STRUCTURAL

DESIGN –I
(Th
(Th-01)
(As per the 2019
2019-20 syllabus of the SCTE&VT,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha)

Fourth Semester
Civil Engg.
Prepared By : Er. [Link]
 TOPIC WISE DISTRIBUTION PERIODS

Periods as per Expected

Sl. No. Topic
syllabus marks
Working stress method
01 05 15
02 Philosophy Limit state method 03 05
Analysis and design of singly reinforced & doubly
03 15 10
reinforced sections (LSM ).
04 Shear, Bond and Development Length (LSM) 04 15
05 Analysis and Design of T-Beam (LSM ) 15 15
06 Analysis Design of Slab and Stair case (LSM) 15 15
Design of Axially loaded columns and Footings
07 18 15
(LSM )
Total 75 100

CHAPTER NO-1
WORKING STRESS METHOD
Learning objective
1.1 Objectives of design and detailing. State the different methods of
design of concrete structures.
1.2 Introduction to reinforced concrete, R.C. sections their behavior,
grades of concrete and steel. Permissible stresses, assumption in
W.S.M.
1.3 Flexural design and analysis of single reinforced sections from first
principles.
1.4 Concept of under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced sections
1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of WSM, reasons for its
obsolescence.
1.1OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN AND DETAILING. STATE THE
DIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Objectives of design and detailing.
Everystructuremustbedesignedtosatisfythreebasicrequirements;

[Link],slidingorbucklingofthestructure,orpartsofit,undertheactionofloads;
[Link] inthevariousstructuralmembers;
[Link] to ensure satisfactory performance under service load conditions – which
impliesproviding adequate stiffness to contain deflections , crack widths and vibrations within
acceptablelimits,andalsoprovidingimpermeability,[Link]
bledesigneroughttobearinmind,[Link].

DifferentMethodsofDesign
Over the years, various design philosophies have evolved in different parts of the world, with regard
[Link]
awayof thinking.
The following design methods are used for the design of RCC Structures.

a) The working stress method (WSM)

b) The ultimate load method (ULM)

c) The limit state method (LSM)

Working Stress Method (WSM)

 This method is based on linear elastic theory or the classical elastic theory. This method ensured adequate safety
by suitably restricting the stress in the materials (i.e. concrete and steel) induced by the expected working leads
on the structures.
The assumption of linear elastic behaviour considered justifiable since the specified permissible stresses are
kept well below the ultimate strength of the material.
 The ratio of yield stress of the steel reinforcement or the cube strength of the concrete to the corresponding
permissible or working stress is usually called factor of safety.
 The WSM uses a factor of safety of about 3 with respect to the cube strength of concrete and a factor of safety
of about 1.8 with respect to the yield strength of steel.

Ultimate load method (ULM)

 The method is based on the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete at ultimate load is obtained by enhancing
the service load by some factor called as load factor for giving a desired margin of safety .
 Hence the method is also referred to as the load factor method or the ultimate strength method. In the ULM,
stress condition at the state of in pending collapse of the structure is analysed, thus using, the non-linear stress –
strain curves of concrete and steel.
 The safely measure in the design is obtained by the use of proper load factor. The satisfactory strength
performance at ultimate loads does not guarantee satisfactory strength performance at ultimate loads does not
guarantee satisfactory serviceability performance at normal service loads.

Limit state method (LSM)

 Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of the structure before failure
occurs.
 The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that they will not reach limit states and will not become
unfit for the use for which they are intended.
 It is worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or collapse by violating (exceeding) the limit states.
Failure, therefore, implies that clearly defined limit states of structural usefulness has been exceeded. .

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE, R.C. SECTIONS

THEIR BEHAVIOR, GRADES OF CONCRETE AND STEEL.
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES, ASSUMPTIONIN W.S.M.
Reinforced cement concrete:
Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength. To improve the tensile strength of concrete some
reinforcement is needed which can take up the tensile stresses developed in the structure. The most common
type of reinforcement is in the form of steel bars which are quite strong in tension. The reinforcing steel is
placed in the forms and fresh concrete is poured around it. This solidified composite mass is called reinforced
cement concrete.

RC sections and their behaviour;

Slabs :Slabs are the plate elements and carry the lodes primarily by flexures. . they usually carry vertical
loads.

Under the action of horizontal loads ,due to a large moment of inertia, they can carry quite large wind and
earthquake forces and transfer them to beam

Beam: Beams carry loads from slab and also direct loads such as masonry walls and their self weight.

Columns: Columns are the vertical members carrying loads from beams and upper columns. The loads may
be axial or eccentric . The importance of column is greater than beam and column.

Foundation: these are the load transmitting members. The loads from super structure are transmitted to the
solid ground through foundation.

AdvantagesOf ReinforcedConcrete
Thefollowingaremajoradvantagesofreinforcedcementconcrete(RCC)

 ReinforcedCementConcretehasgoodcompressivestress(becauseofconcrete).
 RCCalsohashightensilestress(becauseofsteel).
 Ithasgoodresistancetodamagebyfireandweathering(becauseofconcrete).
 RCCprotectssteelbarsfrombucklingandtwistingatthehightemperature.
 RCCpreventssteelfromrusting.
 ReinforcedConcreteisdurable.
 Themonolithiccharacterofreinforcedconcretegivesitmorerigidity.
 MaintenancecostofRCCispracticallynil.
Grades of concrete:

Concrete grades are expressed by letter M followed by a number. The letter ‘M’ refers to the mix and the
number represents the

Characteristics compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2

TABLE 2, IS456:2000
Group Designation Characteristics
compressive strength
𝒇𝒄𝒌 (N/MM2)
Ordinary concrete M10 10
M15 15
M20 20
Standard concrete M25 25
M30 30
M35 35
M40 40
M45 45
M50 50
M55 55
High strength concrete M60 60
M65 65
M70 70
M75 75
M80 80

Grade of steel
Type of steel Grade Characteristics
strength(N/MM2)
Mild steel Fe 250 250
High strength deformed steel Fe 415 415
Fe 500 500
Fe 550 550
Thermo mechanically treated bars
(TMT)or corrosion resistant Fe 500 500
steel(CRS)

Steel wired fabric - 480

Permissible stress:
The working stress method is based on the concept of permissible stresses. Permissible stresses are obtained
by dividing ultimate strength of concrete or yield strength of steel by appropriate factor of safety. The factor
of safety used in working stress method are-

Material FactorofSafety
 Forconcrete 3.0

ForSteel 1.78

The permissible stress as per codal provision are given in IS-456:2000, TABLE-21,22

AssumptionsofWSM
TheanalysisanddesignofaRCCmemberarebasedonthefollowingassumptions.

(i) Concreteisassumedtobehomogeneous.
(ii) Atanycrosssection,planesectionsbeforebendingremainplaneafterbending.
(iii) Thestress-strainrelationshipforconcreteisastraightline,underworkingloads.
(iv) Thestress-strainrelationshipforsteelisastraightline,underworkingloads.
(v) Concreteareaontensionsideisassumedtobeineffective.
(vi) Alltensilestressesaretakenupbyreinforcementsandnonebyconcreteexceptwhenspeciallypermit
ted.
(vii) Thesteelareaisassumedtobeconcentratedatthecentroidofthesteel.
(viii) Themodularratiohasthevalue280/3σcbcwhereσcbcispermissiblestressincompressionduetobendi
nginconcreteinN/mm2asspecifiedincode(IS:456-2000)

1.3 FLEXULAR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR SECTION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE:
Here ,b=widthofsection
𝐴 =area of steel reinforcement

D=overalldepthofsection

d=effectivedepthofsection(distancefromextremecompressionfibertothe centroid

ofsteel

ϵc=Maximumstraininconcrete,

ϵs=maximumstrainatthecentroidofthesteel,
 𝜎 =maximumcompressivestressinconcreteinbending

𝜎 =permissible stress ininsteel in tension

Es/Ec=ratioofYong’smodulusofelasticityofsteeltoconcrete

=modularratio‘m’=
×
X=depth of neutral axis
Sincethestrainsinconcreteandsteelareproportionaltotheirdistancesfromtheneutralaxis,

1)to find neutral axis: from the strain diagram

𝑥 𝜎 / 𝜎
= =𝑚
𝑑−𝑥 𝜎 / 𝜎 ‘ ’
×

𝑥 = ×𝑑 = × 𝑑………………(1)

𝑥 =𝑘×𝑑
Where the constant 𝑘=

and is known as neutral axis constant

Substitute the value of ‘m’= , the value of
ב ’
×

1
𝑘=
1 + 0.0107𝜎𝑠𝑡

2)To find lever arm:

From the stress diagram
𝑥 𝑘𝑑
𝑍=𝑑− =𝑑−
3 3
𝑘
=𝑑 1− = 𝑗𝑑
3
=> 𝑍 = 𝑑𝑗
Where the constant j=𝑑 1 − is known as lever arm constant
3) To find total force:
× ×
Totalcompressiveforce =C= × 𝜎 ×𝑏×𝑥 =

Totaltensileforces=T=𝜎 ×𝐴 =

4) to fond the moment of resistance:

Capacity of a section to resist the moment is know as moment of resistance (M.R).this is equal to total
compressive
Force or tensile force ×lever arm.
Considering the compressive force
Momentofresistance
=MR=total compression
×lever arm
1
𝑀 = ×𝜎 ×𝑏×𝑥 × 𝑑𝑗
2
1
= ×𝜎 × 𝑏 × 𝑘𝑑 × 𝑑𝑗
2
1
= ×𝜎 × 𝑏 × 𝑘𝑗 × 𝑑
2
𝑀 =𝑄 × 𝑏𝑑

Where the constant 𝑄 = ×𝜎 × 𝑘 × 𝑗 is known as moment of resistance factor for balanced rectangular
section.

Considering the tensile force

M.R=total tension × lever arm

𝑀 =𝜎𝑠𝑡×𝐴 × d ×j

Steel area,
𝑀
𝐴 =
𝜎 × 𝑑𝑗

Percentage steel Pt=100 ×

For a balanced section 𝑝 = 100 ×

6) To design balanced section

For a given moment M, consider M= 𝑀 if width ‘b’ of the beam is assumed.

Mbal
Qbal × 𝑑

Area of steel 𝐴𝑠t =𝐴 = M /𝜎𝑠𝑡.d.j

Design constant for balanced section

Concrete Steel 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 𝝈𝒔𝒕 k j 𝑸𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒕𝒃𝒂𝒍

grade grade

M20 Fe 250 7 140 0.4 0.87 1.21 1.0

M20 Fe 415 7 230 0.29 0.9 0.91 0.44

Example1: For a rectangular beam of size 250mm wide and 520mm effective depth, find out the
balanceddepth of neutral axis, balanced lever arm, balanced moment of resistance and balanced steel
area. The materials are M20 grade of concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415.
Solution:

Given b=250mm

d=520mm
2
from tableσcbc =7N/mm
2
𝜎𝑠𝑡=230 N/MM

K= 0.29

Qbal=0.91

ptbal =0.44

j=0.90

depth of neutral axis, Xbal =kd=0.29×520=150.8mm

lever arm Z=j×d=0.29×520=468mm

moment of resistance of balanced section ,M.R=𝑄 × 𝑏𝑑 =0.91×250×5202×10-6=61.52KN.m

 p 0.44 × 250 × 520
𝐴 = 100 × tbal = = 572𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑑 100
Example2: calculate the design constants for the following materials considering the balanced design for
singly reinforced section. The materials are M20 concrete and mild steel reinforcement.

Solution :For M20 mix σcbc =7N/mm2

2
𝜎𝑠𝑡=230 N/MM

m= = 13.33
×

neutral axis constant 𝑘=

1
= 0.4
1+
. ×

.
Lever arm constant , j= 1 − = 1− = .866 ≅ 0.87

1 1
moment of resistance factor𝑄 = ×𝜎 ×𝑘×𝑗 = × 7 × 0.4 × 866 = 1.21
2 2
× × × × .
ptbal= = = 1.0

1.4 CONCEPT OF UNDER REINFORCED,OVER REINFORCED AND

BALANCED SECTION

Underreinforcedsection
When the percentage of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section, thesection is called
‘Under-reinforced section.’ In this case (Fig.2.2) concrete stress does not reach itsmaximum allowable value
while the stress in steel reaches its maximum permissible value. The positionof the neutral axis will shift upwards,
i.e., the neutral axis depth will be smaller than that in the balancedsection as shown in Figure2.2.

The moment of resistance of such a section will be governed by allowable tensilestressinsteel.

 Fig.2.2(a-c)
Overreinforcedsection:
When the percentage of steel in a section is more than that required for a balanced section,
thesectioniscalled ‘Over-reinforcedsection’.Inthiscase(Fig.2.3)thestressinconcretereachesitsmaximum
allowable value earlier than that in steel. As the percentage steel is more, the position of theneutral axis
will shift towards steel from the critical or balanced neutral axis position. Thus the
neutralaxisdepthwillbegreaterthanthatincaseofbalancedsection.

Balanced section:
When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaneously reach theirallowable values, the section is
said to be a ‘Balanced Section’. The moment of resistance shall beprovided by the couple developed by
compressive force acting at the centroid of stress diagram on thearea of concrete in compression and tensile
forces acting at the centroid of reinforcement multiplied
[Link]‘lever

Fig(2.3)
1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WSM:-
Advantages :
1. It is a simple method.
2. Due to it simplicity it is still used for design for some complex structure such as over head water tank

Disadvantages:

1. The assumption of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses within specially defined permissible
stresses are unrealistic due to several reason viz, creep, shrinkage and other long term effect, stress
concentration and other secondary effects.
2. Different type of load acting simultaneously have different degree of uncertainties.
3. The actual factor of safety is not known in this method of design.

POSSIBLE SORT TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

[Link] do you mean by working stress method? [2010]

Ans : In WSM it is assumed that structural material e.g. concrete and steel behave in linearly elasticmanner
and adequate safety can be ensured by restricting the stresses in the material induced by working loads(service
loads)on thestructure.

[Link] is factor of safety?[2011]

Ans : Theratioofthestrengthofthematerial to thepermissible stressisoften referredto as thefactorofsafety.

In working stress methods factor of safety for concrete and steel are taken as 3 and 1.78 respectively.

[Link] modular ratio.[2011, W-2015 ,W-2019]

Ans :RatioofYong’smodulusofelasticityofsteeltoconcrete

Es/Ec=modular ratio

[Link] do you mean by under reinforced section?[W-2018]

Ans : When the percentage of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section, thesection is
called ‘Under-reinforced section.’ In this case concrete stress does not reach itsmaximum allowable value
while the stress in steel reaches its maximum permissible value.

[Link] do you mean by balanced section?

Ans: When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaneously reach theirallowable values, the
section is said to be a ‘Balanced Section .

POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of WSM?[2019]

[Link] the advantages of RCC.[2015,S-2017,2019BP]

[Link] are the assumptions for WSM?

4. A RCC beam 250mm wide and 400mm effective depth is reinforced with 4-12mm dia bars in tension . find
out the depth of N.A and state the type of beam. The materials are M20 grade conc. and Fe415 grade steel
using WSM. [W-2019]
CHAPTER NO.-2

PHILOSOPHY OF LIMITSTATEMETHOD
Learning objective

2.1 Definition, Advantages of LSM over WSM, IS code suggestions regarding design
philosophy.

2.2 Types of limit states, partial safety factors for materials strength, characteristic strength,
characteristic load, design load, loading on structure as per I.S. 875

2.3 Study of I.S specification regarding spacing of reinforcement in slab, cover to

reinforcement in slab, beam column & footing, minimum reinforcement in slab, beam &
column, lapping, anchorage, effective span for beam & slab.

