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Sport Diver Monitor User Guide

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views5 pages

Sport Diver Monitor User Guide

computer manual

Uploaded by

jeroen645
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Monitor User’s Guide 1.

5 MULTILEVEL DIVES
In practice, sport divers often carry out dives which do not involve spending the
1.0 INTRODUCTION entire dive at the maximum depth. Any part of the dive which is spent at a
The sport diver needs to be aware of the effects of pressure and time on his or lesser depth involves less absorption of gas by the diver’s body and may
her body during a dive, between dives, and after diving. These effects are increase the total time which the diver can spend on the dive. Therefore, a
constantly changing and are influenced by several factors which are not always dive during which the diver ascends gradually from the maximum depth will
apparent to the diver. The MONITOR is designed to constantly measure all result in improved release of gas from the diver’s body during this ascent and a
these factors and to advise the diver when it is acceptable continue the dive, consequent increase in the permissible dive time.
or when it is necessary to return to the surface, and how this return should be
made. 1.6 DIVING SAFELY
It is the personal responsibility of every certified diver to ensure that they dive
The MONITOR simulates the absorption and release of gas by the diver’s
with an acceptable margin of safety. The abilities of divers vary, and some
body and computes the time which the diver can spend underwater and
divers may wish or need to provide a greater margin of safety than
remain within acceptable no-decompression limits. The MONITOR cannot take
others. Conventional dive tables are intended to provide safe no-decompres-
direct readings from the diver’s body, and cannot therefore take into account
sion procedures for diving but cannot guarantee that all users will enjoy the
variations in the diver’s physique and condition. However, the simulation
same margin of safety. Hence, no decompression table will not guarantee that
procedure is based on the experience of many thousands of dives and has
the user is free from any risk of decompression sickness. The use of any such
been in use for more than five years.
table accepts this risk. The MONITOR uses a decompression algorithm derived
The MONITOR is a full-feature no decompression computer, intended for from the work of Professor A.A. Buhlmann at the Hyperbaric Research facility
dives without decompression stops. It advises the diver of the remaining time of the University Hospital of Zurich. The algorithm has been developed
which can be spent at the current depth without the need for decompression following a long research program and has been incorporated in electronic dive
stops during the ascent. Should the diver exceed this time, then it will give monitors in use over the last five years, covering many thousands of dives at all
assistance in conducting a safe ascent with any stops required. It is in altitude levels to 4000m (13,200 ft.)
continuous operation throughout its battery life, and will follow all changes in
WARNING: Wearing the MONITOR will not prevent the possibility
ambient pressure, whether due to diving, flying in aircraft, or visits to high
of decompression sickness, but using it sensibly will greatly
altitude sites, and advises the diver of the safe diving possibilities in all
reduce this risk. However, any sport diver must accept that there
situations.
is no device or procedure which will totally prevent the possibility
of a decompression accident.
1.1 NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVES
On every dive, whether it is carried out using conventional tables or using an Divers vary in their physical makeup, their level of fitness, and other physiologi-
electronic dive monitor, the diver goes through a decompression phase after cal criteria. The safe diving predictions offered by conventional tables and the
leaving the maximum depth. Since pressure reduces during the ascent, the simulation offered by an electronic dive monitor are based on average
diver’s body releases gas as a result of decompression, and this is why the subjects, but incorporate safety margins. If any diver believes himself or
ascent must be kept within a safe rate (the MONITOR requires that you do herself to be prone to decompression sickness for any reason, then
not exceed a rate of 10 meters or 33 ft. per minute). After arriving at the they should not dive. When using the MONITOR it is quite simple to ensure
surface the diver still has a higher than normal level of gas absorbed in the that you always stay within the given limit by leaving the bottom or your
body tissues, and this will be released slowly during the Surface Interval. This is present depth with a few minutes of Non-Stop time remaining. Addition-
also a decompression phase and forms an important part of the calculation for ally, take particular care not to exceed the correct ascent rate (10m/33
a repetitive dive when using conventional tables. ft.).
For these reasons, it is not accurate to describe any dive as a “No-Decompres-
