EvOLUTIoN.

Evelulion gc ec develoh one

condilion do otheu iu a boeui by
shich a <heees doclop nlo new and dyfeat
to enkoumenlal seleclio aveuuy keproducluse
t Evelulion cumelalue
clange
[uccess. Hemee
in descendet bebuto Ses
dny pepulaley and
(e. dlescent with modealon
EVIDENCES FOR EVOLU TION

and
2) Cempakaluie hnaleny
3) Moleculat Homnolegy
4) Biogeograly
5) Gndgelot (e semas o mpessio
hevealed he Ceguemee
dead ogamsme n hoks) has
hiclegucdl evelulien. Fossls Jeundene in dyferent siala
beuods, wlth
easth'(Ac ces) beleng and ecent onei e
de ones þesent in Vdepet al
also been
been caleutaled by
caleulaled
Jossla kal
pes lays hg 'Fesls aluo biovde cennelng
catbom 'datng
lenks belson two gkeupa egan
foct keh ahouk fe alues
Aachacb teryxcbliler and bds ad shos'hat bds
both
haw eveled kom
2) Consbaraliie analo my and mobholoyy st sheus,
kdaxty and alifexenee bEluwten paiCut day and
u done by sudyuy (s Homa
-loges ogaw (n) odnalegeus ogans

1
 Kawng kae chucliu ond deuloptut but
nclos, Thu ndcalu conneri difuat
anceilouycfileelusd
mamalsie wstale, bat theclah and Kuman
kearts and brans o vealebhalä() hons and
dendls bougaun villeg and cucutkla (heu stom
dnalogy dnalogeus esgenns e
heus keemny sana same Panelion but have'dunt
alhucluses and ogin , They do not show ce
anteitey tey and bund,ubu
Tuben 9
dwest belak(soct) ånd foalo' (stem)
Sweet pelalo
3. Meleeulac Hemelogy dt u dhe snlaily
bLomeleuleu
ndicala Connion aneelley eg sielauy in
blocd, oleine, DNA and RASegutneer show closely
belated osganud
f dislcibuton
Biogeogaphy dt cs the studyeah
4) Same ype
aisas
gcogaphu al
ound dyaent tyaye hauc
aneeitay butK0ason
becn
uolaled due to Uaos

5)
at embyonic chge sunlauli
ekgamum in dferts eateblalea dhos slukingenbaytnic
decelopent notoched afpea n the
egi Gel cdefa'and veale beales kon fsh to mawnali
deelopment cll u Aeblaced by elebal
(1) Th metochetd
ll adult vetebiale
Column n

2
 THEORIES OF ORIGiN OF IFE
yShaal Catalini dudug
Supevnalual
a
bcungsee them oday. Te
plan and anal
chsexue iloday tas
tue
lele tohuch lme
eSly Krce le caealiey 'and wiu
always sme

caslh Cane em olhen

en
cesdung
blanels
to
'es
the
chace
ley,.
dn tle osm e sheca
edstb
mdcsles Vand eelid om
e1seed with
jenutalou/dbiegeuckk
thi dh eiy, dye oigenles
Aecondung de Abuogenesus' Lous kstet
malle
But dhi theey desagsovd by
coho boved clhat dye eugemales
e Brognes
by Opaun -Haldane.
ws Joprsed by Coul d haue come
Thie
to
theey
hend
-lhe, dhe est
lwng otgane melecules
eeedungbe-exlng,mon These cllncale would Lates ha
ele. cnoigame cohslliunli.
komke R.N.A,Belebe sunble
medem kaue gantd tle
been JeL(onbley moleculel oBuld cel.
the focm ut diing
' sliali od
ablity to6sheuunental oe thu thoyws
Ues n us
Mller amd nlie almesp
sUmelle to
Csealey condalious wthck foveuted cheneal
eacth
Veleanic slötms ReducL
OHgt tembenaline
0 Conany 9ases uke nelhane anmena,
atmotplee
t ne vaou eie
 THEORIEs OF EvoLu TI DN .