2.1 DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES OF LSM OVER WSM, IS CODE

SUGGESTIONS REGARDING DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Definition of LSM
Forensuringthedesignobjectives,thedesignshouldbebasedoncharacteristicvaluesformaterialstrengths and
applied loads (actions), which take into account the probability of variations in the materialstrengths and
in the loads to be supported. The characteristic values should be based on statistical data, ifavailable.
Where such data is not available, they should be based on experience. The design values are
derivedfromthecharacteristicvaluesthroughtheuseofpartialsafetyfactors,bothformaterialstrengthsandforload
[Link],thesefactorsshouldhavethevaluesgiveninthissectionaccordingtothe
material,the type of load and the limitstatebeing considered.

Advantages of working stress method and limit state method

Working Stress Method Limit State Method

This method is based on the elastic This method is based on the actual
theory which assumes that concrete and stress-strain curves of steel and concrete.
steel are elastic and the stress strain For concrete the stress-strain curve is
curve is linear for both non-linear.

In this method the factor of safety are In this method, partial safety factors are
applied to the yield stresses to get applied to get design values of stresses
permissible stresses.
No factor of safety is used for loads. Design loads are obtained by
multiplying partial safety factors of load
to the working loads

Exact margin of safety is not known Exact margin of safety is known

This method gives thicker, sections, so This method is more economical as it

less economical gives thinner sections

This method assumes that the actual This method is based upon the
loads, permissible stresses and factors of probabilistic approach which depends
safety are known. So it is called as upon the actual data or experience,
deterministic method hence it is called as non-deterministic
method.
IS code suggestions regarding design philosophy
ACCORDING TO IS-456:2000

Cl no.18.2.1Structureand structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account
should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability
.Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable and durable structures. Suitable materials, quality control.
adequate detailing and good supervision are equally important.

Cl no.18.2.2 Where the Limit State Method can not be conveniently adopted, Working Stress Method (see
Annex B) may be used.

2.2TYPES OF LIMIT STATES, PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR

MATERIALS STRENGTH,CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH,
CHARACTERISTIC LOAD, DESIGN LOAD, LOADING ON
STRUCTURE AS PER I.S. 875
Types of limit state
[Link]
elimitstates areclassified as
i)Limitstateofstrength
ii)Limitstateofserviceability
i)The limit state of strength are those associated with failures (or imminent failure),under the action
ofprobableandmostunfavourablecombinationofloadsonthestructureusingtheappropriatepartialsafetyfactors,
[Link]:

a) Lossofequilibriumofthestructureasawholeoranyofitspartsorcomponents.
 b) Lossofstabilityofthestructure(includingtheeffectofswaywhereappropriateandoverturning
)or anyofitspartsincludingsupportsandfoundations.

c) Failurebyexcessivedeformation,ruptureofthestructureoranyofitspartsorcomponents.

d) Fractureduetofatigue.

e) Brittlefracture.

ii)Thelimitstateofserviceabilityinclude
f) Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or, effective,
use of thestructure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or services or
may cause damages tofinishesandnon-structuralmembers.
g) Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to people,

damages to thestructure,its contents orwhich may limit its functional

[Link] consideration shallbe given to floor vibration systems
susceptible to vibration, such as large open floor areas free
ofpartitionstoensurethatsuchvibrationsisacceptablefortheintendeduseandoccupancy.

h) Repairabledamageduetofatigue.
i) Corrosionanddurability.

LimitStatesofServiceability
Tosatisfythelimitstateofserviceabilitythedeflectionandcrackinginthestructureshallnotbeexcessive.
Thislimitstatecorrespondstodeflectionandcracking.
Deflection

Thedeflectionofastructureorpartshallnotadversely affecttheappearanceorefficiency ofthestructureor

finishes orpartitions.
Cracking

Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability of the structure;
[Link]
will vary between the wide limits and predictions of absolute maximum width are not possible.
Thesurface widthof cracksshouldnotexceed0.3mm.
In members where cracking in the tensile zone is harmful either because they are exposed to the effects of
theweather or continuously exposed to moisture or in contact soil or ground water, an upper limit of 0.2
mm issuggested for the maximum width of cracks. For particularly aggressive environment, such as the
‘severe’category,theassessedsurfacewidthofcracksshouldnotingeneral,exceed0.1mm.
 PartialSafetyFactors:
1. PartialSafetyFactor𝜸fforLoads

[Link]. LoadCombinatio UltimateLimitState ServiceabilityLimitStat

n e
1 DL+ LL 1.5(DL+LL) DL+ LL
DL+WL
i) DLcontributeto
2 stability 0.9DL+1.5WL DL +
ii) DL 1.5(DL +WL) WLDL+
assistsovert WL
urning
3 DL+LL+WL 1.2(DL +LL+WL) DL+0.8LL+0.8WL

ServiceabilityLimit
[Link]. Material UltimateLimitStat State
e
1 Concrete 1.50 Ec=5000√fckMPa
2 Steel 1.15 Es=2x105MPa

[Link]ꝩmforMaterialStrength

When assessing the strength of a structureorstructuralmemberfor the limitstate of collapse, the

values ofpartialsafetyfactor,shouldbetakenas1.5forconcreteand1.15forsteel.

CharacteristicStrengthofMaterials
Characteristic strength means that value of the strength of the material below which not
more than
5percentofthetestresultsareexpectedtofallandisdenotedbyƒ.Thecharacteristicstrengthofconcrete(𝑓 )
is as per the mix of [Link] characteristicstrength of steel (𝑓 ) is the minimum stress or 0.2
percent ofproofstress.
CharacteristicLoads
Characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
[Link],forth
epurposeofthisstandard,deadloadsgiveninIS875(Partl),imposedloadsgiveninIS875(Part2),windloads
giveninIS875(Part3),snowloadasgiveninIS875(Part4)andseismicforcesgiveninIS1893-2002(part-
I)shallbe assumed asthe characteristicloads
DesignValueMaterials

Thedesignstrengthofthematerialsƒdisgivenby
f
𝑓=

m

where

f=characteristicstrengthofthematerial
𝛾m=partialsafetyfactorappropriatetothematerialandthelimitstatebeingconsidered.
Load

Thedesignload,F,isgivenby
𝐹
𝑓 =
𝛾

Where,F=characteristicload
and𝛾 =partialsafetyfactorappropriatetothenatureofloadingandthelimitstatebeingconsidered.

ConsequencesofAttainingLimitState(IS456:2000)
Wheretheconsequencesofastructureattainingalimitstateareofaseriousnaturesuchashugelossoflife
anddisruptionoftheeconomy,highervaluesfor𝛾 and𝛾 applied.

loading on structure as per I.S. 875

IS : 875 is divided in to the following five parts :

Part 1 Dead loads

Part 2 Imposed loads

Part3 Wind loads

Part 4 Snow loads Part

Part 5 Special loads and load combinations

 TABLE 1 IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS FOR DlFFERENT OCCUPANCIES

(Clauses 3.1, 3.1.1 and4.1.1 )

SL NO. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION UNIFORMLY CONCENTRATED

(1) (2) DISTRIBUTED LOAD LOAD
( UDL ) (4)
(3) kN
Kn/m2
1 i ) RESIDENTIAL BUILDINS
a) Dwelling houses:
1) All rooms and kitchens
2) Toilet and bath rooms 2.0 1.8
3) Corridors, passages, staircases 2.0 ----
including tire escapes and store rooms 3.0 4.5
4)Balconies 3.0 1.5
5 per metre run
concentrated at the outer
edge

2 b) Dwelling units planned and executed

in accordance with IS : 888S1979*
only:
1) Habitable rooms, kitchens, toilet 1.5 1.4
and bathrooms
2) Corridors, passages and staircases 1.5 1.4
including fire escapes 3.0 1.5 per metre run
3) Balconies concentrated at the outer
edge
3 C) Hotels, hostels, boarding houses,
lodging houses, dormitories,
residential clubs:
1) Living rooms, bed rooms and
dormitories 2.0 1.8
2) Kitchens and laundries 3.0 4.5
3)Billiards room and public lounges 3.0 2.7
4)Store rooms 5.5
5)Dining rooms, cafeterias and 4.5
restaurants 4.0 2.7
6)Office rooms 2.5 2.7
7)Rooms for indoor games 3.1
8)Baths Lind toilets 1.8
2.0
9)Corridors, passages, staircases
including fire escapes, lobbies -- as 4.5
3.0
per the floor serviced ( excluding
stores and the like ) but not less
than 1.5 per metre run
10)Balconies Same as rooms to which they
concentrated at the outer
give access but with a
edge
minimum of 4’0
4 d) Boiler rooms and plant rooms - to be 5.0 6.7
calculated but not less than

2.3 STUDY OF I.S SPECIFICATION REGARDING SPACING OF

REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB, COVER TO REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB,
BEAM COLUMN & FOOTING, MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB,
BEAM & COLUMN, LAPPING, ANCHORAGE, EFFECTIVE SPAN FOR
BEAM & SLAB
SPACING AND REINFORCEMENT FOR DIFFERENT MEMBER
(IS 456:2000,CL NO:26.3-26.5.3) page-45
Cover to reinforcement-table16 IS 456:2000
ANCHORAGE(IS456:2000,CL NO-26.2.2-[Link])page 43
EFFECTIVE SPAN(IS456:2000,CL NO-22.3) Page-34
POSSIBLE SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER
1. What is limit state?[W-2014]
Ans: Limit state is defined as the acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure.
[Link] is limit state of collapse?
Ans: The limit state corresponding to maximum load carrying capacity is known as limit state of collapse.
[Link] can we calculate the design load?
Ans: The design loads are obtained by multiplying characteristic loads and the appropriate partial safety
factor.
4. Define limit state of serviceability.[W-2017]
Ans: Tosatisfythelimitstateofserviceabilitythedeflectionandcrackinginthestructureshallnotbeexcessive.
Thislimitstatecorrespondstodeflectionandcracking
5. What is characteristic strength of materials?[W-2015,W-2018,W-2019]
Ans: characteristic strength of materials means that the value of strength of materials below which not
more than 5% of the test result are expected to fall.
[Link] is characteristic load?
Ans: Characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceededduringthelifeofthestructure.

POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS:

[Link] is the difference between WSM and LSM?[2015,W-2019]
[Link] are the different types of limit state of design?
3. Write the IS specifications regarding spacing of reinforcement in slab and beam.
4. Write the assumption made for flexure in LSM design.[W-2014,W-2015,W-2017]
CAPTER NO.-3
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED
SECTION AND DOUBLY REINFORCER SECTION(LSM)
Learning objectives
3.1 Limit state of collapse (flexure), Assumptions, Stress
Stress-Strain
Strain relationship for concrete
and steel, neutral axis, stress block diagram and strain diagram for singly reinforced
section.
3.2 Concept of under- reinforced, over
over-reinforced and limiting section,
ion, neutral axis co
co-
efficient, limiting value of moment of resistance and limiting percentage of steel required
for limiting singly R.C. section.
3.3 Analysis and design: determination of design constants, moment of resistance and area
of steel for rectangular sections.
3.4 Necessity of doubly reinforced section, design of doubly reinforced rectangular section.
3.1 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE (FLEXURE), ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE AND STEEL,
NEUTRAL AXIS, STRESS BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ST STRAIN
RAIN
DIAGRAM FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION.
Limitstateofcollapse:flexure
This limit state refers to the strength of the structure. A structure or its parts should be strong enough to
resist the design applied loads. This
his is called limit state of collapse.

AssumptionsforLimitStateofCollapse(Flexure):
The basic assumptions involved in the analysis at the ultimate limit state of flexure (Cl. 38.1 of the Code) are listed
here.

a) Plane sections normal to the beam axis remain plane after bending, i.e., in an initially straight beam, strain varies
linearly over the depth of the section.

b) The maximum compressive strain in concrete (at the outermost fibre) shall be taken as 0.00
0.0035
35 in bending.

c) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be
assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with

the results of test. An acceptable stress-strain

strain curve is given in figure .
 For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristic strength. The partial safety factor y, = 1.5 sshall be applied in addition to this.

d) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

e) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress

stress-strain
strain curve for the type of steel used.
Typical curves are given in figure 1.3. For design purposes the partial safety factor 𝛾 equal to 1.15 shall be
applied.

f) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than: + 0.002
. ×
Fordesignpurposes,thecompressivestrengthofconcreteinthestructureshallbeassumedtobe0.67timesthecharac
[Link]𝛾m=1.5shallbeappliedinadditiontothis.

NOTE-Fortheabovestress-
straincurvethedesignstressblockparametersareasfollows:Areaof stressblock=[Link]
Depthofcentreofcompressiveforce=0.42xufromtheextremefibreincompressionWhere
𝑓 =characteristiccompressivestrengthofconcret
e,andxu=depth ofneutral axis.
4) Thetensilestrengthoftheconcreteisignored.

5) Thestressesinthereinforcementarederivedfromrepresentativestress
Thestressesinthereinforcementarederivedfromrepresentativestress–straincurveforthetypeof
straincurveforthetypeof
steelused.
.
Neutral axis :
Neutral axis is the axis at which the stresses are zero and it is situated at the centre of gravity of
the section. Depth of neutral axis for singly reinforced beam is calculated by taking equilibrium
of tension and compression.
Stress strain block diagram for singly rreinforced section:

(fig 1.8)
Based on the assumption given above, an expression for the depth of the neutral axis at the ultimate limit
state, 𝑥 , can be easily obtained from the strain diagram in Fig.
Considering similar triangles,

𝑥 0.0035
= .
𝑑 0.0035 + + 0.002

According to IS 456: 2000cl no 38.1 (f), when the maximum strain in tension reinforcement is equal to
.
+ 0.002, then the value of neutral axis will be 𝑥 , .
, .
Therefore, = . …………………….(2)
. .

The values of 𝑥 , for different grades of steel, obtained by applying Eq. (2), are listed in table.

𝑋
𝑓 𝑑

250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46

The limiting depth of neutral axis 𝑥 , corresponds to the so-called balanced section, i.e., a section that is
expected to result in a ‗balanced‘ failure at the ultimate limit state in flexure. If the neutral axis depth u x is
less than 𝑥 , , then the section is under-reinforced (resulting in a ‗tension‘ failure); whereas if u x exceeds
𝑥 , , it is over-reinforced (resulting in a ‗compression‘ failure)

Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections Analysis of a given reinforced concrete section at the
ultimate limit state of flexure implies the determination of the ultimate moment Mu of resistance of the
section. This is easily obtained from the couple resulting from the flexural stresses (Fig 1.9)

𝑀 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝑇 ⋅ 𝑧 ………………….(3)
where 𝐶 and 𝑇 are the resultant (ultimate) forces in compression and tension respectively, and 𝑧 is the lever
arm.

𝑇 = 𝑓 ⋅ 𝐴 …………………………..(4)

Where 𝑓 = 0.87𝑓 for 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 , and the line of action of 𝑇 corresponds to the level of the centroid of
the tension steel.
Concrete Stress Block in Compression
In order to determine the magnitude of 𝐶 and its line of action, it is necessary to analyse the concrete stress
block in compression. As ultimate failure of a reinforced concrete beam in flexure occurs by the crushing of
concrete, for both under-and over-reinforced beams, the shape of the compressive stress distribution ('stress
block') at failure will be, in both cases, as shown in Fig. 1.9. The value of 𝐶 can be computed knowing that
the compressive stress in concrete is uniform at 0.447𝑓 for a depth of 3𝑥 /7, and below this it varies
parabolically over a depth of 4𝑥 /7 to zero at the neutral axis [Fig. 1.9].

