Chemistry
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Chemical Changes and Energy
Chemical reactions may be exothermic or endothermic.
Thermometer B
A A
Ti Tf
During any chemical reaction, bonds of reactants are broken and bonds of products are
formed.
“Exothermic Reaction”
Accompanied by release of energy [Tf > Ti].
A + B AB + Heat
Hot Surrounding
- The chemicals lose energy, the surrounding gain energy Temperature increases
Energy level diagram
N.B. ΔH means change in heat energy from reactant to product (= HP – HR).
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
- Energy content of reactant is greater than energy content of product.
- The product is more stable than reactant.
Energy needed to break bonds of reactants is less than the energy produced
during formation of products.
Ex. Neutralization – Combustion – Displacement – Precipitation – Condensation –
Freezing (any physical process takes place by cooling).
“Endothermic Reaction”
Accompanied by absorption of heat [Tf < Ti].
A + B + Heat AB
Cold Surrounding
- The chemicals gain energy, the surrounding loses energy Temperature decreases
Energy level diagram
- Energy content of reactant is less than energy content of product.
- The product is less stable than reactant.
Energy needed to break bonds of reactants is more than the energy produced
during formation of products.
Ex. Decomposition [CaCO3 CaO + CO2]
– Dissolving of some salts [NH4Cl, KNO3] – Photosynthesis – Evaporation – Melting
(any physical process takes place by heating).
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Starting the reaction off:
For some reactions, not much energy is needed, the reaction takes place at room
temperature (spontaneous).
Some exothermic reactions need heat from a Bunsen burner just to start bond breaking.
Then the energy given out by the reaction breaks further bonds.
For endothermic reactions like the decomposition of calcium carbonate, you must
continue heating until the reaction is completed.
Calculating H of a reaction:
H = sum of bond energies of reactants – sum of bond energies of products
Ex.1 Calculate the heat of reaction and detect if the reaction is exothermic or
endothermic .
H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
Given that the bond energies are :
H-H = 436 Kj Cl-Cl = 242 Kj H-Cl = 431 Kj
Answer:
H-H + Cl-Cl 2H-Cl
436 242 2X 431
Energy absorbed for bond breaking = 436 + 242 = + 678 Kj
Energy released for bond formation = 2 x 431 = - 862 Kj
Heat of reaction H = 678 – 862 = - 184 Kj
H has a negative value The reaction is exothermic
Its energy level diagram is shown
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Ex.2 In the following reaction
2 NH3 N2 + H2
Calculate H and find the type of reaction, if the bond energies are:
N = N = 946 Kj N-H = 391 Kj H-H = 436 Kj
Solution:
2 NH3 N2 + 3H2
6x 391 1x946 3x436
Energy absorbed for bond breaking = 6x391 = +2346 Kj
Energy released for bond formation = 946 + (3x436) = - 2254 Kj
Heat of reaction H = 2346 - 2254 = +92 Kj
H has a positive value the reaction is endothermic
Ex.3 In the following reaction
C2H2 + H2 C2H4
Calculate H and find the type of reaction, if the bond energies are:
C = C = 838 Kj C=C = 612 Kj C-H = 412 Kj H-H = 436 Kj
Solution: H H
H-C=C-H + H-H H- C= C-H
838 436 2x 412 + 612
Energy absorbed for bond breaking = 838 + 436 = + 1274 Kj
Energy released for bond formation = (2x 412) + 612 = - 1436 Kj
Heat of reaction H = 1274 – 1436 = - 162 Kj
H has a negative value The reaction is exothermic
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Ex. 4 Show that the following reaction is exothermic.
CH4 + F2 CH3F + HF
Bond energies are:
C-H = 413 F-F = 158 H-F = 565 C-F = 495 All in Kj/mol
Solution:
H H
H- C-H + F-F H-C-F + H-F
H H
413 158 495 565
Energy absorbed for bond breaking = 413 + 158 = + 571Kj
Energy released for bond formation = 495 + 565 = - 1060 Kj
Heat of reaction H = 571 – 1060 = - 489 Kj
H has a negative value The reaction is exothermic
Ex.4 Calculate the heat of reaction and detect if the reaction is exothermic or
endothermic .
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Given that the bond energies are :
C-H = 435 O=O = 497 C=O = 803 H-O = 464 All in KJ /mol
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Production of Heat Energy
Fuel: is the substance that can be used as a source of energy.
Fuel
Fossil Non-fossil
- Ex: Coal - Ex: Ethanol
- Petroleum - Hydrogen
- Natural gas Radio-active isotope U235(Which
- Mainly made of C & H (except coal) does not burn), used in nuclear
- When burns � CO2 + H2O power stations
- Non-renewable - Some are renewable.
1. Non-renewable fuels:
(a) Fossil fuels:
Fossil fuels are formed from the anaerobic decay of dead animals and plants under high
pressure and temperature. Plants turned to coal while animals are turned to oil.
