) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
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Intro
• amoeba, euglena, paramecium, and e coli are examples
of single-celled organisms.
• Bacteria are prokaryotes while the rest are classified as
eukaryotes
• Cells with the same structure
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) and function are grouped
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
together to form tissues.
• cells that line the retina of your
eye, have a structure and
function that is very different
from your skin cells.
• Muscle cells tend to be long to
allow for contraction.
• Nerve cells tend to have many
branches to help with
communication
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Cells that are similar in structure and function are organized into TISSUES.
• Tissues are organized into functional units called organs.
• Organs work together and make up an organ system and make up an
organism.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Different tissues have different
structures that are suited to their
functions.
• Tissues are classified into four main
categories: epithelial, connective,
muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
and lines the organs and cavities within the
cuboidal
body.
cuboidal columnar squamous
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) • The main functions of epithelial
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
tissue are protection, secretion
(producing and releasing
materials) and absorption
(taking in materials).
• Epithelia contain no blood
vessels (they are non-vascular)
and are dependent upon the
underlying connective tissue for
nutrients.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Cuboidal epithelium, with dice shaped cells specialized for
secretion
• makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many
glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary glands.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• simple columnar epithelia – large, brick-shaped cells are
often found where secretion or active absorption is
important.
• a simple columnar epithelium lines the intestines,
secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• simple squamous epithelium- single layer of plate like cells
• functions in the exchange of material by diffusion
• thin and leaky
• lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs, where
diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• pseudostratified epithelium -consists of a single layer of
cells varying in height.
• pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells in vertebrates
forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the
respiratory tract.
• The beating cilia sweep the film of mucus along the surface.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• stratified squamous epithelium - multilayered and
regenerates rapidly.
• commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the
outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus, and vagina.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Connective tissue
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• mainly binds and supports other tissues.
• It contains sparsely packed cells
scattered throughout an extracellular
matrix.
• The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid,
jellylike, or solid foundation.
There are three types of
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
connective tissue fiber, all made
of protein:
• Collagenous fibers provide
strength and flexibility.
• Elastic fibers stretch and snap
back to their original length.
• Reticular fibers join connective
tissue to adjacent tissues
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Loose connective tissue
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• binds epithelia to underlying tissues
and holds organs in place.
0 connective tissue gets its
• Loose
name from the loose weave of its
fibers, which include all three types.
• It is found in the skin and throughout
the body.
Fibrous connective tissue
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Fibrous connective tissue is
dense with collagenous
0
fibers.
• It is found in tendons, which
attach muscles to bones, and
in ligaments, which connect
bones at joints.
Bone
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The skeleton of most
vertebrates is made of bone
0
Bone-forming cells called
osteoblasts deposit a matrix of
collagen.
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Cartilage
• contains collagenous fibers
embedded in a rubbery protein-
carbohydrate complex called
0
chondroitin sulfate.
• Cells called chondrocytes secrete the
collagen and chondroitin sulfate
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Adipose tissue
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
•stores fat in adipose cells
distributed throughout its
matrix.
0
•Adipose tissue pads and
insulates the body and
stores fuel as fat molecules.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Blood
•plasma, which consists of water,
salts, and dissolved proteins.
0 •erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leukocytes (white blood cells),
and cell fragments called
platelets.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Blood
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Suspended in plasma are
erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leukocytes (white blood cells),
0 and cell fragments called
platelets.
• Red cells carry oxygen
• white cells function in defense
• platelets aid in blood clotting
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle
fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals.
It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types:
Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is attached to
0 bones and is responsible for voluntary movement.
Smooth muscle mainly lines internal organs and is
responsible for involuntary body activities.
Cardiac muscle is responsible for contraction of
the heart.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Nervous Tissue
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Nervous tissue senses stimuli and
transmits signals throughout the animal.
0
Functions in the receipt, processing and
transmission of information
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Neurons, or nerve
cells, that transmit
nerve impulses.
0
Glial cells, or glia, that
help nourish, insulate,
and replenish neurons.
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Neuron - receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its
cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites
0
Neurons - transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other
cells via extensions called axons, which are often bundled
together into nerves.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Have you ever
imagined Earth
without plants?
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
It is quite
unimaginable if
plants do not
exist on Earth,
right?
