Experiment -1

o Aim
o To find the pH of the following samples by using pH
paper/universal indicator:
a. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
b. Dilute NaOH solution
c. Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
d. Lemon juice
e. Water
f. Dilute Sodium Bicarbonate solution
o

o Chemicals Required
Dilute HCl, Dilute NaOH Solution, Dilute CH3COOH
solution, Fresh Lemon juice, Water and Dilute
NaHCO3 solution

Apparatus required
Test tubes, Test Tubes Stand, Dropper, Glass Rod, pH
Paper strips and pH colour chart

Procedure
Step 1: Six clean test tubes is placed in a test tube stand.
Step 2: All the samples of solution are taken separately in
six test tubes and labelled.
Step 3: One or two drops of each test solution are put on
different strips of pH papers.
Step 4: Note the pH by comparing the colour appeared on
the pH paper with those on colour chart for pH paper.
Observations
 Colour pH of the
Sl. appeared solution
No Sample on pH (Approxi
. Solution paper mate) Inference

1. Dilute HCl Red 1 Strong acid

Dilute
NaOH
2. Solution Purple 14 Strong alkali

Dilute
CH3COOH
3. solution Yellow 3 Weak acid

4. Lemon juice Orange 2 Acid

5. Water Green 7 Neutral

Dilute
NaHCO3 sol
6. ution Blue 9 Weak alkali

Results and Discussions

As pH depends upon H+ concentration and in an aqueous
solution H+ and OH- ion concentrations are correlated,
therefore, every acidic and basic solution shows different
colour at different pH.

Precautions
1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared.
2. Acids must be handled carefully.
EXPERIMENT -2
Aim
To study the properties of an acid (HCL) by its reaction with:
[Link] solutions (Blue and Red)
[Link] metal
[Link] sodium carbonate
Material and Apparatus Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, a dropper or a glass rod, litmus
solutions (blue and red), hydrochloric ac zinc metal, sodium
carbonate, soap solution, candle, delivery tube.
Procedure
1. With Litmus Solution: Take 2 mL of blue and red litmus
solution in a test tubes and add a few drops of hydrochloric
acid to it. Shake the solutions.
Observation
Blue litmus turns red.
Red litmus remains unchanged.
Inference
HCl is acidic in nature.
2. (a) With Zinc Metal
Take about 5 mL of dilute HCl in a test tube. Add a few
pieces of zinc granules to it as shown in Figure.

Observation
Some gas bubbles are formed on the surface of zinc granules.
Inference
The gas produced is hydrogen.
2 (b) Pass the evolved gas through the soap solution. Bring a
burning candle near a gas filled soap bubble.
Observation
Candle is extinguished and gas burns with a pop sound.
Inference
The gas produced is hydrogen.
3. With Sodium Carbonate-
Take about 0.6 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in a test
tube. Add about 3 mL of dilute HCl to it.
Observation
CO2 is produced with an effervescence (a rapid evolution of
gas).
Inference
Gas produced is CO2.
Pass CO2 gas through lime water.
Observation
Lime water turns milky.
Conclusion
[Link] acid (HCl) turns blue litmus red while red
litmus remains unaffected.
[Link] reacts with zinc metal and produces H2 gas.
[Link] reacts with sodium carbonate and produces carbon
dioxide gas.
Precautions
 Use clean zinc granules.
 Cover zinc metal completely in HCl solution.
 Always carry out the test for hydrogen with a very small
volume of gas.
 Handle hydrochloric acid carefully because it can burn
skin and clothes.
 Shake the solutions without spilling.

Experiment-3
Aim
To perform Action of water on quick lime and classify it on:
i. Combination reaction
ii. Decomposition reaction
iii. Displacement reaction
iv. Double displacement reaction
Apparatus and Chemicals Required:
Calcium oxide, Water and Beaker

Procedure

Step 1: A small quantity of calcium oxide (quick lime) is

taken in a beaker.
Step 2: Water is slowly added to the quick lime taken in the
beaker.
Step 3: Beaker is touched with fingers to note the
temperature.
Step 4: The beaker is left undisturbed for some time.

Observation
1. When water is added to quick lime, a suspension of slaked
lime is formed.
2. The beaker was hot when it was touched with fingers.
3. A clear solution appears when the suspension of slaked
lime settles down to the bottom of the beaker.