Dasuwun's Theoty ot Naluxal Selecli ow

2.
Lamauk'c Theoy Evlulion by Hug oode
ee
3.
Mülalion Theotu'
Theely o
1 Dawu's Theey o Natual Selelion
avadable
decendung do dhs cthey pepulalicu for
ase betes
ndundualk uhich
hesourees . SoSo the he
adasltd.
ndicaleslhes
dabted aud Cam ulitigeu9lab akt less
Bunnke etes l l d a l s etl
neo lhee okganyms
'atbodutted
So thee
flnu 'adouskuck to .)
dead so
wl cwas fxed
iie,(wohuel
lee more ogeny melhu aftes undudkeal
allele ke?uwney Naluial SelecioL otulecelbused
Svidenee mele dask winged
1)Selectien e nduulual kevelilon, coeied (oll
wce
unduste liecs
[Link] as Uees olhs
susee bllee dak
othe ceuld de to ballulor sbot andcelous
liclens u t to dehosleo
dul to Same baclea
dask due becdatos aesslant
becage cabe de dtebclue
Could es sclecteow coalene
e to ktted
atuial baseve we
2) lhese bcleu Susceblble
mede usheheas
eect Nalunal Seleetien
eneble,he allele
tady ienbey
'censlat tnder cedan
decexdng th seleclucu cacits
But Nalual
cldbildy selecle.
natural
Jiats fovcule d
Dependng
4
 Slablgalo; Thu dypc
dyfe o< seleclwr faveui
vo tndndual
vatale
ottk aekage value f uaet. It qeduce&
but dees net mean value
Change
6) [Link] n this cleclion, mORe eqavsm
athe than mean. dt auoL\A fhendyp es
acque value
at t exthemes
This seleclion
seleulion Selecton id fawes nduwndu
(1) Dupluie
beth exuemes
thu
als at
uddle Cue
foak gets
hualke'

(0)

Mediur -Szed
individuals feak
javoecd shifts ta
disechon

"Tao poaks fom

5
 to
Laaek, loolulow bceuu bu ur and dsuse'e osgans
thoge hat e hot used bucome westugcal.
9 quasye ducloped do ong nuck
eck by contnual
foE do keach deaues tall tet
’ Thu thioy was unaceekted becaut
eLudences
nhes . fact dhat aqued charade ae not
Nulalion Theoy 8] Evolalosy tMulalien us a
sudden change un genlie Conalilulion
ehgnesm, which untiled to noxt encxdtion
TRs lends to Sallalen ie
milato Caung checaalion
HARDY -NEINBERG EqvLIBRIUM feINcIPLE
MThs buneuple was puchoscd by GH Haxdy and w
wenbuy
Cendlliew
dhe allele
Jemain egueneg o populalion ahe slahle andd
onstamt This s called Genele Eqlibkun
6um dolal o alu dhe allelie huquemees u1
The Haudy wenbugs cgualion is
ushere
p+ 2b4 +q :1
þ’ kegumey one alele
q, ’ egueney y alleenaue allele (o sam)

allele
 Ckaadeu modn day
buemele otqamusm 'weþopulaion
obseue come
desaliom velus, Thu uhdiates evolbn
u dstubed
iThe
e Haxdy Wenbuy equlibum
faclos whie distab thi [Link]

ugnate to he populalon allele feguy

ou chang
2) Çenele Dalt- Randchanee Gdad oimmalt
may fofoundo ytut
4

Tii accBunt
shees genele conllulioi
) Mcalion Suddeu chamg
allede
(auLes hange Reobunaton of alleles
4) Recembinalon
bodued du du to Caocsuy duing also deada
Seleetion
Natuial
5) Natunal Seleclion alele fequenes
to
Sheualian, hus chamgy
EVoLUTION OF ANIMALS.
History ofEvolution of Animals.
cellular forms of life appeared on the earth.
" About 2000 million years before, the first
evolved into multicellular organisms.
" Slowly these single-celled organis1ns million years before.
e Invertebrates were formed around 500
Turtles Lizards Snakes Tuataras Crocodiles Birds Marmmals
Period mya 4
4
Quaternary

Tertiary 50
Dinosaurs
(Extinct)
Cretaceous100

150
Jurassic (Therapsids
(Extinct)
200
Triassic
Thecodont
(Extinct)
250
Permian
(Pelycosaurs
jSauropsids) (Extinct)
Synapsids
|300
Carboniferous

350

Early Reptiles (Extinct)

Fig 7.7 History of Evolution of Animals
 Jaless fsi must hue evolved around 350 milacn yeass ago.
Ataroud the same tfine, fish wih stoNt and strong fins, that could nove on land go
Sus havc peaced and back to walet,
The coelacanth or lebe fish were the ascestoss of modem duy frogs and
These aphibsans evolved into tepeies and they lay thack shelled eggs. salamanders
in he scxl 200 millon years or so, teptiles of diffecent shapes and sizes
dominalcd the carth.
Sonie ol these land reptiles moved beck inio waler to evolve into fish-like reptiles (lchthyosaurs), at
around the same time (200 million years ago)
The land eptiles, ie. dinosaurs, suddenlydisappeared from the carth (mas extinctioo) aboat
65 milion years ago, while the smal sized repties continoe to exist even oday,
When the sepiles disagpeared. amraks stated dominating the earth.
There were tammals like horse, hipgopotamus. rabbit, bear, ec. in South Amenica, but when Sout
Aeca joncd North America (in the continent drifi). thesé animals were over ridden by the fauna ot
North America
" Austraisan land mass remained isolased and the pouched mammals survived as there was no compeuton
from any other marmnal.
" Evolutionary history of hose, elephant, dog and man are well kaown.
k17. History of Evoiution of Plants.
Some of the singe-celea organisIns that apoeared 2000 million years ago had pigments to capure soa
energy and release oxygen, in the peocess of photosynhesis.