For a rectangular section of width 𝑏,

3𝑥 2 4𝑥
𝐶 = 0.447𝑓 b + ×
7 3 7

Therefore, 𝐶 = 0.361𝑓 𝑏𝑥 ………………………………(5)

Also, the line of action of 𝐶 is determined by the centroid of the stress block, located at a distance 𝑰 from the
concrete fibres subjected to the maximum compressive strain. Accondingly, considering moments of
compressive forces 𝐶 , 𝐶 and 𝐶 [𝐹𝑖𝑔 − 1.9] about the maximum compressive strain location,

3 1.5𝑥 2 4 5 4𝑥
(0.362𝑓 𝑏𝑥 )𝑥. 𝜋 = (0.447𝑓 𝑏𝑥 ) + × 𝑥 − ×
7 7 3 7 8 7

Solving 𝑥‾ = 0.416𝑥 ………………………..(6)

Depth of Neutral Axis

For any given section, the depth of the neutral axis should be such that 𝐶 = 𝑇 , satisfying cquilibrium of
forces. Equating 𝐶 = 𝑇 , with expressions for 𝐶 and 𝑇 given by Eq. (5) and Fq. (4) respectively.
.
𝑥 = …………………………………(7)
.

valid only if resulting 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥umax

3.2 CONCEPT OF UNDER- REINFORCED, OVER-REINFORCED AND
LIMITING SECTION, NEUTRAL AXIS CO-EFFICIENT, LIMITING
VALUE OF MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AND LIMITING
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL REQUIRED FOR LIMITING SINGLY R.C.
SECTION.

Concept of under reinforced, over reinforced, limiting section

 Sectioninwhich,tensionsteelalsoreachesyieldstrainsimultaneouslyastheconcretereachesthefailur
e straininbending arecalled,‘Balanced Section’ or limiting section
 Sectioninwhich,tensionsteelalsoreachesyieldstrainatloadslowerthantheloadatwhichconcretereac
hesthefailure strainin bendingarecalled,‘UnderReinforcedSection’.
 Sectioninwhich,tensionsteelalsoreachesyieldstrainatloadshigherthantheloadatwhichconcreterea
chesthefailure strainin bendingarecalled,‘OverReinforcedSection’.
Depth of neutral axis(xu )
Depth of neutral axis(xu )can be calculated by equating total tension to total compression
Total compression=total tension
0.36fckbxu=0.87fyAst
0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴
𝑥 =
0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏
Note that the value of neutral axis as obtained above should not exceed𝑋 for a given section.
Modes of failure: Types of section
A reinforced concrete member is considered to have failed when the strain of concrete in extreme
compression fibre reaches its ultimate value of 0.0035. At this stage, the actual strain in steel can have the
following values:
.
(a) Equal to failure strain of steel + 0.002 corresponding to balanced section
(b) More than failure strain, corresponding to under reinforced section.
(c) Less than failure strain corresponding to over reinforced section.
Thus for a given section, the actual value of can be determined from Eq. (7). Three cases may arise.
,
Case 1: equal to the Imiting value : Balanced section.
Case-2: less than limiting value: under-reinforced section.
Case-3: more than limiting value: over-reinforced section.

limiting moment of Resistance

The ultimate moment of resistance M of a given beam section is obtainable from Eq. (3). The lever arm z, for
the case of the singly reinforced rectangular section [Fig. 1.8. Fig. 1.9] is given by

𝑧 = d − 0.42𝑥 ……………………(8)

Accordingly, in terms of the concrete compressive strength,

𝑀 = 0.361𝑓 𝑏𝑥 (d − 0.42x ) for all 𝑥 ………………..(9)

Alternatively, in terms of the steel tensile stress

.
𝑀 = 0.361𝑓 1− 𝑏𝑑 ……………..(10)

Limiting Percentage Tensile Steel

Corresponding to the limiting moment of resistance 𝑀 .lim , there is a limiting percentage tensile steel
𝑃, = 100𝜋/ , /𝑏𝑑. An expression for 𝑃 , is obtainable from Eq. (7) with: 𝑥 = 𝑋

𝑥 , 0.87𝑓 𝑝
= ×
𝑑 0.361𝑓 100
𝑓 𝑥 m
⇒𝑃 = 41.61
𝑓 𝑑

The values of 𝑝 , and (in MPa units) for, different combinations of steel and concrete grades are listed
in Table 2. These values correspond to the so-called "balanced' section for a singly reinforced rectangular
section.

u
Limiting values of 𝑝 and for singly reinforced rectangular beam sections for various grades of steel
and concrete.
(a) 𝑃 = values
(b) values (MPa)Table-2

M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

(a)𝑃 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Fe250 1.769 2.211 2.653 3.095 3.537

Fe415 0.961 1.201 1.441 1.681 1.921

Fe500 0.759 0.949 1.138 1.328 1.518

M .
(b) values (MPa)
𝑏𝑑

Fe 250 2.996 3.746 4.495 5.244 5.993

Fe 415 2.777 3.472 4.166 4.860 5.555

Fe 500 2.675 3.444 4.013 4.682 5.350

If 𝑝 < 𝑝 ,The section is under reinforced section.
If 𝑝 = 𝑝 ,The section is under balanced section.
If 𝑝 > 𝑝 ,The section is over reinforced section.

3.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: DETERMINATION OF DESIGN

CONSTANTS, MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AND AREA OF STEEL
FOR RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
From stress diagram
Lever arm Z=d-0.42xu
Moment of resistance=(tension or compression)× Lever arm
Consider compression forces
Mu=0.36fckxub(d-.42xu)
=0.36fckxubd(1-0.42xu/d)
=0.36fckXu(1-0.42xu/d)bd2
for a limiting value substitute 𝑋 for Xu and 𝑀 for Mu
2
𝑀 =0.36fckXumax(1-0.42xumax/d)bd
𝑀 =Qlim×bd2
𝑄 =𝑀 /bd2
𝑄 =0.36fck×𝑋 (1-.42xumaxd)
𝐴 =Pt×bd/100
Limiting moment of resistance

Limiting moment of resistance factor

𝑓 (N/MM2) 𝑓 (N/MM2)

250 415 500 550

15 2.22 2.07 2.0 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
Limiting percentage of reinforcement
𝑓 (N/MM2) 𝑓 (N/MM2)

250 415 500 550

15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50

20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66

25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83

30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99

Problem 01:Determine the moment of resistance of the beam having dimension as
300×550mm(effective). The beam is reinforced with 1963𝒎𝒎𝟐 of steel in the tension zone. Use 𝑴𝟐𝟎
concrete and Fe415 steel. Also comment on the design of beam.

Solution: Given: b=300mm

D=550mm

𝐴 = 1963𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 20𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Depth of neutral axis(𝑥 )

0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴
𝑥 =
0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏

0.87 × 415 × 1963

𝑥 =
0.36 × 20 × 350

𝑥 = 326.3𝑚𝑚

Limiting depth of neutral axis, 𝑥

𝑥 = 0.48𝑑

=0.48×550=263.5mm <𝑥

𝑥 < 𝑥

hence, the section is over reinforced and the moment of resistance of such section is equal to 𝑀 .

Moment of resistance (𝑀 )

𝑋 =𝑋 = 263.5𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏 × 𝑋 (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋 )
=0.36 × 20 × 300 × 263.5(550 − 0.42 × 263.5)

=250.47×10 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Comment: the beam is over reinforced and hence it should be redesigned because the failure of such beam is
sudden and withstand wearing.

Problem 02: An RCC beam 200mm×400mm(effective), is reinforced with 3-16mm diameter bars of 415
steel. Find the ultimate uniformly distributed load which the beam can carry safely over a span of 5m.
take M20 concrete.

Solution: Given: b=300mm

 d=400mm
𝜋
𝐴 =3× × 16 = 603.19𝑚𝑚
4
𝑓 = 20𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚

L=5m

Depth of neutral axis(𝑥 )

0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴
𝑥 =
0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏

0.87 × 415 × 603.19

𝑥 =
0.36 × 20 × 200

𝑥 = 151.2𝑚𝑚

Limiting depth of neutral axis, 𝑥

𝑥 = 0.48𝑑

=0.48×400=192mm >𝑥

𝑥 > 𝑥

hence, the section is under reinforced

Moment of resistance (𝑀 )

𝑀 = 0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴 (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋 )
=0.87 × 415 × 603.19(400 − 0.42 × 151.2)

=73.28×10 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Ultimate load(𝒘𝒖 )

Equating maximum factored bending moment and the ultimate moment of resistance.

×
Maximum moment M=

M=𝑀

×
=73.28

𝑤 = 23.45𝑘N/m
Problem 03: A rectangular beam is 20cm wide and 40cm deep upto the centre of reinforcement. Find

the area of reinforcement required if it has to resist a moment of [Link] M20 concrete and

Fe 415 steel.

Solution: Given: b = 20cm = 200mm

d=40cm = 400mm

𝐴 = 1963𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 20𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Moment , M= 25kNm=25× 10 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Factored moment 𝑀 = 1.5 × 25 × 10 = 37.5 × 10 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Factored moment = moment of resistance

𝑓 ×𝐴
𝑀 = 0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴 × 𝑑 1 −
𝑓 × 𝑏𝑑

415 × 𝐴
37.5 × 10 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴 × 400 1 −
20 × 200 × 400

𝐴 (400 − 0.10375𝐴 ) = 103863.73

𝐴 − 3855.4𝐴 + 1001096.192 = 0

3855.4 ± √3855.4 − 4 × 1001096.192

𝐴 =
2
𝐴 = 280𝑚𝑚

0.87 × 𝑓 × 𝐴
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑥 =
0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏

0.87 × 415 × 280

𝑥 =
0.36 × 20 × 200

𝑥 = 70.2𝑚𝑚

Limiting depth of neutral axis (𝑋 )

𝑥 = 0.48𝑑

=0.48×400=192mm >𝑥
⸪𝑥 > 𝑥 , hence the section is under reinforced and design is ok.

3.4 NECESSITY OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION, DESIGN OF

DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTION.
Necessity of DoublyReinforcedSection
DoublyReinforcedSectionsectionsareadoptedwhenthedimensionsofthebeamhavebeenpredet
ermined from other considerations and the design moment exceeds the moment of resistance of a
singlyreinforced
rced section. The additional moment of resistance is carried by providing compression
reinforcement andadditional reinforcementin tension zone.

Design of doubly reinforced section:

Section-1 section-22

Section-11 consists of a singly reinforced balanced section having area of steel 𝐴 and moment of
resistance 𝑀 ..

Section-22 consists of compression steel 𝐴 .The

The moment of resistance of the section is 𝑀 such
that, The moment of resistanceof adoubly reinforcedsection
isthesumofthelimitingmomentofresistance
isthesumofthelimitingmomentofresistance𝑀 ofasinglereinforcedsectionandtheadditionalmomen
ofasinglereinforcedsectionandtheadditionalmome
tofresistanceMu2.
Mu2=Mu–𝑀

Theleverarmfortheadditionalmomentofresistanceisequaltothedistancebetweenthecentroidsoftension
compressionreinforcement,(d–𝑑 ).
and compressionreinforcement,(d
 Mu2=0.87ƒy.Ast2(d– 𝑑 )=𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )(d–𝑑 )

Where:Ast2=Areaofadditionaltensilereinfor
cement

b = width of beam

𝑋 =depth of neutral axis

d= depth of beam

𝐴 = Area of tension steel

𝐴 =Areaofcompressionreinforcement
𝑓 =Stressincompressionreinforcement
𝑓 =Compressivestressinconcreteatthelevelofcompression reinforcement

Depth of neutral axis:

Total compression= C1+ C2

C1=force carried by concrete area

C2=compressive stress carried by compression steel 𝐴

C1= 0.36 × 𝑓 × 𝑏 × 𝑋

C2= 𝐴 𝑓 –𝑓 𝐴

Total compression=0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑋 + 𝐴 𝑓 –𝑓 𝐴

=0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑋 + 𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )

Total tension=0.87ƒ[Link]

Equating total tension to total compression we get

0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑋 + 𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )= 0.87ƒ[Link]
 0.87𝑓 . Ast − 𝐴 (𝑓 – 𝑓 )
𝑋 =
0.36𝑓 𝑏

Since 𝑓 is very small as compare to 𝑓 ,it can be neglected.

0.87𝑓 . Ast − 𝐴 𝑓
𝑋 =
0.36𝑓 𝑏

Moment of resistance :

𝑀 corresponding to section-2

𝑀 = 𝐶 × 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚

𝑀 = 0.361𝑓 𝑏𝑥 (d − 0.42x )

Stress diagram gives the additional moment of resistance 𝑀 corresponding to section-2

𝑀 = 𝐶 × 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚
Mu2=𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )(d–𝑑 )
Mu =𝑀 + Mu2

Mu= 0.361𝑓 𝑏𝑥 (d − 0.42x ) +𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )(d–𝑑 )

If loss of concrete area is neglected then

Mu2=0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑥 (d − 0.42x ) +𝐴 𝑓 (d–𝑑 )

Stress compression steel (𝑓 ) 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Grade of steel 𝑑
𝑑
𝑓 (𝑁/𝑚𝑚 )
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

250 217 217 217 217

415 355 353 342 329

500 424 412 395 370

550 458 441 419 380

Sincetheadditionalreinforcementisbalancedby theadditionalcompressiveforce.
𝐴 (𝑓 –𝑓 )=0.87ƒy.Ast2

Mu2=0.87ƒy.Ast2(d-𝑑 )
Mu2
Ast2=
. ƒ .( )
 Thestrainatlevelofcompressionreinforcementis . 0035 1 −

Totalareaofreinforcementshallbe obtainedby

Ast=Ast1+Ast2

Ast1=Areaofreinforcementforasinglyreinforcedsectionfor𝑀

=
. ( . )

Problem : determine the factored moment of resistance of a beam 230mm×460mm(effective). The beam
is reinforced with 2-16mm diameter bars on compression side and 4-20mm diameter bars on tension
side. The compression bars are placed at a distance of 40mm from top. Use M20 concrete and
Fe415steel.
Solution b =230mm

d=460mm

𝑑 = 40𝑚𝑚

𝐴 =4 × × 20 = 1256𝑚𝑚

𝐴 =4 × × 16 = 402𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 20𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑑 40
= = 0.087 ≅ 0.1
𝑑 460
From table

𝑓 =353𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Depth of neutral axis

0.87𝑓 . Ast − 𝐴 𝑓
𝑋 =
0.36𝑓 𝑏

(0.87 × 415 × 1256) − (353 × 402)

𝑋 =
0.36 × 20 × 230

𝑋 = 188.15𝑚𝑚

𝑋 = 0.88 × 𝑋

= 220𝑚𝑚

𝑋 >𝑋 Hence, the section is under reinforced

 Factored moment of resistance
Mu=0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑥 (d − 0.42x ) +𝐴 𝑓 (d–𝑑 )
Mu=0.36 × 20 × 230 × 188.15(460 − 0.42 × 188.15) +353 × 402(460–40)

Mu =178.3kNm
Problem-2 A doubly reinforced beam of size 230 mm x 500 mm effective is subjected to a factored
moment of 200 KNm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution;

Given:

Breadth ( b )= 230 mm

Depth( d )= 500 mm

Mu = 200 KNm = 200 x 106 mm

Fck = 20 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Step-1

Step-2

Limiting moment of resistance (Mulim)

= 0.48 x 500 = 240 mm

Mu lim = 0.36x 20x 230x 240 (500- 0.42 x 240 )

= 158658048 Nmm

Mu2 = Mu – Mu lim
 = 200 x 106 – 158658048

Mu2 = 41341952 Nmm

Step-3

Area of tension steel (Ast)

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Where,Ast1=Areaofreinforcementforasinglyreinforcedsectionfor𝑀
= = = 1100.7𝑚𝑚
. ( . ) . × ( . × )

Ast2= = Ast2= = 254.2𝑚𝑚

. ƒ .( ) . × ( )

Total area of tension steel = Ast1 + Ast2

= 1100.7 + 254.2 = 1354.9 mm2

Area of one 20mm dia bar= × 20 = 314mm2

.
No. of 16mm dia bars required= = 4.3 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5

provide 5 – 20 mm diameter bars as tension steel.