The incomplete combustion of fossil fuel produces carbon monoxide gas which causes
pollution.
Fossil fuels contain impurities of sulfur which when burned, produced SO2 gas and
causes pollution (acid rain problem).
Natural gas is mainly methane.
Oil is preferred than coal as a fuel because oil is easier to be transported and stored and
can be used in different types of engines.
(b) Nuclear fuel:
Uranium 235 is a radioactive isotope which is used as a fuel producing large amount of
heat through nuclear reactions. In a nuclear power stations, the heat formed turns water
to steam. The steam rotates a turbine connected to an electric generator to produce
electricity.
It gives out huge amount of energy, without polluting gases as carbon monoxide
Disadvantages: 1- waste material is a dangerous and radioactive, and very difficult to
find a place to store it safely.
2- An explosion may takes place, causing spreading of radioactive
material over a huge area, carried in the wind.
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
2. Renewable sources of energy:
Ex. Solar energy, energy from wind, energy from water falls, ethanol& hydrogen
A good fuel must be:
1. Cheap.
2. Available in large quantities.
3. Safe to store and transport.
4. Easy to burn causing no pollution.
5. Release large amount of energy.
Fuel
O2 Heat
Ethanol as a fuel:
- Alcohol with the formula C2H5OH can be made from sugar cane or corn, and used as a
car fuel.
Hydrogen as a fuel:
- Used as a rocket fuel, fuel cells and car fuel under experimental stage.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Most energetic fuel - It is expensive to produce
- Nonpolluting - Difficult to store
When burns H2O is
produced
No oxides of Nitrogen
are produced.
- Renewable[by
electrolysis of brine
where hydrogen is
collected at cathode]
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
To compare between the heat energy released from burning two different fuels:
[N.B. The idea is: Heat given out by the fuel = Heat gained by the water in the metal can]
1. Take a certain volume of water using a burette and put it in a metal can.
2. Put a specific mass of fuel in a spirit burner.
3. Set the apparatus as shown below.
4. Use the thermometer to measure the initial temperature of water T1.
5. Burn the fuel in excess oxygen
6. When the fuel is burned completely record the time, and the final temperature of
water T2.
7. Calculate, how much the temperature of water increased in a specific time
8. Repeat the experiment using the second fuel under same conditions [ water
volume, mass of fuel, Initial temperature of water, time of burning & distance
between the metal and the spirit burner]
9. Compare the temperature rise for both fuels.
The fuel which gives a greater temperature rise in the certain time is the better one.
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Possible errors:
1. Inaccurate volume of water.
2. The distance between the spirit burner and water can is not the same.
3. The thermometer may touch the metal can, so it would measure the temperature of
the can not the water.
4. Incomplete combustion due to shortage of oxygen
5. Mass of fuel is not the same.
Electrical energy from chemical reactions:
Chemical cells are systems to change chemical energy to electric energy.
i.e. Exothermic
A cell consists of two different metals in a solution of electrolyte.
The more reactive metal Zn dissolves in dilute sulfuric acid.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e- [ Oxidation]
The electrons flow through the wire and the voltmeter to the copper electrode. At this
electrode hydrogen ions from the electrolyte, form hydrogen gas.
2H+ (aq) +2e - H2 [Reduction]
Zinc electrode is used up gradually
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
N.B.
The difference in the reactivity between the two metals used in the cell creates a
particular voltage reading on the voltmeter.
The greater the difference in the reactivity between the two electrodes, the larger is
the voltage produced by the cell and vice versa.
Dry cells are preferred as they are small in size, easily stored and transferred, & do
not contain dangerous materials.
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Dry cell:
At zinc container Zn Zn2+ + 2e- [ Oxidation]
At carbon Mn4+ + 2e- Mn2+ [Reduction]
Batteries are sets of cells, either connected in series or in parallel.
In electrolysis, electric energy changes to chemical energy [endothermic reaction]
Hydrogen fuel cells are also used to provide electricity for space crafts and electric
cars.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
The hydrogen fuel cell:
Hydrogen and oxygen combine without burning in a redox reaction. The energy is given
out as an electric current.
The two electrodes are made of carbon.
The negative electrode is surrounding by hydrogen which is oxidized and pumps
electrons.
The positive electrode is surrounded by oxygen which is reduced by receiving
electrons.
The electrolyte must contain OH- ions.
Advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells
Advantages
o They do not produce any pollution
o They produce more energy per kilogram than either petrol or diesel
o No power is lost on transmission as there are far fewer moving parts than in
an internal combustion engine
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Chemistry Chemical Changes and Energy
Disadvantages
o Materials used in producing fuel cells are expensive
o High-pressure tanks are needed to store the oxygen and hydrogen in sufficient
amounts
o Fuel cells are affected by low temperatures, becoming less efficient
o Hydrogen is expensive to produce and store
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