E Period
Monocotyledons
Ouaterrary
Terliary Bryophyes
Goetales DiCotyiedors
Sphenopsids Ginkgos
Cretaceous (horsetails

Ferns onifers
Conte Cycads
rassic Herbaceous
lycopods

TnassC

Permian Arborescent
bycopods
Seed ferns
Carboniferous

Progymnosperms
Devonian
Psiophyton
Sãurian Zoslerophylum
Rhynia-type plants

Tracheophyte ancestors

Chlorophyte ancestors

Plants
Fig 7.8 History of Evolution of
animals).
the land much before
plants to colonise lands. (Plants colonised
the first
e Bropyfcs were mullion years ago. fell to form coal
plants existed around 320 were present, but they all
. Sea wceds and few giant ferns (Pteridophytes)
years before.
" About 200 million
deposits slowly Zosteroplyllun of palaeozoic era.
Iycopods and arborescent Iycopods evolved fromgymnosperms,
" Herbaceous
" Psiloplvton is the
common ancestor for horsetails,
feis and
Sled

EvoLUTION OF MAN.
19. Evolution of Man.
a
" The common ancestor of apes and man iS
primate Dropithecus, that lived 15 million years
ago
evolution is
" The next stage in the hominid
Ramapithecus.
Both Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were
hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees,
but Ranapithecus was more man-like and is the
forerunner of hominid evolution.
" The human evolution is as follows
 Ranupihecs (10-15 million year ago)

Ausiralopithecus
(South-Afican Ape nnn) (3-4 million year ago) 450- 600 cc

Home habilis (2 million year ago) C50 go0 cC

9o0 cc
Homo erctts (L5 nillion year ago)

before)Ho0 cC
llumosapiens (1,.00000-40000 years

Honmo sapiens sapiens H0000 ycars before)

(Modem man)

(0 Australopithecus.
Their fossils were found in Tanzania and Ethiopia.
They had a brain capacity of 450 600 ce
They were probably about four feet tal and walked nearly upright.
They hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate fruits.
(i) Homo habilis.
They lived in East African grasslands
-They had a brain capacity of 650-800 cc.
They probably did not eat meat.
(i) Honnoerectus.
Their fossils were found in Java (0ava man).
-They had a brain capacity of about 900cc.
They probably ate meat.
(iv) Homo sapiens (Primitive man).
The fossils were found in east and central Asia.
-Neanderthal nan (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) had a brain capacity of about 1400 cc.
- He must have lived betyeen 1,00,000-40,000 years before.
They used hides to prótect the body and buried the dead.
-They becane extinç 25000years before.
() Homo sapiens sapieny(Modern Man).
-Home sapiens sapiens arose during he ice age between 75000- 10000 years ago.
-He spread all over the globe and learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals.
- Pre-historic cave art developed about 18,000 years before.
Agriculture started around 10,000 years back.
Human settlements and civilisations started.

* ADAPTIVE RADIATION
whem
ase Aom
aneeslos lhe oocess us calltd
nw Kheets to acquil
Adaaptue Kadiaton. Tse
ohchhel} cdakl
dyfent eatanes
new halbils and habtali
Radalen
Ezansjles ol Adaplue Dasuun's Fincles.
Fnhes o
Galaags dyeent iuietes Small
black (

(9)
hods descat Seleelien
destent duce
by
vawlé
kem ad [Link]
in
um pre
ealung
evelued Bauekiny
eigand, Naluat
Dccsgut it t
Aetd hem
dectatl deu
kilfacad
(ten
Aresliala
elln,
SallalioMatald,
slugal Hew femed
easth
tudergéng
adaßlux
changes Tiueylleed,
Tnnbelant
Seme
Ruliea s deutatl
Thuety 'Wenbsq tlaExbllinks
evolulion ain
tute mastuhaaler
lialian
theitluin Doyt
Aadialid fem hang feundu
aclen Daxwen
t sheles
Haxdy
aceount earth
Getlie was
How
stotk
dlleeont
bg cuelulien, dagiam
a
andhaehoqeni
Exhl
Deseeihr a in hoo
Exblaux ae
tohat Deue
ancedl Desebe Dknt what Gue
and eacl
and
2) Q1) A2) &3) Qu) 4s)s) 6) q) q) 12)