Inference
1. the reaction is highly exothermic because quick lime reacts
vigorously with water to form slaked lime releasing large
amount of heat.
2. Slaked lime is only slightly soluble in water, so it forms a
suspension of slaked lime in water.
3. The clear solution obtained after the suspension settles is
called lime water.
4. Calcium oxide and water react to form only a single
product, calcium hydroxide. So, the reaction is a combination
reaction.

Precautions
1. Never put quick lime in water. It may cause the lime water
to splash out of the container and damage eyes or skin.
2. Always take quick lime in small quantity in a beaker and
then slowly pour water on it.
3. Do not add excessive water as it may cause an explosion
due to vigorous reaction.
4. Do not touch or dip your fingers in lime water. Calcium
hydroxide may burn the skin.
5. Hands should be cleaned properly after completing the
experiments.
6. All the observations should be noted carefully.
EXPERIMENT 5:
Aim:
[Link] observe the reaction of zinc, iron, copper and
aluminium metals with the following salt solutions:
[Link] sulphate (ZnSO4)
[Link] sulphate (CuSO4)
[Link] sulphate (FeSO4)
[Link] sulphate (Al2(SO4)3)
[Link] arrange the metals Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Aluminium
in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the
experiment's results.
Materials Required:
[Link] foil
[Link] granules
[Link] turnings
[Link] filings
[Link] sulphate solution
[Link] sulphate solution
[Link] sulphate solution
[Link] 50ml beakers
[Link] tube
10. Test tube stand
Procedure:
 [Link] four beakers with distilled water, dry them and
label them as A, B, C, D.
[Link] 50 mL solution of each salt by dissolving 5% by
volume of FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3, CuSO4, and ZnSO4 in water.
[Link] ZnSO4 into beaker A, FeSO4 into beaker B,
CuSO4 into beaker C, and Al2(SO4)3 into beaker D.
[Link] four test tubes with distilled water and dry them.
[Link] them in a test tube stand and label them as A, B, C
and D as shown in the figure above.
[Link] each test tube with 10 mL of the respective salt
solution.
[Link] metal strips of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), copper
(Cu), and zinc (Zn). Clean them with sand paper to
remove any oxidation before starting the experiment.
[Link] each of the metal strips into all the four test tubes and
observe if there is any change in colour in any of the
solutions.
[Link] the previous step with fresh solutions and the
remaining metal strips to observe any displacement
reactions.
Observation:
Metal Dipped Observation
in
Al ZnSO4 The solution remains unchanged. Greyish zinc
metal accumulates on the aluminium strip.
Al CuSO4 The blue solution turns colourless. Reddish
brown copper metal accumulates on the
aluminium strip.
Al Al2(SO4) No change is observed.
3

Al FeSO4 The green solution turns colourless. Greyish

black iron metal accumulates on the
aluminium strip.
Fe ZnSO4 No change is observed.
Fe CuSO4 The solution turns light green. Reddish brown
copper metal accumulates on the iron strip.
Fe Al2(SO4) No change is observed.
3

Fe FeSO4 No change is observed.

Zn ZnSO4 No change is observed.
Zn CuSO4 The blue solution turns colourless. Reddish
brown copper metal accumulates on the zinc
strip.
Zn Al2(SO4) No change is observed.
3

Zn FeSO4 The light green solution turns colourless.

Greyish black iron metal accumulates on the
zinc strip.
Cu ZnSO4 No change is observed.
Cu CuSO4 No change is observed.
Cu Al2(SO4) No change is observed.
3

Cu FeSO4 No change is observed.

Result and Conclusion:
Metals Inference
Aluminium Aluminium can displace zinc, copper,
and iron from their respective solutions,
indicating that aluminium is the most
reactive metal among the four.
Zinc Zinc can displace copper and iron from
their respective solutions, making it more
reactive than copper and iron.
Iron Iron can displace copper from its
solution, making it more reactive than
copper.
Copper Copper cannot displace any other metal
from its solution, making it the least
reactive metal among the four.
The decreasing order of reactivity of the metals can be
summarized as follows:
Al
Zn
Fe
Cu
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
o Always use clean and dry apparatus for the experiment.
o Before beginning the experiment, clean the metal strips
with sandpaper.
o Use small quantities of the salt solutions for the
experiment.
o Handle the chemicals carefully to avoid skin contact.
o After each observation, ensure to wash the test tubes.
o After the experiment, wash your hands thoroughly.
Experiment-5
Aim
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of
soap in soft and hard water.