Step-3 Area of compression steel(𝐴 )

𝐴 = = = 260.2 mm2
( – ) ×( )

∴ Area of one 16mm dia bar= × 16 = 201mm2

.
No. of 16mm dia bars required= = 1.3 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2

∴ Provide 2-16 mm dia bars as compression steel

POSSIBLE SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:
[Link] area of stress block is how much?

Ans: The area of stress block is 0.36fckXu

[Link] do you mean by double reinforced section?[W-2018]

Ans: When the moment of resistance is greater than the limiting moment of resistance and the size of the
section is restricted,then we provide reinforcement in compression zone to give additional strength to
compression such sections are known as doubly reinforced section.

[Link] is cracking moment?

Ans:The cracking moment or nominal flexural strength of a beam is defined as the moment which causes
the tensile stress in concrete equal to the tensile strength of concrete is given by its modulus of rupture.

( 𝑓 = 0.7√fck)

[Link] is design strength of materials?

Ans: The reduced value of strength which is obtained by applying partial safety factor to that
characteristics strength is called as design strength of materials.

Design strength=characteristics strength/partial safety factor

[Link] is design load?

Ans:The design loads are obtained by multiplying characteristic load and the appropriate partial safety
factor.

Design load=characteristics load×partial safety factor.

[Link] we use doubly reinforced section.[W-2015,W-2018]

Ans:1) where beam dimension is restricted.

2) when the beam is continuous.

3) when the load are eccentric.

POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS:

[Link] the assumptions of design for structure in collapse by LSM.[W-2017,W-2018,W-2019]

[Link] the ultimate moment of resistance of a rectangular beam 300×600mm(effective) reinforced

with 5-25mm dia bars in tension zone and 2-25mm dia bars in compression [Link] M20 concrete and
Fe 415 steel take d'=50mm.

[Link] the depth of neutral axis for a beam section 250×400mm (effective). The beam is reinforced
with 3-20mm dia [Link] M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

4. Differentiates between balanced,over reinforced and under reinforced section.

[Link] the ultimate moment of resistance of abeam250×500mm effective depth reinforced with 4-20
mm dia bars .Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel take d'=60mm.[W-2015]

6. Design a rectangular beam to resist a bending moment equal to 75kN-m using M25 concrete and Fe415
steel.[W-2017]

7. Write down the codal provision for beam ,slab, column.[w-2018]

CHAPTER. 04

SEAR BOND AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH(LSM)

Learning objective:

4.1 Nominal shear stress in R.C. section, design shear strength of concrete, maximum
shear stress, design of shear reinforcement, minimum shear reinforcement, forms of shear
reinforcement.

4.2 Bond and types of bond, bond stress, check for bond stress, development length in
tension and compression, anchorage value for hooks 900 bend and 450 bend standards
lapping of bars, check for development length.

4.3 Numerical problems on deciding whether shear reinforcement is required or not,

check for adequacy of the section in shear. Design of shear reinforcement; Minimum shear
reinforcement in beams (Explain through examples only)

4.1 NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS IN R.C. SECTION, DESIGN SHEAR

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS, DESIGN
OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, MINIMUM SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT, FORMS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT.
Nominal shear stress:
The nominal shear will basically be the shear capacity of the member based on its material and geometric
properties and composition.
Sear stress is found out in limit state theory bt a simple formula similar to that of elastic theory were τ v
defined as the nominal shear stress
𝜏 .=Vu/bd

𝜏 = nominal shear stress

Vu=design shear force

b=width of section

d=dept of section
Designshearstrength(IS 456:2000)
Themagnitudeofdesignshearstrength(𝜏𝑐)dependsbasicallyonthegradeofconcrete( 𝑓 )andthepercentageofte
nsionsteel(Pt).AsperIS456:2000thedesignshearstrengthofconcreteinbeamswithout shearreinforcement
shallbegivenintable 5.1.(table 19 IS 456:2000)
The design shear strength of concrete in beams without shear reinforcement is liven in Table 19.

40.11.1 For solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be 𝜏𝑐 k where k has the values given

below:

Overall 300 OR 275 250 225 200 175 150 OR

depth(mm) more less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
TABLE 5.1 DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH (𝜏 ) OF CONCRETE. ( N/mm ,

Grade of concrete
𝐴sf
100
𝑏𝑑
𝑀15 𝑀20 𝑀25 𝑀30 𝑀35 𝑀40 and above

≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30

0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38

0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51

0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60

1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68

1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74

1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79

1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84

2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88

2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92

2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95

2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98

3.0 and above 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01

Maximum shear stress

If the shear strength of the concrete beam is less than the nominal shear stress due to the loads coming on the
beam ,then shear reinforcement is to be provided. The nominal shear stress in the beams with sear
reinforcement shall not exceed maximum shear stress given in table below. If nominal shear stress is greater
than the maximum shear stress( 𝜏 >𝜏 ) then the section is to be redesigned.

TABLE 20 (IS 456:2000)

Grade of M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and

concrete above
𝜏 (N/mm2) 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
Minimum shear reinforcement(Cl.[Link] of IS 456)

When the nominal shear stress(𝜏 ) is less than the design shear strength (𝜏 )of concrete, then no shear
reinforcement to be designed. But in such cases minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided in the form of
stirrups such as

𝐴 0.4
≥
𝑏×𝑠 0.87 × 𝑓

where

𝐴 = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.

𝑠 = stirrup spacing along with the Length of the member.

b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of the flanged beam. and

𝑓 = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater than
415N/mm2•

Where the maximum shear stress calculated is less than half the permissible value and in members of minor

structural importance such as lintels. this provision need not be complied with.

Maximum spacing of stirrups(Cl26.5.1.5 of IS 456)

The maximum spacing of vertical stirrups shall not exceed

i)0.75d or 300mm which ever is less .

ii)In the case of inclined stirrups at 45 degree the maximum spacing should not be greater than d or 300mm which
ever is less.

Design of shear reinforcement

When 𝜏 exceeds τc , sear reinforcement is to be designed and can be provided in the following forms

I)vertical stirrups

ii)Bent up bars along with stirrups

shear reinforcement is provided to carry a sear force equals to𝑉

𝑉 =Vu - 𝜏 bd

Vu=shear force due to design load

𝜏 bd=shear resistance of the concrete section

i) Vertical stirrups : The spacing of vertical stirrups is given by

𝑠 =(.87fyAsvd)/𝑉

𝐴 = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.

𝑠 = stirrup spacing along with the Length of the member.

d =effective depth

𝑓 = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater than
415N/mm2•

ii)Bent up bars: when bent up bars are provided their contribution towards shear resistance should not be more
than half of the total sear reinforcement.(𝑉 /2)

shear force taken by bent up bars is calculated as

𝑉 ’=.87fyAsvsinα

Where 𝐴 =area of bent up bars

α =angle between the bent up bars and the member axis α≥450

Minimumshearreinforcement(IS456:2000)
Theshearreinforcementintheformofstirrupsremainunstressedtillthediagonalcrackoccursatthecritical
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
[Link],specifiesthatallthebeamsshouldbeprovidedwitha
t
leastsomeminimumreinforcementcallednominalshearreinforcementevenifnominalshearstressislesst
han thedesignshearstress of concrete.

Formsofshearreinforcement.

Shearreinforcementisnecessaryifthenominalshearstress(𝜏𝑣)[Link]
hearreinforcementisprovidedinanyoneofthefollowingthreeforms.

(a) Verticalstirrups
(b) Bendupbarsalongwiththestirrups.
(c) Inclinedstirrups.
Wherebent-
upbarsareprovided,theircontributiontowardsshearresistanceshallnotbemorethanhalfthatoftotalshearreinforc
ement.

4.2 BOND AND TYPES OF BOND, BOND STRESS, CHECK FOR

BOND STRESS, DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION AND
COMPRESSION, ANCHORAGE VALUE FOR HOOKS 90° BEND AND
45° BEND STANDARDS LAPPING OF BARS, CHECK FOR
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH.
Bond:One of the most important assumption in the behaviour of reinforced concrete structure isthat
there isproper ‘bond’ between concrete and reinforcing bars. The force which prevents the slippage
betweenthe two constituent materials is known as bond. In fact , bond is responsible for providing ‘
straincompatibility ’ and composite action of concrete and steel. It is through the action of bond
resistancethat the axial stress ( tensile or compressive) in a reinforcing bar can undergo variation from
point topoint along its length. This is required to accommodate the variation in bending moment along
thelength oftheflexuralmember.

Typesofbond:-
Bond stress along the length of a reinforcing bar may be induced under two loading situations,
andaccordinglybond stressesaretwo types:

1. FlexuralbondorLocalbond
2. Anchoragebondordevelopmentbond

Flexural bond ( 𝜏 ) is one which arises from the change in tensile force carried by the bar, along
itslength, due to change in bending moment along the length of the member. Evidently, flexural bond
iscritical at points where the shear (V= dM/dx) is significant. Since this occurs at a particular
section,flexuralbondstressis knownaslocalbond stress[Fig-5.1(b)].
Anchorage bond ( 𝜏 ) is that which arises over the length of anchorage provided for a [Link]
alsoarisesneartheendorcut [Link]‘pullingout’of the bar if it
is in tension or ‘pushing in’ of the bar if it is in compression. Fig.[5.1 (a)] shows thesituation of anchorage
bond over a length AB(=𝐿 ). Since bond stresses are developed over
specifiedlength𝐿 ,anchoragebondstressisalsoknownasdevelopedoveraspecifiedlength 𝐿 ,anchoragebond
stressis alsoknownasdevelopmentbondstress.

Anchoring ofreinforcing barsisnecessary

[Link]'sint
endedtensionloadcanbereachedandpop-
outswillnotoccur.Anchorageshapescantaketheformof180or90degreehooks.

Anchoragebondstress:
Fig- 5.2 shows a steel bar embedded in concreteAnd subjectedto a tensile force T. Due to this forceThere
will be a tendency of bar to slip out and this tendency is resisted by the bond stress developedoverthe
perimeterof thebar, alongitslengthofembedment.

Let us assume that average uniform bond stress is developed along the length. The required
lengthnecessary todevelopfullresisting forceiscalledAnchorage length incaseofaxialtension
orcompressionanddevelopmentlengthincaseofflexuraltensionandisdenotedby Ld.
Designbondstress :-(IS 456:2000,CL26.2.1.1)
Thedesignbondstressinlimitstatemethodforplainbarsintensionshallbeasgivenbelow(Table6.1)

Table-6.1

Gradeofconcrete M20 M25 M30 M35 M40andabove

Designbondstress 𝜏 (N/mm2) 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9

Designbondstressesfordeformedbarsintension:[Link]
sshallbeincreased by60%.

Designbondstressforbarsincompression:Forbarsincompression,thevaluesofbondstressforin
tension shallbeincreased by25%.

Hencethevaluesof𝑘 forbarsIncompressionwillbe=0.87 𝑓 /5τbd

Tablebelow gives thevaluesofdevelopmentlengthfactorforvariousgradesofconcrete and

thevariousgradesofsteel,[Link]-
offtothehigherside

Valuesofdevelopmentlengthfactor
Gradeofconcrete M20 M25

Gradeofsteel Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

Barsintension 46 47 57 39 41 49
Barsincomp. 37 38 46 31 33 39

Grade M30 M35 M40

ofconcr
ete
Gradeof Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
steel
Barsin 37 38 46 32 34 40 29 30 36
tensio
n
Barsin 29 31 37 26 27 32 23 24 29
comp.
Note : When the actual reinforcement provided is more than that theoretically required, so that
theactualstress (𝜎 ) in steel is less than the full deign stress (0.87 fy), the development length
requiredmaybereducedbythefollowingrelation:
Astrequired
ReduceddevelopmentlengthLdr=𝐿 ×
Astprovided

This principle is used in the design of footing and other short bending members where bond iscritical.
Byprovidingmore steel,the bondrequirementsare satisfied.
Bars bundled in contact :The development length of each bar bundled bars shall be that forthe
individual by 10% for two bars in contact,20% for three bars in contact and 33% for four bars incontact.

 Anchoring values :IS 456:2000 clause no.26.2.2 page no.34

 Lapping of bars :IS 456:2000 clause no.[Link] page no.45.
 Check for development length should be according to clause no.[Link](c)

Problem1: A simply supported bam is 250mm wide with effective depth [Link] is reinforced with
4-20mm dia bars as tensile reinforcement. If the beam is subjected to a factored shear of 95kN at
support. Design shear reinforcement consisting of vertical stirrups.

Ans: Given b=250mm

d=500mm

𝐴 =4π/4×20×20=1256mm2

Vu=95KN

Nominal shear stress 𝜏 = Vu/bd=95000/500×250=0.76N/mm2

Design shear strength of concrete (𝜏c)

Pt=100 𝐴 /bd=100×1256/500×250=1%

For Pt=1% and M20 Concrete𝜏c =0.62N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is to be described.

𝜏 >𝜏

Shear resistance of concrete= (𝜏c)×bd=.62×250×500=77500N

Shear to be taken by stirrups=Vu. - Vc

=95000-7750=17500N

Using 8mm dia two legged stirrups

Asv. =2 × × 8 =100.48mm2

Spacing of stirrups, 𝑠 = (0.87fy ×𝐴 ×d)/ Vus

=(0.87×415×100.48×500)/17500=1036.5mm

But maximum spacing

𝑠 =(.87fyAsv)/0.4b=(.87×415×100.48)/(0.4×250)=362.7mm take it =363mm

Check for spacing: Minimum of following should taken

i).75×d=.75×500=375mm

ii)363mm
 iii)300mm

Hence provide 8mm dia 2legged stirrups@300mm c/c.

Problem-2A singly reinforced RC beam has an effective depth of 400mmand a breadth of [Link]
contains 4-16mm bars. For M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Calculate the shear reinforcement for
factored shear force of 250KN.

Ans: Given b=250mm

d=400mm

𝐴 =4π/4×16^2=804.3mm2

Vu=250KN

Nominal shear stress 𝜏v.= Vu/bd=250000/(400×250)=2.5N/mm 2

Design shear strength of concrete (𝜏c)

Pt=(100×𝐴 )/bd=(100×804.3)/(400×250)=0.803%

For Pt=0.75, 𝜏 c=0.56N/mm2

For Pt=1, 𝜏c =0.62N/mm2

Required, 𝜏c={(0.803-0.75)×(0.62-0.56)/(1-0.75)}+0.56

=0.573N/mm2

𝜏 >𝜏

Hence shear reinforcement is to be described.

Shear resistance of concrete= (𝜏c)×bd=.573×250×400=57.3KN

Shear to be taken by stirrups=Vu. - Vc

=250-57.3=192.7KN

Using 10mm dia two legged stirrups

Asv. =2× ×102=157mm2

Spacing of stirrups, 𝑆 =(0.87fy ×𝐴 ×d)/Vus

=(0.87×415×157×400)/(192.7×103)=117.66mm=118mm

But maximum spacing

. . × ×
𝑆 < = =566.84mm
. × . ×
 Check for spacing: Minimum of following should taken

i)0.75×d=0.75×400=300mm

ii)566.86mm

iii)300mm

iv)118mm

Hence provide 10mm dia 2 -legged stirrups@110mm c/c.

