PURE MATHEMATICS
DIFFERENTIATION
Name:
Class:
Prepared by Miss Nurfarhana Azmi
“Excellence is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well”
Differentiation
Limit and its Relation to Differentiation
• When 𝑥 approaches 𝑎, where 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎, the limit for 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐿 and can be written as
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
!→#
• Steps in finding the limit value function 𝑓(𝑥):
o Substitute value 𝑥 = 𝑎 directly into the function 𝑓(𝑥).
o If
§ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ $$, the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎).
!→#
$
§ 𝑓(𝑥) = $, solve by factorisation method and simplify into simplest
form. Then substitute the value 𝑥 = 𝑎 again.
Exercise A
Find the limit value for each of the following functions.
1. lim (𝑥 % + 𝑥 & − 2) 2. lim
'
3. lim √4𝑥 & − 4𝑥 + 20
!→% !→$ !() !→*
! ! (!+& !+* ! ! (%!+)$
4. lim 5. lim ! ! +&* 6. lim
!→+& !(& !→* !→& ! ! +,
First Derivative of a Function 𝒇(𝒙) by Using First Principles
For a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the gradient function of a tangent at any point is given by
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 -→$ ℎ
Exercise B
Find the first derivative of the following function by using first principles.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 & 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 &
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 5) ! ! +!
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = ,! " +,! !
The First Derivative
1. Notation for first derivative:
𝑑𝑦
≡ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 . , where 𝑎 and 𝑛 are constants, then
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑎𝑥 .+)
𝑑𝑥
3. If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥, then
a. Chain rule: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
b. Product rule: 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢𝑣 / + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
0
c. Quotient rule: 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑢/ − 𝑢𝑣 /
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣&
Exercise C
Differentiate each of the following functions with respects to 𝑥.
1. 𝑦 = 4 2. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 3. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 & − 10
%
4. 𝑦 = − , 𝑥 * − 4𝑥 & 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 & − 4𝑥 + 8 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = −7𝑥 ! − 15𝑥 + 31
&! ! (2! &(√! 9. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = !
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = !
10. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)& 11. 𝑦 = (−𝑥 − 1)% 12. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 5)4
) %
13. 𝑦 = (−4𝑥 − 3)* 14. 𝑦 = (,! ! ())! 15. 𝑦 = C√𝑥 + 2D
7 )
16. 𝑦 = (3 − 4𝑥 4 )7 )
17. 𝑦 = E, 𝑥 + 3F 18. 𝑦 = √! "
+4!
19. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 & + 1) 20. 𝑦 = 𝑥 & (𝑥 % + 4) 21. 𝑦 = (𝑥 & + 1)(𝑥 % − 2𝑥)
22. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 # − 2)(𝑥 # − 6𝑥 + 7) 23. 𝑦 = (7 + √𝑥)(7 − √𝑥) 24. 𝑦 = √𝑥C√128 − 𝑥 & D
%! !! ! ! +,
25. 𝑦 = 26. 𝑦 = 4!+% 27. 𝑦 = ! ! (,
*+!
%!(7 ! " +!(% √!
28. 𝑦 = &!+* 29. 𝑦 = 30. 𝑦 = !(%
&!(4
The Second Derivative
The notation of second derivative of an algebraic function is given by
8!9 8 89 8
8! !
= 8! E8! F or 𝑓′′(𝑥) = 8! [𝑓 / (𝑥)]
Exercise D
Find the second derivative for each of the following function.
1. 𝑦 = 9𝑥 & 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 & − 7𝑥 + 6
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)* 4. 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 6
!
5. 𝑦 = !+) 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥(𝑥 & − 7)&
Application of Differentiation
Tangent and normal to a curve
89
1. Gradient of tangent: 𝑚) = 8!
)
2. Gradient of normal: 𝑚& = − $%
$&
3. The equation of tangent at point 𝐴(𝑥) , 𝑦) ) on a curve
𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝒎𝟏 (𝑥 − 𝑥) )
4. The equation of normal at point 𝐴(𝑥) , 𝑦) ) on a curve
𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝑥 − 𝑥) )
Exercise E
a. Calculate the gradient of tangent to each of the following curve at the given point.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 & ; 𝑥=2 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 & + 5𝑥 − 8; 𝑥 = 2 3. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 4)% ; 𝑥 = −1
b. Find the equation of the tangent to each of the following curve at the given point.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 & ; 𝑥=4 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 8𝑥 " − 7; 𝑥 = −1 3. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 3), ; 𝑥 = 1
c. Find the equation of the normal to each of the following curve at the given point.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 % ; 𝑥 = −2 2. 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1)& ; 𝑥 = 0 3. 𝑦 = !(& ; 𝑥 = −2
!+%
d. Solve the following problems involving the tangent and normal to the curve.
1. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 % − 2𝑥 & + 5 such that the
)
gradient of the normal to the curve at these points is − ,.
2. The equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 & − 2𝑥 at point A is parallel to the
)
straight line 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 2. Find the equation of the normal to the curve at point A.
<
3. The gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 & + !at point (2,14) is 11. State the value of 𝑎 and
𝑏.
4. Given that the equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 & − 4. Find
a) The gradient of the curve at point P, where the curve intersects the y-axis at
point P.
b) The equation of the tangent of the curve at point Q (2,0),
c) the equation of the normal to the curve at point 𝑅(1,0)
Turning Points and Their Nature
89
1. At turning point, 8! = 0.
8!9
2. If 8! ! < 0, then the point is a maximum point.
8!9
3. If 8! ! > 0, then the point is a minimum point.
Exercise F
a. Find the coordinates of the turning point for each of the following curves. Hence,
determine whether the turning point is a maximum or minimum point.
)2
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ! 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 & − 𝑥 ,
b. Solve each of the following problem.
1. Given that the equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 % − 8𝑥. Find
a) The value of 𝑥 where the value of 𝑦 is maximum.
b) The equation of the tangent to the curve at point (3,3).
%&+! "
2. Given that, the equation of a curve is 𝑦 = ! ! .
a) Find the gradient of the tangent at 𝑥 = 10.
b) Show that the curve has only one turning point and determine whether the
point is a maximum or minimum point.
c) Find the coordinates of the turning point.
3. Nea uses a rectangular zinc with the perimeter of 30 cm to build an open cylinder
at both ends. Find the height and width, in cm, of the zinc so that the volume of the
cylinder is maximum.
4. Felix wants to rare goats in his rectangular plot of land. He plans to fence the land
which has a dimension of 8𝑥 m and (8 − 𝑥) m. find the total length, in m, of the
fence he has to buy if he wants to use the maximum area of the land.
Rate of Change
8! 89
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the rate of change 8= and 8= are
related by
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Exercise G
Find the rate of change of the following questions.
1. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 & + 𝑥, find the rate of 2. Given 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 5), , find the rate of
) ,
change of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = if the rate of change of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = if the rate of
& %
change of 𝑥 is 3 unit s-1. change of 𝑥 is 2 unit s-1.
3. The length of each side of a cube is 5 cm. find the rate of change of the volume of
the cube based on the rate of change of the sides increasing at rate of 0.4 cm s-1.
)
4. The volume of water , V cm3, in a container is given by 𝑉 = & ℎ, + 3ℎ, where ℎ is the
height, in cm, of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at a
rate of 9 cm3 s-1. Calculate the rate of change of the height of the water, in cm s-1,
when the height of water is 5 cm.
5. The volume of a sphere increases at a constant rate of 15𝜋 cm3 s-1. Calculate the
radius of the sphere when the radius increases at a rate of 0.15 cm s-1.
6. A conical has a base diameter of 10 cm and a height of 12 cm. water is poured into
the container at a constant rate of 5 cm3 s-1. Calculate the rate of increase of water
level when the water level is 6 cm.
Small Changes and Approximation
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝛿𝑥 is small changes in 𝑥 and 𝛿𝑦 is the corresponding small
changes in 𝑦 then,
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
≈
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 ≈ × 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. If 𝑥 change from 𝑥 to 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, then 𝑦 change from 𝑦 to 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦.
Exercise H
Determine the small changes and approximation of each of the following.
1. Given the equation of a curve is 2. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 % , find the small change
𝑦 = 2𝑥 % − 6𝑥 & . Find in 𝑦 when 𝑥 decreases from 3 to 2.99.
89
a) when 𝑥 = 5,
8!
b) The small change in 𝑦 if 𝑥 increases
from 5 to 5.01.
3. The goldsmith wants to expand a spherical pendant by heating it. If the radius of the
pendant increased from 1 cm to 1.07 cm, what is the approximate increase in the
surface area of the pendant?