Materials Required
Underground water (well water), distilled water, calcium
hydrogen carbonate or calcium sulphate, soap sample, a
physical balance and weight box, three test tubes and a test
tube stand, three beakers (100 mL), three glass rods, a
measuring cylinder (50 mL), and a measuring scale.
Procedure
Step 1: Three beakers are taken and labelled as A, B and C.
Step 2: 20 mL of distilled water is taken in beaker A. In
beaker B, 20 mL of underground water is put, and 2 g of
calcium hydrogen carbonate (or calcium sulphate) is added
in beaker C to 20 mL of distilled water.
Step 3: The contents of beaker C is stirred so that calcium
hydrogen carbonate (or calcium sulphate) dissolves in
water.
Step 4: 1 g of soap is put in each beaker A, B, and C (after
weighing it using a physical balance).
Step 5: The contents of these beakers are stirred with
separate glass rods.
Step 6: Three test tubes are placed in a test tube stand and
labelled as tube A, B and C.
Step 7: 3 mL of the above prepared soap solution is poured
in the corresponding test tubes.
Step 8: Test tube A is taken and shaken ten times by placing
thumb on its mouth.
Step 9: Foam or lather is formed by shaking the test tube.
The length of the foam produced is measured immediately
with the help of a measuring scale.
Step 10: Similarly, steps 8 and 9 are repeated with the
remaining two samples.

Observations
(i) Mass of the soap sample taken in each beaker = 2g
(ii) Volume of the distilled water and underground water =
20 ml
added in each beaker
(iii) Volume of soap sample taken in each test tube = 2 ml
(iv) Number of times each test tube taken = ___2__
Results and Discussions

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap for soft water and hard water.
 2. Stir the mixture carefully while dissolving soap in water
to avoid spilling of soap solution.
3. Shake every tube for equal number of times and in a
similar manner.
4. Measure the length of the foam produced immediately
after its production
o

BIOLOGY
Experiment-1
Aim: To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show
stomata.
Procedure
Step 1: A lily leaf is taken and simply fold in the centre which
gets broken into two pieces.
Step 2: One leaf piece is gently pulled and we got a
transparent leaf peel.
Step 3: The leaf peel of lower epidermis is taken and cut with
scissors or a blade into small pieces. These pieces transferred
with the help of paintbrush into a petri dish containing water.
(Do not keep them without water. They will dry)
Step 4: A piece of leaf peel is selected and transferred into
another watch glass containing dilute solution of safranine (a
red stain).
Step 5: With the help of paintbrush specimen is transferred
back into first water containing petridish/watch glass to
remove excess of stain.

Step 6: Specimen is transferred to slide with the help of

brush.

Step 7: A drop of glycerine is put on the peel and it is covered

carefully with a cover slip by using needle to avoid air
bubbles. Excess glycerine is removed with help of a filter
paper.
Step 8: The leaf peel is observed under low power of
microscope.
Step 9: For inner details, again the leaf peel is observed under
high power (45x) of microscope.
Observation

1. A horizontal row of cells is seen.

2. The cells may be irregularity of mbappé or rectangular in
shape, depending upon the leaf used for leaf peeling.
3. At certain places stomata are seen.
4. Each stoma is guarded by a pair of bean shaped cells that
are guard cells.
5. The central pores/apertures are called stomata.
6. Inner wall of guard cell is thicker than the outer wall.
Precautions
1. The epidermal peel should be taken from a freshly-plucked
leaf.
2. Take the epidermal layer from the lower surface of a leaf,
as it has more stomata.
3. Always use a clean glass slide.
EXPERIMENT-2:
Aim
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out
during respiration.

Materials Required
Germinating gram seeds, KOH solution, petroleum jelly, a
conical flask, (100 mL), a beaker (250 mL), a single-bore
cork, a clean delivery (bent) tube, a small test tube, a piece of
thread, and a measuring scale.

Procedure

Step 1: About forty (40) germinating seeds are taken in a

conical flask.
Step 2: The cork to the mouth of the conical flask is fixed and
with the help of a thread, the tube is suspended containing
KOH solution.

Step 3: One end of a clean delivery tube is inserted in the

conical flask through the cork. The other end of the delivery
tube is dipped in a beaker filled with water as shown. The
water level inside the delivery tube rises at the end dipped in
the water due to capillary action which is marked. This is the
initial reading (h1) of water level in the delivery tube.