sion” dive since decompression always takes place, and must always be built
2.0 FEATURES OF THE MONITOR
into the dive plan. This type of dive is better called a “No-Stop” dive as the The MONITOR is a completely automatic dive
dive plan will allow for the ascent to be made without making stops at shallow computer which constantly monitors the ambient
depths specifically for the purposes of decompression. The MONITOR is pressure and provides indications of the diver’s
designed specifically for this type of diving. current status and next dive possibilities.
Only the information currently required is displayed,
1.2 DECOMPRESSION DlVING in order to reduce to a minimum the possibility of
Under this title we include dives in which the dive plan specifically provides for confusion while in use. (Fig. 1)
making decompression stops during the ascent, or allows for the possibility
It switches on automatically when submerged, or it
that such stops may become necessary.
can be switched on manually at any time. The
MONITOR has no parts requiring attention or
1.3 REPETITIVE DIVES replacement by the user, and no mowing parts.
When the diver wishes to make more than one dive during a period, or plans to
Apart from keeping the instrument clean and free
dive frequently over a period of days, then the dive plan must take into
from shocks and excessive heat, no special
account any absorbed gas which is still present in the body following the
maintenance is required.
previous dive or series of dives. When conventional tables are used this Figure 1 - Monitor 1
involves a series of calculations to determine the Residual Nitrogen Time or The MONITOR can be used at altitudes up to
Display
penalty which must be incorporated in the plan for the next dive. The 4000 meters (13,200 feet) and continues to
MONITOR automatically computes the current levels of gas absorbed in the monitor the diver’s status during changes in altitude or while flying in an
body tissues and constantly updates this information so that, at any time, it aircraft.
can predict the time which the diver can spend at a given depth without the The MONITOR must only be used for dives using compressed air. It is
need for stops. This function is totally automatic and requires no calculations intended for use by trained and qualified sport divers and is not intended to
whatsoever by the diver. take into account the longer exposures and extreme conditions associated with
professional diving.
1.4 RECTANGULAR PROFILE DIVES
Although the MONITOR will function reliably at depths down to 99.9 meters
Most published diving tables are designed for dives which are presumed to be
(330 ft.), it is recommended that divers do not dive beyond the limits laid
carried out at their maximum depth for the total duration of the dive. This is
down by the certifying agencies for divers of their qualification level.
called a Rectangular Profile Dive and represents the most extreme dive which
could be described by the depth and time parameters. The MONITOR will The MONITOR is a personal instrument which should accompany the diver
generally give a shorter bottom time for this type of dive than most printed No- during all dives and surface intervals and for the period following the dive when
Decompression tables. the screen is still indicating the presence of some residual gas. It should not
be passed on to another diver unless it is completely clear of data from a
previous dive, or for a period of 24 hours since a previous dive by either diver.
It is also important that neither diver should have experienced a significant meters or in feet to a depth of 330 ft. This display is first activated at
change in altitude. approximately 0.5m (2 ft.), - - - indicates that the depth is less than this. As
the oceans and waters of the Earth vary in their salinity, and therefore in their
2.1 THE MONITOR DISPLAYS: density, the MONITOR is calibrated in the safest case, fresh water. This means
— Current dive depth that in water of high salinity (sea water) the MONITOR will indicate a depth
— Maximum depth reached slightly greater than the actual depth. This means that the MONITOR will never
indicate that you are shallower than your actual depth, which could cause
— Dive time problems if you wished to use the depth reading for conventional dive table
— No-stop time remaining calculations. In fact, the MONITOR uses only the pressure reading in
computing decompression requirements and does not need to take into
— Decompression. stop required warning
account the depth displayed.
— Depth of deepest decompression stop
— Time at deepest decompression stop (M2 only) 2.4 MAXIMUM DEPTH REACHED
In the bottom left corner of the display is the maximum depth
— Total ascent time (M2 Only) reached during the current dive. This display is only activated if the maximum
— Desaturation time depth is at least 1 meter (3 ft.) deeper than the current depth.
— Surface interval
2.5 DIVE TIME
— No flying warning The bottom right corner of the display indicates the total elapsed
— 9 dive memory time of the dive since descending past approximately 1.2 meters
(4 ft.) to a maximum of 199 minutes. The flashing colon to the right of the
— Time to adapt to altitude
figures indicates that the “clock” is running.
— Altitude indicator