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The three tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The vascular The ground
The dermal tissue system, system,
tissue system transports
The vascular tissue system, which
transports materials between the root responsible for
and shoot systems, is also continuous
provides a materials
throughout the plant, but is arranged
the plant’s
differently in each organ.
protective between the root
metabolic
cover and shoot
systems
functions
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The dermal tissue systems
It protect
it forms the first
Epidermis- against
line of defense
plant’s outer mechanical against physical
protective challenges to damage and
covering. the plant like pathogens.
abrasion
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Simple permanent
tissues
are composed of one
kind of cell. Permanent
Tissues
Complex permanent
tissues
are composed of two
or more kinds of cells.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Epidermis
● It covers the whole body of nonwoody
and young woody plants and is protected
by a waxy cuticle.
○ The cuticle prevents loss of water and
invasion of disease-causing
microorganisms.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Periderm consists of multiple layers of cells,
including outer layers of protective cork cells
and typically thin inner zone of living cells.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Epidermis
● The epidermis in roots has root hairs which
help in increasing the absorption capacity of
roots.
● In leaves and in stems, the epidermis has
trichomes. These hair-like outgrowths prevent
water loss and reflect excess light.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Trichomes are epidermal outgrowths responsible for protecting the
plants from water loss. It also reflects excess light.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• are modified to form
trichomes that extend
out from the plant
• Trichomes have glands
that contain oil or
other substances
secreted by the plant
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Trichomes are • in some species – reduce water loss
hair like and reflect excess light
outgrowths of • Main function to provide defense
the shoot
epidermis. against insects by secreting sticky
substances
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Epidermis
● The lower and upper parts of leaves
are protected by the epidermis.
● The lower epidermis of a leaf has
guard cells.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Epidermis
● Guard cells are specialized structures that
regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
● Stomata are slit-like structures on the lower
epidermis of leaves which aids in the
exchange of gases between plants and the
environment.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The dermal tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Epidermis Cells
• are modified to form
stomata, openings in the
epidermis that regulate gas
exchange in plants
• Two specialized epidermal
cells called guard cells
regulate the diameter of
the pore
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The ground tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• The ground tissue system
fills in the spaces in the
plant body between the
dermal and vascular
tissues.
• Ground tissue includes
cells specialized for
storage, photosynthesis,
and support
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The ground tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• The PARENCHYMA cells
are the most abundant
kind of plant cell.
• found throughout the
tissues of a plant cell.
• usually have a large
central vacuole, which
contains a fluid called sap
Parenchyma cells are mostly responsible for the
synthesis and storage of plant food. 60
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The ground tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• The COLLENCHYMA
cells are long cells
unevenly thicken cell
walls
• The walls of
collenchyma cells can
stretch as the cells
grow while providing
strength and support
Permanent Tissues – Ground Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Simple Permanent
(Ground)
Complex Permanent
(Xylem)
Complex Permanent
(Phloem)
Collenchyma cells provides a furnishing flexible
support to immature parts of plants. 62
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The ground tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• The walls of
SCLERENCHYMA cells
are very thick and
rigid.
• at maturity, these cells
often die leaving
strong, thick cell walls
that provide support
for the plant.
Permanent Tissues
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Simple Permanent
(Ground)
Complex Permanent
(Xylem)
Complex Permanent
(Phloem)
Sclerenchyma cell has two kinds,
namely sclereids and fibers. 64
Permanent Tissues
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Simple Permanent
(Ground)
Complex Permanent
(Xylem)
Sclereids strengthen seed coats and are responsible for
Complex Permanent
(Phloem) gritty-textured flesh of some fruits, while fibers are
used commercially as components of making rope and
flax fibers. 65
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The vascular
system carries out
long-distance
transport of
materials between
the root and shoot
systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Xylem
Vascular Tissues
Phloem
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The Xylem The types of xylem
cells: vessel
conducts water
elements and tracheids.
and dissolved The main conducting
minerals upward cells are the VESSEL
from roots into ELEMENTS, which are
dead cells at maturity
the shoots.
that lack a plasma
membrane
The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Simple Permanent
(Ground)
Complex Permanent
(Xylem)
Complex Permanent
(Phloem)
Microscopic view of xylem in vascular plants
The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Tracheids
● Tracheids are
Simple Permanent thin and
(Ground) elongated
cells where
Complex Permanent
(Xylem) water passes
through.
Complex Permanent Vascular bundles in roots
(Phloem)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The Phloem
transports
sugars, the
products of
photosynthesis
The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Simple Permanent
(Epidermal)
Simple Permanent
(Ground)
Complex Permanent
(Xylem)
Complex Permanent
(Phloem)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The vascular tissue systems
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
• Sieve tube cells which are also called
sieve tube members or sieve elements,
make up the main structure of phloem.
• These cells are narrower and have pitted
ends resembling small sieves.
• Each sieve tube cell is connected via a
series of pores to a nucleated companion
cell
• companion cells direct the functions of
the sieve tube element.