POSSIBLE SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER:

1)The anchorage value of 90°hook is---?

Ans:8×dia of bar.

[Link] different forms of shear reinforcement.[S-2019]

Ans: Different forms of shear reinforcement are

i)Verticalstirrups
ii) Bendupbarsalongwiththestirrups.
iii) Inclinedstirrups.

[Link] spacing of stirrups at the support is---?

Ans: Minimum.

4. Write the formula for development length of beam.[2010]

Ans:Ld.=ϕ𝜎 /4 𝜏 =kdϕ

Where ϕ=nominaldiameterofthebar

𝜎 =stressinbaratthesection
𝜏 =Design bond stress.

[Link] development length.

Ans: The minimum length of the bars which must be embedded in concrete to develop full stress is called
development length.

[Link] is the anchorage value of U-type hook?[w-2019]

Ans:The anchorage value of U-type hook is 16×dia of bar.

POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS:

[Link] short note on Bond and Anchorage.[W-2014]

[Link] RCC beam 250×400mm effective depth is carrying a UDL of 16KN/M. The beam is reinforced
with 4-22mm dia [Link] clear span of the beam is 4m. Design the shear reinforcement. Use M20
concrete and mild steel.[2018,W-2019]
2.A singly reinforced RC beam has an effective depth of 400mmand a breadth of [Link]
contains 4-16mm bars. For M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Calculate the shear reinforcement
for factored shear force of 250KN.

3.:A simply supported bam is 250mm wide with effective depth [Link] is reinforced with
4-20mm dia bars as tensile reinforcement. If the beam is subjected to a factored shear of
95kN at support. Design shear reinforcement consisting of vertical stirrups.[2017]

[Link] development length required to be provided for M25 concrete and Fe415 steel of
diameter ∅ for bars in tension and compression. [S-2019]
CHAPTER NO.-5
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAM
T (LSM)
Learning objective:
5.1 General features, advantages, effective width of flange as per IS: 456-2000
456
code provisions.
5.2 Analysis of singly reinforced T
T-Beam,
Beam, strain diagram & stress diagram,
depth of neutral axis, moment of resistance of T-beam
T beam section with neutral axis
lying within the flange.
5.3 Simple numerical problems on deciding effective flange width. (Problems
only on finding moment of resistance of T-beam
T beam section when N.A. lies within or
up to the bottom of flange shall be asked in written examination).

5.1 GENERAL FEATURES, ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES,, EFFECTIVE
WIDTH OF FLANGE AS PER IS: 456
456-2000 CODE
PROVISIONS
Genera Features: - A T-Beam
Beam used in Construction is a load bearing structure of
reinforced Concrete, Wood or Metal with a T Shaped Cross
Cross-section.
section. The top of the T shaped
cross section serves ass a flange or Compression member in resisting compressive stresses.
The web of the beam below the compression flange serves to resist shear stress and to
provide greater separation for the couple forces of bending.

Advantages: -
1. Since the beam is cast monolithically with the slab, the flange also takes up the
compressive stresses which means, it will be much more effective in resisting the
sagging moment acting on the beam.
2. Better headroom is the direct outcome of the first point since the depth of the beam
can be considerably decreased.
 3. For larger spans, T beams are normally preferred rather than rectangular beams as the
deflection is decreased to a good extent.

Effective Width of Flange as per IS:456-2000 Code Provisions:-

Refer to Page No.36, Clause No.23.1.2 of IS:456-2000

5.2 ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAM, STRAIN

DIAGRAM & STRESS DIAGRAM, DEPTH OF NEUTRAL
AXIS, MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF T-BEAM SECTION
WITH NEUTRAL AXIS LYING WITHIN THE FLANGE
Analysis of T-beam:-

Position of Neutral Axis: - For a flanged beam, the N.A either lies in flange or lies in
web. For a given section to decide whether the neutral axis lies in flange or web, the flange
force and the total tension may be compared as

Let us assumer that the neutral axis lies at the bottom of flange

Total compression Ftc = 0.36𝑓 bf Df

Total Tension Fts = 0.87 fy𝐴

Then

(i) If Ftc> Fts , N.A lies in the flange

(ii) If Ftc = Fts , N.A lies at the bottom of the flange

(iii) If Ftc< Fts , N.A lies in the web

By equating total compression with total tension the actual depth of neutral axis can be found
out

(i) If Xu>𝑋 the section is over reinforced section

(ii) If Xu = 𝑋 , the section is balanced section

(iii) If Xu<𝑋 , the section is under reinforced section

Case-1 :- N.A lies in flange ( Xu< Df )

When the neutral axis lies in the flange, the size of the compression zone becomes (bf× Xu).
As concrete doesn’t resist any tension the width of tension zone has no effect on the moment
of resistance of the section. Therefore this beam can be through out of as a rectangular beam
of dimension ( bf× d ). The formula derived for rectangular beam shall be applied.

For a single reinforced flanged beam

 . × ×
(i) Xu =
. × ×

(ii) For under reinforced section

Mu= 0.87×fy×𝐴 t (d-0.42Xu )

Or Mu= 0.36×𝑓 ×bf×Xu×(d-0.42Xu )

(iii) For balanced or over reinforced section

𝑀 = 0.36 𝑓 ×bf×𝑋 (d-0.42𝑋 )

Or 𝑀 = 0.87 fy𝐴 (d-0.42𝑋 )

Case-2 :- N.A lies in Web ( Xu> Df )

(i) When mild steel is used stresses in concrete are uniform up to ×0.53d = 0.227d

(ii) When HYSD steel of Grade Fe415 is used the stresses in concrete are uniform up to
×0.48d = 0.206d

(iii) When HYSD reinforcement of Grade Fe500 is used the stress in concrete are uniform up
to ×0.46d

When thickness of flange exceed 0.2d the stress in the flange are not uniform. The
allowances for non-uniform stresses are made. If (Df/d) < 0.2d Df is replaced by yf ,

𝑦 =0.15 Xu+0.65 Df but not greater than Df

(a) When (Df/d) < 0.2

Total tension= 0.87fy𝐴 Total Compression= Compression in rectangular beam of Size (bw x
d)+ Compression in rectangular of size ( bf - 𝑏 )Df

=0.36 𝑓 ×𝑏 Xumax+0.446×fck( bf - 𝑏 )Df

Limiting moment of resistance of the section can be found out by taking moment of
compressive forces about centroid of tensile reinforcement

𝑀 =0.36 𝑓 𝑏 𝑋 (d-0.42Xumax )+0.446fck( bf - 𝑏 )Df(d- Df/2)

To find out the steel area total tension and compression are equated

0.87 fy𝐴 =0.36 𝑓 𝑏 Xumax+0.446fck( bf - 𝑏 )Df

𝐴 = (0.36 𝑓 × 𝑏 Xumax+0.446fck( bf - 𝑏 )Df/ 0.87 fy

(b) When Df/d>0.2

Total tension=0.87 𝑓 𝐴

Total compression= 0.36 𝑓 𝑏 𝑋 +[0.446fck( bf-𝑏 )yf]

And 𝑀 =[0.36 𝑓 𝑏 𝑋 (d-0.42Xumax )]+[0.446fck( bf-𝑏 )𝑦 (d- 𝑦 /2)]

To find out the steel area equate total tension to total compression

𝐴 = (0.36 fck 𝑏 Xumax+0.446fck( bf-𝑏 )yf)/ 0.87 fy

Case-3: - N.A lies in Web

When the section is under reinforced the moment of resistance shall be found out using actual
stress block
𝟑
(1) When Df≤ Xu, in this case the stresses are uniform in flange
𝟕

Total tension= 0.87 fy𝐴

Total compression= 0.36𝑓 𝑏 𝑋 +[0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )Df]

Mu= 0.36 𝑓 𝑏 Xu(d-0.42Xu )+0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )Df(d- Df/2)

For given moment, the steel area required for beam

(a) Shall be treated as the sum of the steel area required for beam

(b) Resisting moment Mu1and steel Ast2 required for beam

(c) Resisting moment Mu2.

Mu= Mu1+ Mu2.

𝐴 = Ast1+ Ast2

Total compression = Total tension

0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )Df=0.87 fyAst2

Ast2= 0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )Df/0.87 fy

Mu2= 0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )Df(d- Df/2)

Mu1= Mu- Mu2.

100 𝐴 /bd=50[1- √(1 - 4.6 Mu/fckbd2)/ fy/𝑓 ]

 𝟑
(2) Df> Xu
𝟕

Total compression = (0.36𝑓 𝑏 𝑋 )+{0.446fck( bf-𝑏 )yf}

Total tension= 0.87 fy𝐴

𝑦 =0.15 Xu+0.65 Df

Mu= [0.36 𝑓 𝑏 Xu(d-0.42Xu )]+[0.446fck( bf-𝑏 )𝑦 (d- 𝑦 /2)]

Problem-1

Find the moment of resistance of a T beam of effective flange width 1200mm, thickness of
slab 100mm and 300mm width of rib and 560mm effective depth reinforced with 5 nos of
25mm dia bar use M20 concrete and fe415 steel.

Solution: -

𝐴 = 5 × 491=2455mm2

Ftc= 0.36 𝑓 bf Df= 0.36 × 20 × 1200 × 100= 864KN

Fts = 0.87 fy𝐴 =0.87 × 415 × 2455= 886.4KN

Ftc< Fts

So N.A lies in Web

Assume Df> Xu

𝑦 =0.15 Xu+0.65 Df= 0.15 Xu+0.65 x 100= 0.15 Xu+65

Total compression = 0.36 𝑓 bw Xu+0.446fck( bf - bw)𝑦

= (0.36 × 20 ×300 × Xu)+[0.446 × 20 (1200-300) ×( 0.15 Xu+65)]

= 3364.2 Xu+521820

Total tension= 0.87 fy𝐴 = 0.87 ×415 ×2455= 886378

Total tension = Total compression

3364.2 Xu+521820= 886378

Xu=108.36mm

Xu=46.44<Df

𝑋 =0.48d=0.48 × 560=268.8mm

Xu<𝑋 so the section is under reinforced section.

𝑦 = 0.15 Xu+65= (0.15 ×108.36)+65=81.25mm

Mu= [0.36 𝑓 𝑏 Xu(d-0.42Xu )]+[0.446𝑓 ( bf-𝑏 )𝑦 (d- 𝑦 /2)]

=[ 0.36 × 20 × 300 ×108.36 (560-0.42 )]+[0.446 × 20 ×900 × 81.25 (560- 40.63)]

= 459.2KNm

5.3 SIMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON DECIDING

EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH. (PROBLEMS ONLY ON
FINDING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF T-BEAM
SECTION WHEN N.A. LIES WITHIN OR UP TO THE
BOTTOM OF FLANGE SHALL BE ASKED IN WRITTEN
EXAMINATION).
Problem-2

A T beam floor system has 120mm thick slab supported on beams. The width of beam is
300mm and effective depth is 580mm. The beam is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm
diameter. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe415 steel. The beams spaced 3m centre to
centre, the effective span of beam is 3.6m.

Solution: -

𝐴 = 8 × ×(20)2=2513mm2

𝑏 = 300mm

Df=120mm

d=580mm

L=3.6mt

Effective width of flange

bf= +bw+6×Df

l0= l=3.6mt

bf= +bw+6×Df

= +300+6×120

=1620mm

bf should not greater than 0.5(l1+l2)+ bw

=0.5(3000+3000)+300

=3300mm > 1620mm

Total tension = Total compression

Assuming neutral axis lies in flange
. × ×
Xu = Xu = = (0.87×415×2513)/(0.36×20×1620)
. × ×

= 77.8mm < Df

Hence neutral axis lies in flange

𝑋 =0.48d=0.48 x 580=278.4mm > Xu

Hence the section is under reinforced section.

Mu= 0.87 fy𝐴 (d-0.42Xu )

= 0.87×415×2513(580-0.42×77.8)

= 496KNmt

POSSIBLE SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

1. Write the formula of effective flange width, according to IS:456-2000 for simple
supported beam?[W2015,W-2018]
Answer:- bf= l0/6+bw+6×Df

bf= Effective width of flange

l0= Distance between points of zero moments in the beam
bw= Width of the web
Df= Thickness of the flange
2. The overall depth of the simply supported T beam is assumed as what?
Answer:- 1/12 to 1/15 of span
3. The moment of resistance of a T beam is large due to large in which component?
Answer:- The moment of resistance of a T beam is large due to large in compressive area of
a flange.
POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the moment of resistance of a T beam of effective flange width 1200mm, thickness of
slab 120mm and 300mm width of rib and 500mm effective depth reinforced with 5 nos of
20mm dia bar use M20 concrete and fe415 steel.[W-2014]

2. A T beam floor system has 120mm thick slab supported on beams. The width of beam is
300mm and effective depth is 580mm. The beam is reinforced with 8 bars of 25mm diameter.
Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe415 steel. The beams spaced 3mt centre to centre, the
effective span of beam is 3.4mt.

3. A T beam floor system has 100mm thick slab supported on beams. The width of beam is
300mm and effective depth is 540mm. The beam is reinforced with 8 bars of 16mm diameter.
The beams spaced 3mt centre to centre, the effective span of beam is 3.6mt. Use M20 grade
of concrete and Fe415 steel.

CHAPTER NO.-6
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SLAB & STAIR CASE
(LSM)
6.1 Design of simply supported one
one-way
way slabs for flexure check for deflection control and
shear.
6.2 Design of one-way
way cantilever slabs and
and cantilevers chajjas for flexure check for
deflection control and check for development length and shear.
6.3 Design of two-way
way simply supported slabs for flexure with corner free to lift.
6.4 Design of dog-legged
legged staircase
6.5 Detailing of reinforcement in stairs spanning longitudinall

6.1 DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED ONE

ONE-WAY
WAY SLABS
FOR FLEXURE CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL AND
SHEAR
One way slabs are those slabs in which the ly/lx ratio is greater than 2. This type of slab is also
called as slab spanning in one direction as the bending takes place only along the short span.
Therefore the main reinforcement is provided along the short span.

