Module-4
Module-4
• Laplace Transformation &Applications: Solution of networks, step, ramp and impulse responses,
waveform Synthesis.
Laplace transform
• They are designed to create a new domain to make mathematical manipulations easier. After
evaluating the unknown in the new domain, we use inverse transform to get the evaluated unknown
in the original domain.
• The Laplace transform enables the circuit analyst to convert the set of integrodifferential equations
describing a circuit to the complex frequency domain, where they become a set of linear algebraic
equations.
• Then using algebraic manipulations, one may solve for the variables of interest.
• Finally, one uses the inverse transform to get the variable of interest in time domain
• A transform is a change in the mathematical description of a physical variable to facilitate
computation.
Region of convergence
• The Laplace transform of a signal f(t) is an integral operation
Three important singularity functions
• The three important singularity functions employed in circuit analysis are:
• (i) unit step function, u(t)
• (ii) delta function, δ(t)
• (iii) ramp function, r(t)
• They are called singularity functions because they are either not finite or they do not possess finite
derivatives everywhere
Unit step function
• The mathematical definition of unit step function is
Unit impulse function
• We use step function to represent an abrupt change in voltage or current, like the changes that
occur in the circuits of control engineering and digital systems.
• For example, the voltage
• The unit impulse function also known as dirac delta fucntion .
• The unit impulse may be visualized as very short duration pulse of unit area.
Ramp function
In general, a ramp is a function that changes at a constant rate.
Functional transforms
• Decaying exponential function
• Unit step function
• Impulse function
• Sinusoidal function
Important Laplace transforms
Properties (Operational transforms)
Important:
Initial-value theorem
Final-value theorem
Convolution
Time periodicity
Differentiation in the s domain