— Fast ascent warning 2.6 NO STOP TIME REMAINING
Immediately above the DIVE TIME display is the display
— Low battery warning indicating the length of “time remaining” at the current depth
— Missed decompression warning without the need for decompression stops. This is confirmed by
— Mode indicator the NO STOP sign with a downward arrow immediately above it. In a normal
dive this value will increase as the diver ascends towards the surface. When
— Next dive no-stop time predictions the display shows “99:” this indicates a NO STOP Time Remaining of 99
— Dive number (in memory) minutes or more.
— Units indicator
2.7 DECOMPRESSION STOP REQUIRED
— Tissue number for incomplete decompression When the NO STOP “time remaining”
figure is less than zero, the NO STOP
2.2 ACTIVATING THE MONITOR indicator is switched off and a DECO
The MONITOR is always ready for use and will indicator appears immediately to its left.
operate if the diver simply submerges it. It is not This indicates that a decompression stop
necessary to switch it on before diving. However, will be required during the ascent, and
should the diver wish to pre-activate the immediately below it indicates the depth
computer he would touch contacts A and B at at which the stop should be made. The
the same time. This activates the screen. To MONITOR 2 also shows time at the stop
review the NEXT DIVE information touch contacts and total ascent time (figure 4). Directly to
A and B a second time. The computer will review the right of the decompression stop is the
various depths and their No-Stop times. stop time. When the stop time counts
To make good contact it may be necessary to down to zero, you may proceed to the
moisten your fingertips. When activated in this Figure 2 next shallower stop. Above the stop time
way the MONITOR will display all elements for 5 is the total ascent time. This is the total
seconds, allowing the diver to confirm that all amount of time it takes to complete all the Figure 4 - Monitor 2
display elements are functioning (Fig. 2). This is decompression stops and the amount of Decompression Screen
followed by the MONITOR going into “ready” time to ascend to the surface at 33 feet/ Deco Stop = 10 ft
mode. min. Time at Deco Stop = 6 min
The decompression stop depth indicated Total Ascent Time = 8 min
If there is no change in the diver’s status in the
following three minutes the MONITOR will switch is the shallowest depth at which the stop
off the display to conserve battery power. can be carried out, sometimes known as the “ceiling”. Should surface
conditions require it, decompression can be carried out at a deeper depth,
If a change in altitude sector is detected by the until the MONITOR indicates that it is time to surface. In this case the total
MONITOR at any time, it will switch on the display decompression time will be slightly extended.
in SURFACE mode and will display the ALTITUDE
SECTOR INDICATOR and the time required to On a dive with a gradual ascent it may be possible that the MONITOR
adapt to the new altitude. indicates the need for a shallow decompression stop but during the ascent
the display may indicate that the stop is no longer necessary, or that the first
If this occurs while the MONITOR is still in “ready” Figure 3
stop may be at a shallower depth. This will be as a result of the computers’
mode following a previous dive, then this display simulated release of gas from the body during the gradual ascent, thus
will replace the “desaturation time” display. The MONITOR requires a period of modifying the diver’s saturation status.
35 minutes to establish a change
In extreme cases stops may be required below 24m (80 ft.) for sea level
in altitude sector so it is important when diving at altitude to allow a period of dives, or 21m (68 ft.) for altitude dives.
at least 35 minutes to elapse between arriving at the altitude dive site and
entering the water. If it proves necessary to start the dive during this period 2.8 MISSED DECOMPRESSION WARNING
then activate the MONITOR manually by touching contacts A and B. (Fig. 3) When the DECO arrow described above flashes, this indicates that the diver
2.3 CURRENT DEPTH
The largest size digits on the display are reserved for the
current depth indication and are located near the center of
the display. Depth is displayed in meters and tenths down to a depth of 99.9
has ascended past a depth level at which a decom- 2.13 LOW BATTERY WARNING
pression stop should be made. The diver must The battery has a long life-span (see Technical data), but as
descend until the warning ceases to flash. While the it reaches a predetermined reserve of power the
warning is flashing, the MONITOR suspends computa-
tion of the desaturation. If the diver surfaces the LOW warning will appear in the upper half of the display, only while at the
warning will continue to flash and after 5 minutes the surface. This indicates that the battery should be replaced soon. However, the
number of the fastest tissue which is insufficiently reserve is such that the MONITOR will continue to function normally for some
decompressed will be displayed at the top right of the time. During normal use the battery should not be removed from the
screen. (Fig. 5). MONITOR as it is in