(i) The one way slab is analysed by assuming it to be a beam of 1mt width

(ii) The depth of slab can be assumed on the basis of control of deflection. Using
balanced percentage of steel the l/d ratios are modified. To start with the span to depth ratios
are approximatedd as following for initial depth trial calculation.
(a) For simply supported slab 25 to 30
(b) for cantilever slab 10
(iii) In addition to the main tensile reinforcement provided along short span, transverse
reinforcement or distribution
istribution reinforcement is provided.
(iv) Some of the main bars in a slab are bent up near the supports. Shear is to be
checked only. No shear reinforcement is provided
Deflection control
For slabs the vertical deflection limits are specified by maximum l/d ratio
(a) For spans upto 10mt
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
(b) For span greater than 10mt the above value may be multiplied by 10/span, except for
cantilever, for which exact deflection calculation should be made.
Shear design
Slabs are safe in shear (Nominal shear stress is very low since b is larger) therefore no shear
reinforcement is provided in slabs except that the alternate bars are bent up near the supports.
Loads on slab
(i) Self weight (dead load) of slab
(ii) Live loads as per use
(iii) Finishing and partition load
Problem-1

A Simply supported one way slab of effective span 4mt is supported on masonry walls of
230mm thickness. Design the slab take live load=2.5kN/mt2 and floor finish = 1 kN/mt2. The
materials are M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution: -

Take 1 m along the long span direction

Breadth of the slab= 1000mm
Length=4 m
Assume overall depth of the slab (D)= 170mm
Effective depth= D-Clear cover=170-20=150
Load calculation
Self-weight=1×1×0.170×25=4.25kN/mt2
Floor finish=1kN/mt2
Live load= 2.5kN/mt2
Total= 7.75kN/mt2
Factored load= 1.5×7.75=11.6 KN/mt2
Maximum moment= Wl2/8=11.6×42/8= 23.2 kN.m
Design calculation
Check for depth:-
Mu= 0.138 fckbd2
23.6×106=0.138×20×1000xdreq2
𝑑 = 23.6 × 106/(0.138 × 20 × 1000)
= 91.68mm <𝑑 Mu= 0.87 fy𝐴 (d-𝐴 fy/bfck)
23.6×106=0.87×415×Ast(150-Ast×415/20×1000)
𝐴 =449mm2
𝐴 =0.12/(100×1000×170)=204 mm2
𝐴 >𝐴
So its ok
Provide 10mm dia bar
Spacing= ×( ×(10)2)
= 174.92mm
Check for spacing
Spacing should not be greater than (i) 300mm
(ii) 3×d =3×150=450mm
So provide 10mm dia main bar @170mm centre to centre along the short span direction
Distribution bars (8mm dia bar)
Spacing=(1000/204) × ( ×82)
=246mm

Spacing should not be greater than (i) 450mm

(ii) 5×d =5×150=750mm
So provide 8mm dia main bar @230mm centre to centre
6.2 Design of one way cantilever slabs and chajjas
One way cantilever slab or chajja is designed as cantilever beam of 1mt width. The points to
be considered in designed of one way cantilever slab are following
(i) The effective span of cantilever slab shall be taken as its length upto the face of the
support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the part of the continuous slab
where the length from centre to centre of supports is taken
(ii) The effective depth at fixed end is maximum and is assumed to be about span/10 to
span/12 (From deflection consideration)
(iii) The depth required at the free end is minimum and is kept ½ to 1/3 of the depth at fixed
end
(iv) The main reinforcement is provided at the top and is to be curtailed at appropriate point
Cantilever slab
Problem-1

Design a Cantilever slab for an overhang of 1.2mt . The imposed load on slab consist of
1 KN/mt2 of live load and floor finish 0.8 KN/mt2. Use m20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.

Solution: -

L=1.2mt

Assume D= 150mm

d =150-25=125mm

Effective span= 1.2+0.125/2=1.26mt

𝑓 = 20kN/m2

𝐹 = 415kN/m2

Load calculation

Self-weight of slab= 1×1×0.15×25=3.75 KN/m

Imposed load=1×1=1 kN/m

Floor finish= 0.8×1=0.8 kN/m

Total weight=5.55 KN/m=5550N/m

Factor load=5550×1.5=8325N/m

Factored moment=Mu=8325×(1.26)2/2=6608Nmt

Factored shear force Vu=W×l=8325×1.20=10406.25N

. ×
dreq =
. × ×

==49mm<125mm

Hence ok.

Mu= 0.87 fy𝐴 (d-𝐴 fy/b𝑓 )

6.608×106= 0.87×415×Ast(125-415×Ast/1000×20)

𝐴 =148mm2

This area of steel should be more than minimum area of reinforcement

𝐴 = (0.12×b×D)/100=(0.12×1000×150)/100=180mm 2>148mm2
Provide𝐴 =180mm2

Using 8 mm dia bar

Spacing=(1000×50.3)/180=279mm say 270mm

Maximum spacing is limited to (i) 300mm

(ii) 3×d=3×125=375mm

Provide 8mm dia bar @270mm centre to centre as main reinforcement

Also provide 8mm dia bar @270mm centre to centre as distribution reinforcement

Check for shear

Vu=10406.25N

𝐴 =1000×50.3/270=186.3mm2

Nominal shear stress 𝜏 = Vu/bd=10406.25/(1000×125)=0.08N/mm2

Design shear strength of concrete (𝜏 )

Pt=100 𝐴 /bd=(100×186.3)/(1000×125)=0.15%

For Pt=0.15% and M20 Concrete 𝜏 =0.28N/mm2

k= 1.3

k 𝜏 =1.3×0.08=0.36 N/mm2>>0.08 N/mm2

Hence ok.

Check for development length

The code requires that the reinforcement must extend at least 𝐿 into support

𝐿 = 𝜃×0.87fy/4 𝜏 =(8×0.87×415)/(4×1.6×1.2)=376mm

Therefore extending the bars into the support after giving a 90° bend

Check for deflection

Pt=0.15%

Fs=0.58fy[𝐴 d/ 𝐴 ]=0.58×415×[180/186.3]=232.56N/mm 2

l/𝑑 =7×2=14 (fs=223, kt=2 approximately)

(l/d)provided=1250/125=10

l/𝑑 >(l/d)provided

Hence ok.
6.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SIMPLE SUPPORTED SLAB FOR
FLEXURE WITH CORNER FREE TO LIFT
Two way slabs are those slabs which are supported on all the four edges and having l y/lx<2.
In this type of slabs bending occurs in both the direction long direction as well as short
direction. There are two kinds of two way slabs
(i) Restrained slabs (Corners get lifted up)
(ii) Unrestrained slabs (Corners are not prevented from lifting)
Analysis
Simply supported slabs (prevents the corners from lifting). In this case the maximum bending
moment per meter width are given by the following equation
Mx= αxWlx2
My= αyWlx2
Mx=Bending moment for short span strip
My= Bending moment for long span strip
αx& αy are moment coefficient depending on the ratio r=ly/lx (Given in Table 27 IS:456-
2000).
At least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at mid span should extend to the support.
The remaining 50% should extend to within 0.1lx or 0.1ly of the support.
For a two way slab the depth is assumed on the basis of span/depth ratio based on deflection
control
Problem-1
Design a slab over a room 4mtx6mt. The edges of the slab are simply supported and the
corners are not held down. The live load on the slab is 3KN/mt2. The slab has a bearing
of 150mm on the supporting walls. Use M20 concrete and fe415 steel.
Solution: -

Short span between centres of bearing=4+0.15=4.15mt

Long span between centres of bearing=6+0.15=6.15mt
Assuming 0.3% steel, modification factor=1.43
Effective depth required=Short span/20×M.F=4150/(20×1.43)=145mm
Providing 8mm dia bars at a clear cover of 15mm
Effective cover to reinforcement= 15+19mm
Overall depth= 145+19=164mm
Providing overall depth of 170mm
Actual effective depth of short span= 170-19=151mm
Actual effective depth of long span=151-8=143mm
Effective short span lx=4.15mt
Effective long span ly=6.143mt
r= ly/ lx=6.143/4.15=1.48
αx=[(1.48-1.4)×(0.104-0.099)/(1.5-1.4)]+0.099=0.103
αy=[(1.48-1.4)×(0.051-0.046)/(1.5-1.4)]+0.046=0.047
dead load on slab=25x0.170=4250N/mt2
20mm Floor finish= 24x20=480 N/mt2
Live load=3000 N/mt2
Total load=7730 N/mt2
Factored load=1.5×7730=11595 N/mt2
Mux= αxWlx2=0.103×11595×4.152=[Link]
Muy= αyWlx2=0.047×11595×4.152=[Link]
Equating Mulim to Mux
0.138 fckbd2=20568.57x103
d=86mm
Provide deffective=151mm
Steel for short span
Mux/bd2=20568.57×1000/(1000×1512)=0.902
Pt=50[1-√ (1-4.6×0.902/20)/415/20]=0.264%
𝐴 =0.264/[100×1000×151]=398.64mm2
Spacing of 8mm dia bar=( 1000×50.3)/398.64=125mm
Provide 8mm dia bars @120mm centre to centre in short span direction
Long span
Muy/bd2=9385.66×103/1000×1432=0.459
Pt=50[1-√ (1-4.6×0.459/20)/415/20]=0.131%
𝐴 =0.131/100×1000×143=187.33mm2
Spacing of 8mm dia bar= 1000x50.3/187.33=267mm
Provide 8mm dia bars @260mm centre to centre in long span direction
In each principal direction alternate bars are bent up at 1/10th of the respective span between
centres of bearings.
Check for shear
Short span
Vu=Wlx/2
Here clear span is considered
= 11595×4/2=23190N
𝜏 = Vu/bd=23190/1000×150=0.15N/mm2
Actual area of bottom steel near support =1000/120×50.3/2=208.35mm 2
Percentage of bottom steel near support= 208.35×100/100×151=0.14%
𝜏 =0.28N/mm2
For a slab having 170mm thickness k=1.26
k 𝜏 =1.26×0.28=0.352 N/mm2
𝜏 < k 𝜏 Thus slab is safe in shear
Check for development length
𝐴 = 208.35mm2
Moment of resistance to the above quantity of steel=M1=0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]
0.87×415×208.35×151[1-208.35×415/(1000×151×20)]=11.034×10 6Nmm
Vu=23190N
l0=Anchorage length beyond the centre of support=150/2-15=60mm
1.3M1/vu+l0=(1.3×11.0.34x106/23190)+60=678mm
Development length ld= ф×0.87fy/4 τbd=0.87×415×8/(4×1.92)=376mm
We find ld<1.3M1/vu+l0
The design is safe in anchorage.

6.4 design of Dog legged Stair case

Terminology

Flight:- Flight is the length of the stair case between two landings. The number of steps in a
flight varies from 3 to 12.
Landing:- Landing is the intermediate horizontal portion provided in a stair case.
Rise:- the vertical height of the step is called rise or riser. It varies from 150mm to 180mm
for a residential landing and 120 to 150mm for public building.
Trade:- The horizontal distance between
between two risers on a step is called as trade. The width of
the trade kept as 200 to 250mm for residential building and 200 to 300mm for public
building.
Going and Nosing:- The horizontal distance between the two risers is known as going
and the portion projecting
ecting out from the riser surface is called as nosing.
Proportioning of stair case:
case:-
A stair case is proportional on the basis of space available and some thumb rules mentioned
below
(i) 2×riser+tread=600 to 640mm
tread= 40000 to 42000mm2
(ii) Riser ×tread=
(iii) Width of private stair is about 900mm and that of public stairs is kept about 1800mm to
2400mm.
(iv) Clear height between a flight and the other vertically above it should not be less than
2.1mt.
(v) The angle of flight with the horizontal should be betwe
between 25°to 40֯
(vi) The free flow of users the width of landing should be equal to width of the stairs
6.5 Stair slab spanning longitudinally
The stair slab supported at the bottom and top of the flight is called as stair slab spanning
longitudinally. Dog legged, open well and Quarter turn stairs come under this category.
Clause No.33 of IS:456-2000
2000 gives guidelines about the design of such stairs
stairs which are to
be referred

Design of Stairs Spanning Longitudinally

The stairs spanning longitudinally are supported at the bottom and the top of the flights.
These types of stairs are not supported at the sides by means of beams. Here, for the design
 rpose, the bending moment is calculated per unit width as wl2/10, where ‘w’ is the load per
purpose,
unit horizontal area and ‘l’ is the effective horizontal span.

Sometimes, stairs are cast along with the landings that are supported on the walls (Figure-1).
(Figure
In such cases, the effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between the centres of the
bearings. Here, the maximum bending moment is calculated as wl2/8.
Loads on stairs
(a) Live loads:- As per IS:875 (i) Stairs liable for overcrowding =5KN/mt2
(ii) Not liable for overcrowding =3 KN/mt2
(b) Dead loads:- dead loads are to be calculated per unit horizontal area. The dead load of
stairs consists of (i) Dead weight of steps (ii) dead weight of waste slab

(i) Dead weight of 1 step (for 1 m width)

W1=Area of steps x 1 x unit weight of RCC =R × ×1 ×25=25RT
(ii) Weight of Steps per metre length in plan
w1= 25 × R ×T/2T=25/2×R
(ii) Weight of waist slab
w2=√R2+T2× D ×1 × 25=25D√R √R2+T2
Weight of waste slab per metre length in plan=
w2=(25D√R2+T2)/T
Total load W= w1+ w2

Problem-1
The main stair of an office building has to be located in a stair measuring 3.5mt×5.5mt.
The vertical distance between the floors is 3.75mt. Design the stair allows a live load of
2000N/mt2. Use M20concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution: -

Height of each flight=3.75/2=1.875mt

Assuming 150mm Risers
No. of Risers required=1875/150=12Nos
Hence the actual rise of each riser=1875/12=156.2mm
No. of treads in each flight=No. of risers-1
=12-1=11nos
Let the width of the stairs be 1600mm
Treads of the steps be 270mm
Design of first flight
Let the bearing for the flight be 150mm
Effective span=2.97+1.6+0.15/2=4.645mt
Let the thickness of the waist be 220mm
Load Calculation
Dead load of 220mm waist=25×220=5500N/mt 2
Ceiling finish (12.5mm) = 24×12.5=300N/mt2
Total=5800 N/mt2
( )
Load per square metre on plan= Slope×
=5800×√(156.22+2702)/270=6700 N/mt2
Dead load of steps(156.2/2mm average)=78.1×25=1950 N/mt2
Top finish(12.5mm)=12.5×24=300 N/mt 2
Live load=2000 N/mt2
Total=10952 N/mt2
Maximum bending moment per metre width of stairs=10952×4.645 2/8=29538Nmt
Ultimate moment Mu=1.529538=44307Nmt
0.138fckbd2=44307×103
0.138×20×1000×d2=44307×103
d=127mm
Steel calculation
Provide 10mm dia bars
Effective cover=15+5=20mm
Overall depth required=127+20=147mm
Provide an overall depth of 220mm
Effective depth=d=220-20=200mm
Mu/bd2=44307×103/1000×2002=1.11
.
⎡ 1 − 4.6 × ⎤
𝑝 = 50 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
=0.33%

𝐴 =0.33×1000×200/100=660mm2
Spacing of 10mm dia bars=1000×79/660=120mm
Provide 10mm dia bars @120mm C/C
Distribution steel=0.12/100×1000×220=264mm 2
× .
Spacing= = 189𝑚𝑚
Provide 8mm dia bars @180mm C/C

6.5 Problem-2: Design the staircase shown in fig., if the landing slab is supported on
sides instead of ends, by brick walls 230mm thick.

Solution.

 Effective span of flight

1350
𝑋=𝑌= = 675mm < 1.0m
2

Hence Effective span of flight = 3300 + 675 + 675 = 4650mm

Thickness of waist slab = = 232.5 say 225mm
Overall thickness = 250mm and 𝑑 = 225mm

 Loading
(a) Waist slab
 150
Weight of waist slab in plan = 0.25 1 + × 25 = 6.98kN/m
300
1 0.30
Weight of steps (per m width) = × 0.15 × × 25 = 1.88kN/m
2 0.30
Total dead load = 6.98 + 1.88 = 8.86kN/m
Live lead = 5kN/m
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 13.86kN/m
Factored load = 1.5 × 13.86
= 20.8kN/m
𝐷𝐿 of slab = 0.25 × 1.0 × 25
= 5.75kN/m
𝐿𝐿 of slab = 5.0 × 1.0
= 5kN/m
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 10.75kN/m
Landing = 1.5 × 10.75
Factored load = 16.13kN/m
.
Weight of steps (per m width) = × 0.15 × . × 25 = 1.88kN/m
Total dead load = 6.98 + 1.88 = 8.86kN/m
Live lead = 5kN/m
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 13.86kN/m
Factored load = 1.5 × 13.86
= 20.8kN/m
𝐷𝐿 of slab = 0.25 × 1.0 × 25
= 5.75kN/m
𝐿𝐿 of slab = 5.0 × 1.0
= 5kN/m
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 10.75kN/m
Factored load = 1.5 × 10.75
= 16.13kN/m

Load diagram of slab

16.13 × (0.675 × 2) + (20.8 × 3.3)

𝑅 =𝑅 = = 45.2kN
2
Maximum BM, Mu
3.3 + 0.675 3.3 3.3
= [45.2 × (0.675 + 1.65)] − 16.13 × 0.675 + 20.8 × ×
2 2 4
= 55.14kNm
𝑀 = 0.138𝑓 𝑏𝑑
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 225
= 139.73 × 10 Nm = 139.73kNm > 55.14𝑘𝑁𝑚

Hence section can design as singly reinforced .

 𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 1 −
𝑏𝑑𝑓

𝐴 × 415
55.14 × 10 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴 × 225 1 −
1000 × 225 × 15
𝐴 − 8131.76𝐴 + (5.52 × 10 ) = 0
8131.76 ± 8131.76 − (4 × 5.52 × 10 )
𝐴 =
2
= 748mm

using 12𝜙 bars spacing= × 1000 = 151𝑚𝑚

provide𝟏𝟐𝝓 bars @𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐦 c/c.

.
Distribution steel@ 0.12% = × 1000 × 250 = 300mm
Spacing of 8 ∅ bars = × 1000 = 166.67mm
Provide 8 ∅ @ 160 mm c/c.

 Design of landing slab

0.23 0.21
Effective span = 3.00 + + = 3.23m = 3230mm
2 2

Factored load = 16.13kN/m

( . )
BM= = = 16.13 × = 21.04kNm

𝐴 × 415
21.04 × 10 = 0.87 × 415𝐴 × 225 1 −
1000 × 225 × 20
= 81235.25𝐴 − 7.49𝐴
𝐴 − 10845.83𝐴 + 2.81 × 10 = 0
10845.83 ± (10845.83) − 4 × 2.81 × 10
𝐴 =
2
10845.83 − 10314.65
= = 265.59mm
2
Minimum steel = 0.12% = 300mm as above

hence provide 8 ∅ @ 160mm c/c.

 POSSIBLE SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER
1. Define one way slab.[W-2015,S-2019]
Answer:- One way slabs are those slabs in which the ly/lx ratio is greater than 2. This type of
slab is also called as slab spanning in one direction as the bending takes place only along the
short span.
2. Define two way slab.
Answer:- Two way slabs are those slabs which are supported on all the four edges and having
ly/lx<2. In this type of slabs bending occurs in both the direction long direction as well as
short direction.
3. Write the recommendation of code for effective span of a simply supported slab.[W-
2018]
Answer:- The effective span is taken as the smaller of the following (i) Centre to centre of
support (ii) Clear distance between the support plus the effective depth.
4. What will be the minimum reinforcement for slab?
Answer:- The area of reinforcement in either direction in a slab should be less than 0.15% of
the total cross sectional area in case of mild steel reinforcement. In the case of high strength
deformed bars the value can be reduced to 0.12%.
5. What will be the maximum diameter of reinforcement in slab?[W-2017]
Answer:- The maximum diameter of the reinforcing bar in a slab should not exceed 1/8 th of
the total thickness of the slab.
6. What is stair case?[W-2017,W-2019]
Answer:- A stair case is a passage through which consecutive floors exist. It is a material of
RCC or wood.
7. Write the limiting values of risers?
Answer:- The vertical height of a step is called riser. It varies from 150mm to 180mm for
residential building and 120mm to 150mm for public building.
8. Write the accepted relationships between tread and risers.
Answer:- Riser plus tread= 600mm
9. Write the formula for effective span of stair spanning in same direction as landing.[S-
2019]
Answer:- Going+landing width on each side+1/2thickness of wall on each side.
POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Design a Dog legged stair case with the following parameters (i) Width=1.2mt (ii) Floor to
floor height=3.3mt (iii) Size of stair hall=3mt×6mt (iv) Thickness of walls=23cm on each
side. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.[W-2015,W-2016]
2. The main stair of an office building has to be located in a stair measuring 3mt×6mt. The
vertical distance between the floors is 3.75mt. Design the stair allows a live load of
2000N/mt2. Use M20concrete and Fe415 steel.
3. Design a simply supported RCC slab to carry a uniformly distributed load of 2 KN/mt 2
(including its self-weight) over an effective span of 3.5mt. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415
steel.[W-2019]
4. Design a RCC slab with a clear span of 3mt supported on the sides over a 230mm thick
wall and is carrying a live load of 4 KN/mt2. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.[W-2019]
5. Design a RCC slab of size 5mtx6mt simply supported on all four edges with corners held
down. The slab is carrying a load of 4 KN/mt2 including floor finish. Use M20Concrete and
Fe415 steel. [W-2016,W-2018]
6. Write the difference between one way slab and Two way slab.
 CHAPTER NO. -07
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS AND
FOOTINGS (LSM)
Learning objective
7.1 Assumptions in limit state of collapse- compression.
7.2 Definition and classification of columns, effective length of column.
Specification for minimum reinforcement; cover, maximum reinforcement,
number of bars in rectangular, square and circular sections, diameter and
spacing of lateral ties.
7.3 Analysis and design of axially loaded short square, rectangular and circular
columns (with lateral ties only).
7.4 Types of footing, Design of isolated square column footing of uniform
thickness for flexure and shear.
7.1 ASSUMPTIONS IN LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE-
COMPRESSION:-
(IS:456-2000 Clause no.39)

In addition to assumptions given in clause no.38.1 (a) to 38.1(e) for flexure.

The following shall be assumed

(a) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002

(b) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall
be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.

7.2 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS,

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMN. SPECIFICATION FOR
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT; COVER, MAXIMUM
REINFORCEMENT, NUMBER OF BARS IN RECTANGULAR,
SQUARE AND CIRCULAR SECTIONS, DIAMETER AND
SPACING OF LATERAL TIES.
Definition of column:-
A column is defined as a vertical compression member which is mainly subjected to axial
loads and the effective length of which exceeds 3 times its least lateral dimension.

Classification of columns:-
Columns are classified based on different criteria such as
 1. Shapes of cross-section.
2. Material of construction.
3. Type of loading.
4. Slenderness ratio.
5. Type of lateral reinforcement.

1. Shapes of cross-section:-
On the basis of shapes of the cross-section of the column, the column may be classified
as (i) Square (ii) Rectangular (iii) Circular (iv) Pentagonal (v) Hexagonal (vi) Octagonal (vii)
T shape or L shape

2. Material of construction:-
Columns may be classified as following as per the material used for construction (i) Timber
columns (ii) Masonry columns (iii) RCC columns (iv) Steel columns (v) Composite columns

3. Type of loading:A column may be classified as follows based on type of loading

(i)Axially loaded column:-

The columns which are subjected to loads acting along the longitudinal axis or centroid
of the column section are called axially loaded columns.

(ii) Eccentrically loaded columns:-

Eccentrically loaded columns are those columns in which the loads don’t act on the
longitudinal axis of the column. They are subjected to direct compressive stress and bending
stress both.

4. Slenderness ratio:-

The slenderness ratio of a compressive member is defined asthe ratio of effective length
to the least lateral dimension. The columns are classified as following depending upon the
slenderness ratio
 (i) Short column:- The column is considered as short when the slenderness ratio i.e ratio
of effective length to its least lateral dimension is less than or equal to 12.

(ii) Long column:- If the slenderness ratio of the column is greater than 12, it is called as
long or slender column.

5. Type of lateral reinforcement:-

(i) Column with longitudinal steel and lateral ties

(ii) Column with longitudinal steel and spiral ties

Effective length of column:-

The effective length of column should be according to IS:456-2000 Table-28

Specification for minimum reinforcement:-

Longitudinal reinforcement
The longitudinal reinforcement consists of steel bars placed longitudinally in a column. It is
also called as main reinforcement. The specification for longitudinal reinforcement is given
in IS:456-2000 Clause No. [Link]

Transverse reinforcement
The transverse reinforcement is provided along the lateral direction of the column in the
form of ties or spirals enclosing the main steel. The specifications for transverse
reinforcement is given in IS:456-2000 Clause No. [Link]

Cover
The nominal cover for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall not be less than any of
the following (i) 40mm (ii) the diameter of the bar.

In the case of small size of columns of minimum dimensions of 200mm or under whose
reinforcing bars don’t exceed 12mm, a nominal cover of 25mm may be used.

Maximum reinforcement, No. of bars in rectangular, square and circular sections,

diameter and spacing of lateral ties

All specifications are given in IS:456-2000 Clause No. 26.5.3

7.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED SHORT

SQUARE, RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR COLUMNS
(WITH LATERAL TIES ONLY).
Given: Factored load (Pu)
Material- Grade of concrete and steel
(i) Assume suitable percentage of area of steel 𝐴 (Say 0.8% to 4%), 𝐴 =p×Ag
(ii) Determine area of concrete (Ac) in terms of gross area (Ag)
 Ac= Ag- 𝐴 (iii) Calculate Ag as follows
Pu=0.4fck(Ag- 𝐴 )+0.67fy𝐴
(iv) Calculate dimensions of column as following
For Square column, B2=Ag
For Rectangular column, B×D= Ag (Assume B and Calculate D)
(v) Provide area of reinforcement (𝐴 )
(vi) design lateral ties as per IS Specification
Problems:1 A reinforced concrete short column is 400×400mm and has 4 bars of 20mm
diameter. Determine the ultimate load carrying capacity of column if M20 concrete and
Fe 415 steel is used. Assume emin<0.05D.
Solution : given b=400mm ,d= 400mm
𝐴 =4 × 20 = 1256.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 =20 N/mm2
𝑓 =415 N/mm2
Ag=400×400=160000mm2
Ac= Ag- 𝐴
=16000-1256.6=158743.4 mm2
Load on column Pu=0.4fck(Ag- 𝐴 )+0.67fy𝐴
=(0.4×20×158743.4)+ (0.67×415×1256.6)=1619344.8N=1619.3KN
∴The ultimate load carrying capacity of the column is 1619.3kN
Problem:[Link] the steel required to carry a load of 980kN on a rectangular
column of size 300 × 400 mm. The grade of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe 415
respectively. Assume that the column is short.
𝑓 = 20 MPa, 𝑓 = 415 MPa, P = 980 kN Area of steel 𝐴 =?

Area of concrete Ac = Ag - 𝐴 = (300 × 400 - 𝐴 )

Ultimate load carried by the column

Pu = 0.4𝑓 Ac + 0.67 𝑓 𝐴
980 × 1.5 ×1000 = 0.4×20×(300 × 400 - 𝐴 ) + 0.67×415 𝐴
= 960000 - 8 ASC + 278.06 ASC
∴ASC =1888.5 mm2,

× .
Percentage of steel = 100Asc/bD = = 1.57 % which is more than 0.8% and less
×
than 6% and therefore ok.

Use 20 mm dia. bas, No. of bars = 1888.5/314 = 6.01 say 6

Problem:3. Design a column of size 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐦 × 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦 and having 𝟑𝐦 unsupported
length. The column is subjected to a load of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐍 and is effectively held in position
but not restrained against rotation. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution. Given: 𝑏 = 450mm, 𝑑 = 600mm
= 3m = 3000mm
 𝐿 = 3m
𝑃 = 2000kN
𝑓 = 20N/mm
𝑓 = 415N/mm
𝑙 = 10𝐿

Hence, it is a short column.

 Minimum eccentricity ( 𝑒 )
For 𝑑 = 600mm
𝐿 𝐷
𝑒 = +
500 30
3000 600
= + = 26.0mm > 20mm
500 30
𝑒 = 20mm
0.05𝐷 = 0.05 × 600
= 30.0mm > 𝑒

For 𝑏 = 450mm

𝐿 𝐷
𝑒 = +
500 30
3000 450
= +
500 30
= 21.0mm > 20mm

∴ 𝑒 = 20mm
0.05𝑏 = 0.05 × 450 = 22.5mm > 𝜖

Hence it is designed as a short axially loaded column.

 Factored load, 𝑃 = 0.5𝑃 = 1.5 × 2000 = 3000kN or 3000 × 10 N

Area of longitudinal steel (𝐴 )
𝐴 = 450 × 600 = 270000mm
𝐴 = 𝐴 − 𝐴 = 270000 − 𝐴

For an axially loaded short column

𝑃 = 0.4𝑓 ⋅ 𝐴 + 0.67𝑓 𝐴
3000 × 10 = 0.4 × 20(270000 − 𝐴 ) + 0.67 × 415 × 𝐴
270.05𝐴 = 840000

𝐴 = 3110.5mm

.
Percentage of reinforcement = = = 1.15%

It is between 0.8 to 4%. Hence OK

Using 425mm𝜙 bars = 4 × 490.6 = 1962.5mm
and 4 − 20mm𝜙 bars = 4 × 314 = 1256
𝐴 Provided = 3218.5mm > 3110.5mm Hence OK

 Lateral ties
The diameter of lateral ties should be more than.
 × 25 = 6.25
(ii) 6mm
Using 8mm dia ties
 The pitch of ties should not exceed the
following.
(i) Least lateral dimension = 450mm
(ii) 16 × 20 = 320mm
(iii) 300mm
∴ Provide 8mm𝜙 ties @ 300 mm c/c
The arrangement of reinforcement is shown in fig.

Design of circular column

Problem:3 Design a circular column of diameter 400mm subjected to a load of 1200kN.

The column is having spiral ties. The column is 3m long and is effectively held in
position at both ends but not restrained against rotation. Use M25 concrete and Fe415
steel.

Solution : Given L=3m

P=1200kN

D=400mm

fck = 25 MPa, fy= 415 MPa

effective length, 𝑙 = 1.0𝑙 [since the column effectively held in position at both ends but
not restrained against rotation]

hence it is a short column. Minimum eccentricity (𝑒 )= + = +

= 19.33 > 20𝑚𝑚

𝑒 =20mm

𝑒 20
= = 0.05
𝐷 400
∴ It is designed as axially loaded column.

Area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒄 )

𝑃 = 1.5 × 𝑃
 =1.5×1200=1800kN=1800× 10 𝑁

For a column with helical ties, the load carrying capacity is given by

1793 × 100
Percentage of steel = = 1.43%
125663.7

𝑃 = 1.05 0.4𝑓 𝐴 + 0.67𝑓 𝐴

𝜋
𝐴 = × 400
4
= 125663
125663.7mm
𝐴 = 𝐴 − 𝐴 = 125663.7 − 𝐴
1800 × 10 = 10.5[[0.4 × 25 × (125663.7 − 𝐴 ) + 0.67 × 415 × 𝐴 ]
268.05𝐴 = 480531
480531.15 = 1793mm

It is between 0.8 and 4%. Hence

nce OK
Using 20mm dia bars 𝐴 = 314 314mm
No. of bars reqd. = = 4.7 say 6
∴ Provide 6 − 20mm dia bars 𝐴 provided = 6 × 314 = 1884mm

 Helical Reinforcement
Core diameter, 𝐷 = 400 − 2 × 50
= 300mm

[Assuming clear cover = 50 ]

𝜋
Area of core = × 300 − 1884
4
= 6880.8mm
6880
Assuming pitch =𝑝

Volume of core per pitch=6880.8×p

Using 8mm𝜙 spiral

Volume of one spiral per pitch = × 8 × 𝜋(300 − 8)

= 46110.8mm
mm

Volume of Helical reinforcement 46110.8

=
Volume of core 68801.8𝑝
As per IS code

46110
46110.8 𝐴 𝑓
≤ 0.36 −1
68801.8𝑝
68801 𝐴 𝑓

125663.7 25
≤ 0.36 −1 ×
68801.8 415
Maximum pitch:
Core diameter
It should not be more than 75mm or
300
= 50mm
6
Minimum pitch:
(i) 25mm
(ii) 3 × dia of helical reinforcement = 3 × 8 = 24mm
∴ Provide 8mm𝜙 spirals @ 40mm c/c as shown in Fig.

