Wolkite University
Department Of Civil Engineering
C ENG 4 122 - S teel & T i mber S t ructure
C h a p te r Two : Te n s i o n M e m b e r
December 2014
Objectives
2
Introduction
Types of tension members
Strength design of tension members
Net Section or Net area
Limit State Design of Tension Members
Slenderness Ratio
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Introduction
3
Tension members are structural members that carry
pure tension loads.
They are efficient carriers of load and encountered
members in most steel structures.
Examples of tension members:
Tension chords and internal ties in trusses
Tension bracing members
Hanger supporting floor beams
Steel cables in suspension and cable-stayed bridges
Elevator cables
Deck suspenders in suspension bridge.
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
4
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
5
Tension Members in Suspension bridge.
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Types Of Tension Members
6
Tension members may consist of a single
structural shape or they may be built up from a
member of structural shapes
The cross sectional arrangement of axially stressed
tension members is structurally unimportant as
long as the net cross sectional are is sufficient to
carry the design loads and the shape can be
conveniently connected to other members in the
structure
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
7
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
8
Some practical area of application for tensile steel
section are:
The single angle and double angle sections are used
in light roof trusses as in industrial buildings.
The tension members in bridge trusses are made of
Channels or I sections, acting individually or built-up
The circular rods are used in bracings designed to
resist loads in tension only
Steel wire ropes are used as suspenders in the cable
suspended bridges and as main stays in the cable-
stayed bridges.
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Strength Design of Tension Members
9
Design of tension members is the simplest and
most straight-forward one compared to those for
various other member types such as compression
or bending.
It consists of providing a member adequate cross-
sectional area to resist the applied load.
In tension members problem of buckling does not
occur but due consideration should be taken so
that sagging problem is avoided.
It is also need to avoid fracture of the effective net
sectional area through the holes at the joints.
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
10
Failure is assumed to occur:
In sufficient gross-sectional area of member
away from joint
Insufficient net cross-sectional are of the joint
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Net Section or net Area
11
Holes for rivet or bolts in tension affect the member in
two ways
Reduce the area of the cross-section
Result in non-uniform strain in the cross-section in
the neighborhood of the hole
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
12
The area of gross Rivet diameter Hole diameter
(d) (do)
section minus the area mm mm
lost by holes is called
the net section or the d≤ 14 d+1
net area.
Member can break on a 14< d ≤22 d+2
net section normal to
its axis or it may also
d=24 d+2
break on a zigzag
section if fasters are
d≥ 27 d+3
staggered.
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
13
Plate
Where:
An- net sectional area
The net area is calculated
Ag – gross sectional area
by subtracting the
do - hole diameter
maximum sum of hole
t – thickness
across any cross-section
from the gross area
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
14
If holes are staggered, failure may occur
– Along line A-B-E
– Along zigzag line A-B-C-D
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
15
Net area is calculated by simple empirical formula,
Where:
Ag – gross sectional area
do - hole diameter
t – thickness
S – pitch
P – spacing between center of hole
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
16
Angle connected with its two legs
The method of solution assumes one leg of the angle
to be rotated and brought in the plane of the second
angle and we get
– Gross width of the angle in its position would be the
sum of the length of the two legs less the angle
thickness
– Gauge distance for rivet or bolts holes in the two legs
is the sum of the gauge distance in each leg less the
angle thickness
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
17
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
18
Angle connected by one leg
a) Angle connected by single row of bolts
1. With one bolt
2. With two bolts
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
19
3. With three bolts or more
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
20
For intermediate value of P1, linear interpolation
may be used.
For unequal angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet
should be taken as the area of an equal leg having the
size of the smaller angle
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
21
Channel and T-Sections
For single channel connected through the web or
singe tee connected through the flange, the effective
area should be calculated by
Where
a1 – is the net sectional area of the connected leg
a2 – is the net sectional area of the unconnected leg
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
22
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
23
Double Angel
a) For double angle connected back to back or space
between
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
24
b)For double angle or tee placed back to back and
connected to each side of a gusset or to each side of a
rolled section, the effective area should be calculated
as for plate using previous equations
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
LSD of Tension Members
25
For members in axial tension, the design value of
axial tension force Nt,SD at each cross-section shall
satisfy,
a) The design plastic resistance of the gross section
γM1 = 1.10 partial safety factor of the section
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Cont’d
26
b) The design ultimate resistance of the net section at
the bolt hole
γM2 = 1.25 partial safety factor of the net section
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Slenderness ratio
27
In all tension members, minimum amount of
member stiffness or rigidity is required with the
view of preventing undue sagging, deflection and
vibration by limiting the slenderness ratio
Where L – length of the member
r – minimum radius of gyration
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Examples
28
1. Determine the design tensile strength of the Fe 360
plate (200 X 10 mm) with the holes as shown below
and 20 mm diameter bolts are used.
a
d
b f
e
c
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure December 30, 2014
Resistance of gross section:
𝐴𝑔 𝑥𝑓𝑦 (200𝑥10𝑥235)
𝑁𝑝𝑙, 𝑅𝐷 = = = 427.3𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚1 1.1
Resistance of net section:
0.9𝑥𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑓𝑢
𝑁𝑢, 𝑅𝐷 =
𝛾𝑚 2
Compute the net area of the section :
a) For failure path :a-b-c --------------------with out staggering
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑑𝑜 𝑥𝑡 = 200x10 − 3𝑥22𝑥10 = 1340𝑚𝑚2
b) For failure path :a-d-b-c/a-d-e-c -------------with staggering
𝑠2 502
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑑𝑜 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑡 = 200𝑥10 − 4𝑋22𝑥10 + 10 2𝑥 = 1536.67𝑚𝑚2
4𝑝 4𝑋30
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure 29 December 30, 2014
There for Anet=1340mm2
0.9𝑥𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑓𝑢 0.9𝑥1340𝑥360
𝑁𝑢, 𝑅𝐷 = = = 347.3𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚2 1.25
The maximum allowable design tensile load is the
minimum of Nu,Rd and Npl, Rd: min(347.3,427.3)
allowable design tensile strength=347.3kN--(Ans)
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure 30 December 30, 2014
CENG 4122- Steel & Timber Structure 31 December 30, 2014