Step 4: The conical flask is made air-tight by applying a thin

smear of petroleum jelly so that the gas evolved during the
process of respiration by the germinating seeds does not leak
out.

Step 5: This set-up is kept undisturbed for about forty five

minutes in the bright sunlight.
Step 6: The final water level (h2) in the delivery tube is
marked and recorded.

Observation
After two hours, the level of water has risen in the delivery
tube at the end dipped in the beaker of water.

Results and Discussion

1. The rise in the level of water indicates that CO2 is
produced by germinating seeds during respiration.
2. The germinating seeds respire and produce CO2, which is
absorbed by KOH solution which created a vacuum in the
conical flask.
3. The air present in the bent glass tube moves into the
conical flask. This pulls the water in the bent tube further up.

Precautions
1. Ensure that the experimental set-up is air-tight.
2. KOH is corrosive. Handle it carefully.
Ex-3
Aim
To study binary fission in Amoeba.
Materials Required
A compound microscope, permanent slides of binary fission
in Amoeba

Procedure
Step 1: The slide is placed under compound microscope.
Step 1: The slide is focused under low power and later high
power of compound microscope.
Step 2: The stages in binary fission and budding are observed
carefully.

Observations
(i) In the beginning, the pseudopodia are withdrawn and the
body becomes rounded.
(ii) Nucleus divides a mitotically followed by the division of
cytoplasm.
(iii) A furrow or constriction develops at the point of fission
in the main body.
(iv) The furrow becomes narrow and finally two daughter-
cells are formed.
Results and Discussions
The prepared slides show asexual reproduction in which only
one individual is involved in the production of new
individuals.
Precautions
1. Focus the slides properly.
2. Study the slides first under low-power magnification and
then under high-power magnification of the compound
microscope.
3. Draw diagrams as seen under the microscope

Ex-4
Aim
To study budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
Materials Required
A compound microscope, permanent slides of budding in
Yeast.

Procedure
Step 1: The slide is placed under compound microscope.
Step 1: The slide is focused under low power and later high
power of compound microscope.
Step 2: The stages in budding are observed carefully.
Observation:

(i) A small outgrowth or protuberance is seen on the parent

cell.
(ii) Nucleus divides and is later, seen in the bud.
(iii) Repeated budding forms a chain of cells.
Results and Discussions
The prepared slides show asexual reproduction in which only
one individual is involved in the production of new
individuals.
Precautions
1. Focus the slides properly.
2. Study the slides first under low-power magnification and
then under high-power magnification of the compound
microscope.
3. Draw diagrams as seen under the microscope.
Ex-5-
Aim
To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed
(Pea, gram or red kidney bean).
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Seeds of bengal gram/red kidney bean, forceps, cloth,
magnifying glass, petridish, water.
PROCEDURE
[Link] a few bean seeds and keep them overnight.
[Link] the excess water.
[Link] the seeds with a moist cloth and keep them aside
for a day.
[Link] off the seed coat carefully.
[Link] your thumbs or the forceps, open the bean seed so
that it falls into two halves.
[Link] the help of the magnifying glass, locate the parts of
the bean embryo carefully.
[Link] a sketch of the inside of the dicot seed that you
examined. Label all its parts.

OBSERVATIONS
 [Link] seed is kidney-shaped with a concave and convex
side.
[Link] concave side which is slightly darker has a scar
called hilum.
[Link] to hilum a small pore known as micropyle is
present.
[Link] seed is covered by a seed coat.
[Link] embryo consists of two large, white and kidney-
shaped cotyledons.
[Link] cotyledons are attached laterally to the curved
embryonal axis.
[Link] shaped and slightly bulgy lower end of embryonal
axis which lies towards micropylar end is called radicle.
[Link] is the upper end of embryonal axis.
[Link] part of embryo axis between radicle and attachment
of cotyledon leaves is called hypocotyl.
[Link] part of embryo axis between plumule and
attachment of cotyledon leaves is called epicotyl.
RESULT
The embryo of dicot seeds consists of three main parts –
plumule, radicle and two cotyledons.
PRECAUTIONS
[Link] cloth which is used to cover seeds should be moist
and should not get dry.
[Link] should be open carefully so that the embryo does
not get damaged.