7.4 TYPES OF FOOTING, DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE

COLUMN FOOTING OF UNIFORM THICKNESS FOR
FLEXURE AND SHEAR.
Types of footing:-
Following are some of the common types of footings
(i) Isolated footings
(a) Square footings
(b) Rectangular footings
(c) Circular footings
(ii) Combined footings
(a) Oval footing
(b) Rectangular footing
(c) Trapezoidal footing
(iii) Continuous/wall footings/Strip footings
(iv) Strap footing
(v) Raft/Mat footing
(vi) Pile footing
Design of Isolated square column footing of uniform thickness for flexure
and shear:-
The footings which are provided under single columns are called as isolated footings. These
are usually square or rectangular and rarely circular. Isolated footings are ideally provided
when loads are small and the soil is not very poor. Isolated footings are of 2 types
(a) Uniform thickness footing
(b) Tapered thickness footing
Given Load on column, Safe bearing capacity of soil, Grade of concrete and steel
1. Find design constants Xumax/d and Ru for given steel and concrete grades.

2. Calculate area of footing as follows:

where 𝑤 = load on column
𝑤 = load on column
𝐴= on column wt of footing + pedestal if provided (usually sidered as 10% of 𝑤 )
bearing capacity of soil ring:
3. Calculate the size of footing: (a) For square footing, side of footing 𝑆 = √𝐴,, round off (b)
For rectangular footing, assume one dimension (say 𝑋 ) and
calculate the other dimensions (say 𝒀 ) as follows:
𝑌= round off to nearest 5 or 10cms.
10
Alternatively, if ratio of width to length of column and footing are assumed to be similar (say
/𝑏 ), then bending moment is same in both directions.
4. Calculate the soil pressure due to factored column load only,
as follows:

1.5𝑤
1
𝑃 =
𝑋. 𝑌

where

𝑤 = column load
𝑋 = shorter dimension of footing
𝑌 = longer dimension of footing

5 Depth of footing is calculated by the following three criteria and highest value so
calculated is adopted in the design:
(a) By one way shear criterion: The critical section for one way shear is taken at a
distance 𝑑 (effective
ve depth) from the column's face (fig.14.9).

Shear force at the critical section

𝑉 =𝑝 ×𝑋× − 𝑑 ……………………(i)
Shear force resisted by concrete = 𝜏 𝑋𝑑 … (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii)

𝑌−𝑏
𝜏 𝑋𝑑 = 𝑝 × 𝑋 × −𝑑
2

As exact percentage of reinforcement to be provided is not yet known, 𝜏 may be assumed as

that corresponding to minimum reinforcement, i.e., 0.2%. For M20, this value may be taken
as 0.32N/mm .
(b) By two way shear criterion: The critical section for two way shear or punching shear as
it is commonly called, is at a distance 𝑑/2 from the face of the column.
Referring to Fig. 14.10, perimeter of critical section

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
=2 𝑎+ + +𝑏+ +
2 2 2 2
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑑)

Area of concrete resisting punching shear

A= 2(a+b+2d)× d

Punching shear on the critical section=𝑝 𝑋𝑌 − (𝑎 + 𝑑) × (𝑏 + 𝑑) … … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Punching shear resisting by the section =𝜏 × 𝐴

= 𝜏 × 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑑) × (𝑏 + 𝑑)

Where 𝜏 = 0.25 𝑓

By equating the two expressions (iii) and (iv) we can calculate the depth of footing.

(c) By bending moment criterion: The critical section for bending

moment is shown in Fig. 14.11.
𝑋−𝑎 𝑋−𝑎 𝑝
𝑝 = (𝑋 − 𝑎)
2 4 8
B.M. in 𝑌 direction = (𝑌 − 𝑏)
𝑥 0.42𝑥 lim
= 0.36𝑓 ⋅ 1− 𝑌𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
equating the (v) and (vi) with the moment of resistance we get
value of 𝑑.
above shall be adopted as effective depth of the footing.
and substitute 𝑋 = 𝑌 and 𝑎 = 𝑏

𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 1 − 𝑓
𝑋𝑑
The reinforcement area so calculated should not be less than the minimum reinforcement and
distributed as per IS code provisions.

NOTE: For design of square footing, follow the above mentioned procedure and substitute
𝑋 = 𝑌 and 𝑎 = 𝑏

Example 1. Design a square footing of uniform thickness for an axially loaded column of
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐦 × 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐦 size. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐 . Load on
column is 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐍. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution. Given,

𝑤 = 850kN

safe bearing capacity of soil = 190kN/m

𝑓 = 20kN/mm2

𝐹 = 415kN/mm2

Load calculation

𝑤 = 850kN
Self wt. of footing, 𝑤 = 10% of 𝑤 = 85kN
𝑤 +𝑤 = 850 + 85 = 935kN

Area of footing

𝑤 +𝑤 935
𝐴= = = 4.92m
𝑞 190

Side of square footing = √4.92 = 2.22m say 2.25m

Factored soil pressure due to column load only

1.5 × 850
𝑝 = = 251.85kN/m
2.25 × 2.25

Depth of footing by one way shear criterion (Fig.

14.12)

Critical section shall be at a distance 𝑑 from the face of the

column. Shear force due to factored soil pressure at critical
section

2.25 − 0.45
= 2.25 × − 𝑑 × 251.85
2

= 566.66(0.9 − 𝑑)………………..(i)
Assuming 0.2% steel, 𝜏 = 0.32N/mm
Shear force resisted by the section
= 𝜏 𝑋𝑑

0.32 × 10 kN
𝜏 = × 2.25 × d
10 m
= 720𝑑 … … … … (𝑖𝑖)

Equating (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖) we get

566.66(0.9 − 𝑑) = 720𝑑
1286.66𝑑 = 509.99
509.99
𝑑 = = 0.396m
1286.66

566.66(0.9 − 𝑑) = 720𝑑
1286.66𝑑 = 509.99
509.99
𝑑 = = 0.396m … … … … … … … . . (A)
1286.66

 Depth of footing by two way shear (fig.14.13)

Considering critical section is at from the face of column.
Perimeter of critical section = 4(0.45 + 𝑑) = 1.80 + 4𝑑
 Shear force at critical section = 251.85 × (2.25 × 2.25 − (0.45 + 𝑑) )
=1274.99 − 251.85(0.2025 + 𝑑 +
0.9𝑑)………………(iii)
Shear force resisted by the critical section=0.25 𝑓
= 0.25√20 = 1.118N/mm = 1118kN/m

Shear force resisted=1118 (1.18 + 4d) × d =2012.4𝑑 + 4472𝑑 ………….(iv)

Equating (iii) and (iv)

1274.99 − 251.85(0.2025 + 𝑑 + 0.9𝑑) = 2012.4𝑑 + 4472𝑑

𝑑 − 0.423𝑑 − 29 =0
−0.423 ± (−0.423) + 4 × (0.29)
𝑑 =
2
𝑑 = 0.367m … … … … … … … . . (B)

 Depth of footing by bending moment criterion

Critical section is an the face of column.
Bending moment at the critical section
 2.25 − 0.45 2.25 − 0.45
𝑀 = 251.85 × 2.25 × ×
2 4
1.80
= 566.66 ×
8
= 229.498kNm
= 229.498 × 10 Nmm … … … . . (v)

Moment of resistance at criterion section:

𝑥umax
= 0.48 and 𝑅u = 2.76 for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
𝑑
𝑀ulim = 𝑅u × 𝑏𝑑
= 2.76 × 2250 × 𝑑 = 6210𝑑 … … … … … … . . (𝑣𝑖)

Equating (𝑣) and (𝑣𝑖), we get

229.498 × 10 = 6210𝑑
𝑑 = 192.24mm
= 0.192m … … … … … … … … … . . (C)

From Eqs. [A], [B] and [C], the highest value of 𝑑 obtained is 0.396m.
Let us adopt
𝑑 = 400mm.
Overall depth = 400 + 8 + 50
= 458 say 460mm [Taking clear cover = 50mm and 16mm dia. bars]

 Area of steel reinforcement

𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 1 −
𝑏𝑑𝑓

𝐴 × 415
229.498 × 10 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴 × 400 1 −
2250 × 400 × 20
𝐴 − 43369.37𝐴 + 68918318.32 = 0
43369.37 ± 43369.37 − (4 × 68918318.32)
𝐴 =
2
= 1652.03mm
0.12 × 2250 × 460
Minimum reinforcement reqd. =
100
= 1242mm < 1652.03mm

Using 16∅ bars 𝐴∅ = × 16 =201mm

201 × 2250
Spacing = = 273mm
1652.03

Provide 16𝜙bars @270mmc/c in each direction.

Check for development length

 0.87𝑓 𝜙
𝐿 = [𝜏 = 1.92N/mm for M20 Fe 415. Table 5.5]
4𝜏
0.87 × 415 × 16
= = 752.2mm
4 × 1.92
2250 − 0.45
Available length of bars = × 1000 = 900mm. Hence OK
2

Numerical problems on wall footing

A brick masonry wall 230mm thick carries a load of 370kN/m inclusive of its own weight.
Design the footing of the wall, take bearing capacity of soil as 150KN/mt2 at 1mt depth. Use
M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.

Solution. Given: Thickness of wall = 𝑏 = 230mm

𝑤 = 370kNm including self weight

𝑤 ≡ 370kNm
𝑞 = 150N/mm
𝑓 = 415N/mm
𝑓 = 20N/mm

 Size of footing
𝑤 = 1.5 × 370
= 555kN/m
555
Width of footing = = 3.7m
150
Hence providing a width of 3.8m i.e., 𝐵 = 3.8m
Taking 10% of total load as self weight of footing and subtracting it from total ultimate load
Net downward load on soil = 555 × 0.9

= 500kN/m
500
Net upward pressure =
3.8

𝑝 = 132kN/m /m length of footing

 Bending moment calculation

in the case of brick masonry wall, the critical section for maximum bending is taken at
a section midway between the edge of the wall and centre of wall: between the edge
of the wall and centre of wall:
𝑃 𝐵−𝑏 𝑏
𝑀 = +
2 2 4
132 3.8 − 0.23 0.23
= +
2 2 4
𝑀 = 224.1kNm per m
= 224.1 × 10 Nmm

[𝑅 = 2.76 for M20 and Fe 415]

224.1 × 10
𝑑 =
2.76 × 1000
= 285mm

Taking 50mm clear cover and 20mm diameter bars.

𝐷 = 350mm
𝑑 = 350 − 50 − 10 = 290mm

 Area of steel
𝑓𝐴
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 1 −
𝑓 𝑏𝑑
415𝐴
224.1 × 10 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴 × 290 1 −
20 × 1000 × 290
𝐴 ≅ 2500mm

Using 20mm dia bars 𝐴∅ = 314𝑚𝑚

×
Spacing required = = 125mm
Hence providing 20mm dia bars @ 120mm c/c.
 314 × 1000
𝐴 provided = = 2616mm
120
100𝐴 100 × 2616
𝑝 = =
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 290
𝑝 ≡ 0.9%
Minimum steel required = 0.12%
0.12 × 1000 × 350
=
100
= 420mm < 2616mm . Hence OK

Distribution steel is provided @0

0.12% = 420mm
Using 10mm diameter bars
Spacing required = 119mm
Hence providing 10mm dia bars @ 110mm c/c in the longitudinal direction.

 Check for shear (one way shear)

The critical section for shear is at a distance ' 𝑑 ' from the face of the wall as shown
below:
(𝐵 − 𝑏)
𝑉 =𝑝 −𝑑
2
3.8 − 0.23
= 132 − 0.29
2
𝑉 = 197.34kN per m

𝑉 197.34 × 1000
𝜏 = =
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 290
𝜏 = 0.68N/mm
𝜏 = 𝑘. 𝜏

For 𝑝 = 0.9% and M20 concrete

∴ 𝜏 = 0.60N N/mm and 𝑘 = 1 for 300mm or more thickness
thickness.
𝜏 >𝜏

Hence the footing is not safe in shear therefore revising its depth.
 197.34 × 1000
= 0.60N/mm
1000 × 𝑑
𝑑 ≅ 330mm
𝐷 = 400mm
𝑑 = 400 − 50 − 10
𝑑 = 340mm

Hence providing

 Check for development length

𝜙 0.87𝑓
𝐿 =
4𝜏
20 × 0.87 × 415
=
4 × 1.92
𝐿 = 941mm = 0.941m

Providing 50mm clear cover, length of bar available

1 1
= (𝐵 − 𝑏) − 0.50 = (3.8 − 0.23) − 0.5
2 2
= 1.285m > 0.941m. Hence OK

POSSIBLESHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

1. What is Short column?
Answer:- The column is considered as short when the slenderness ratio i.e ratio of effective
length to its least lateral dimension is less than or equal to 12.

2. What is Long column?

Answer:- If the slenderness ratio of the column is greater than 12, it is called as long or
slender column.
3. Write the codal provision of cover for columns.[2015,S-2019]
Answer:- The nominal cover for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall not be less
than any of the following (i) 40mm (ii) the diameter of the bar.
 In the case of small size of columns of minimum dimensions of 200mm or under
whose reinforcing bars don’t exceed 12mm, a nominal cover of 25mm may be used.

4. Write the formula for minimum eccentricity for all columns.[W-2016]

Answer:- All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity given by
emin=Unsupported length/500+lateral dimension/30
emin≥20mm
5. Write the minimum number of steel bars for rectangular, square, circular
column.[W-2015]
Answer:- Minimum number of steel bars for rectangular is 4, for square is 4 and for circular
is 6.
6. What is the main purpose of footing?
Answer:- The main purpose of footing is to transfer the loads from column to soil.
7. What would be the minimum reinforcement to be provided for Fe415 steel?
Answer:- Minimum reinforcement to be provided in the Isolated footing is 0.12% of the
cross-sectional area for Fe415 steel.
[Link] is the critical section for maximum bending moment of a RCC footing
Ans : The critical section for maximum bending moment is at the face of the support of the
footing.
POSSIBLE LONG TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A short column 450mmx450mm is reinforced with 8-16mm diameter bars. Determine the
ultimate loads and allowable load carried by the column. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solve by LSM method.[2011,W-2018]
2. Design a circular column 4mt height is effectively held in position but restricted against
rotation at one and only. It is carrying an axial load of 1200KN. Design the column if its
diameter is restricted to 500mm. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.
3. Give IS Specification regarding reinforcement in a column.[W-2019]
4. Design a square footing with uniform depth for an axially loaded column with 750KN
load. Size of column is 300mmx300mm and safe bearing capacity of soil is 150KN/mt 2. Use
M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel.
5. Design a rectangular footing of an axial loaded column carrying 1200KN load. Size of
column is 600mmx400mm. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 180Kn/mt2. Use M20
Concrete and Fe415 steel. [W-2018,S-2019]
6. Design a footing for a brick wall 30cm thick carrying a load of 150KN/m per unit length.
The bearing capacity of the soil is 100KN/mt2. Use M20 Concrete and Fe415 Steel.[W-2017]
7. what are the codal provision to provide pitch and diameter of lateral ties in column.
[W-2019]