metal working, wood work
goldsmiths, potters, weavers, sculptors and glass Farming, pottery-making, spinning, weaving, Bronzesmiths, toy makers, stone cutters, seal
Occupations and pottery making. They excelled at bronze
makers. Stone carving was an important fishing, glass making and carpentry. makers, boat makers, masons, spinning and
casting.
occupation. weaving.
Wheat, millet, barley, fruits and vegetables. Bread Wheat, barely, bread making, oil from mustard, Rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millets, soyabean
Crops Wheat, barley, corn, dates, fruits and vegetables.
was made from wheat and barely. rice, meat, fish, eggs, milk, fruits and vegetables. and Tea.
Goods were transported over land by camels and
Gold was obtained from south India, metals like
A cylindrical seal. Imported raw materials and donkeys. Boats and small ships were used. They Trade relations with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
coper, tin and silver brought from Mesopotamia,
Trade turned them into finished articles with high export linen, jewellery and glassware. Major and India. Caravans were used for trade. Silk, Tea,
Persia, Oman and Afghanistan. More than 2000
quality. imports are gold, ivory, oil and wood. Goods were Chinaware and Paper were main exports.
seals have found.
exchanged through barter.
Architectural forms was one of the greatest
Great Granary - Store the excess food to protect
contributions. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The great Pyramid at Giza, the Sphinx and the from flooding. The Great Wall of China was build in 3rd century
were one of the wonders of the ancient world.
Achievements temple at Abu Simbel are some architectural Great bath - Ritual bathing. BCE. GWC is about 8850 km and more than
This was build by king Nebuchadnezzar for his
wonders. Assembly Hall - Site for social gatherings. 10,000 watch towers.
wife because she missed the hilly landscape of her
Dockyard - To load and unload goods.
home.
They used both solar and lunar calendars.
Excelled in mathematics and astronomy. They People knew fractions, decimals system and the
Invented the Seismograph to record earthquakes.
Knowledge count by 60's. They gave specific names to four basic mathematical operations (+ - / * ). They Town planning, weights and measures.
Magnetic compass, Gunpowder, Wheelbarrow,
different stars and planets. They predict eclipses. had knowledge of human anatomy.
Umbrella and Kite.
System of writing is called Cuneiform. Written System of writing is called hieroglyphics. Written The script is Pictographic it consists signs like The script is pictures represents a word or an
Script
from right to left. from right to left. pictures representing words, objects and ideas. idea. Written from top to bottom.
Hammurabi's code of law - 282 laws to governing People wore clothes made of cotton and woollen. Chinese were the first to make silk, they reared
trade and commerce, family, civil and criminal They devised the zodiac and the solar calendar. Men wore Dhoti and women wore skirts. Both silkworms on mulberry trees. Chinese silk was
Other important disputes. men and women wore ornaments. famous all over the world.
points
Temple towers called ziggurats were decorated Pharaoh was the political and the religious leader Singing and dancing were quite popular. People Chaina played a game called Tsu Chu. Its like a
with marble, tiles and precious stones. of the Egyptians. They treated pharaoh as god. played a games similar to modern chess. football.