The MONITOR will then go into “emergency” mode continuous use. It should be removed only for replacement by an Authorized
which blocks all further computation for 24 hours, but Distributor. Only an original MONITOR Lithium battery can be used as a
continues to display the maximum depth and the dive replacement.
time. In any situation in which the warning has been Figure 5
activated for at least 3 minutes, the DECO warning will
2.14 TOTAL ASCENT TIME (Monitor 2 only)
be entered in the dive MEMORY for this dive. On the MONITOR 2, the total time required for a safe ascent to the
surface is indicated whenever decompression stops are necessary.
WARNING: In any situation when decompression has been This time includes the ascent carried out at 33 ft/min, plus all the
missed, there is a risk of decompression sickness and the necessary decompresion stops, up to a total of 99 minutes (99: indicates 99
diver’s condition should be carefully checked over the next 24 minutes or more). The indication consists of an upward arrow meeting a
hours, and no further dives should be undertaken. surface line with the number of minutes indicated above.
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES CONSIDER REIMMERSING THE DIVER TO
ATTEMPT RECOMPRESSION! 2.15 SURFACE MODE
When the diver leaves the water after a
2.9 FAST ASCENT WARNING dive, for 10 minutes the MONITOR will
Immediately to the right of the current depth display is the fast ascent continue to display the maximum depth and
warning. It is an upward arrow enclosing the exclamation mark. The total time of the dive. If the diver reenters the water during this period, this
correct rate of ascent is 10m/min. (33 ft./min.). If the diver ascends at a rate reentry will be considered a continuation of the previous dive. If there is no
in excess of 12m/min. (39 ft/min.), the warning is activated. If the rate of reentry, then after the 10 minute period, the MONITOR will change to
ascent exceeds 16m/min. (52 ft./min.), the warning will flash. If the ascent is SURFACE mode, and the dive will be entered in the MEMORY, together with
such that the warning flashes for more than 15 seconds, then the warning will the preceding SURFACE INTERVAL. At the DECO info position the diver’s
be entered in the memory for that dive. DESATURATION TIME will be displayed. This is the time required for the body
to return to its original saturation state. Any dive under taken during this period
2.10 MODE INDICATOR is a repetitive dive, while a dive undertaken after the expiry of the period will
The uppermost area of the display is reserved for information which is be considered a “first dive.” When the DESATURATION TIME reaches zero the
displayed only when the diver is on the surface. The left part of this area MONITOR will automatically switch off, The WAIT TO FLY TIME is also indicated
contains MODE indicator. When this section is completely blank then the in SURFACE mode.
MONITOR is in “ready” mode, or is diving. It can be switched to “ready” mode
by touching contacts A and B. Following a dive, or on detection of a change in 2.16 NEXT DIVE MODE
altitude sector, it will automatically change to SURFACE mode. While in Touching contacts A and B while the MONITOR is
“ready” or SURFACE mode, a second touch on contacts A and B will activate switched on will activate NEXT DIVE mode. During the first 5 seconds, the
NEXT DIVE mode. If the MONITOR is in “ready” or SURFACE mode, touching surface interval since the last dive will be displayed at the DECO INFO
contacts B and C will activate MEMORY mode. position, confirmed by “Int” at the MAX DEPTH position. If the MONITOR is not
in SURFACE mode, due to the DESATURATION TIME being completed, then
2.11 WAIT TO FLY WARNING the SURFACE interval will not be displayed since it plays no part in the
Following a dive, the diver’s body will still be releasing gas for a computation of the next dive.
period of time. A further reduction in pressure, such as that resulting The MONITOR will then scroll the NEXT DIVE NO STOP predictions for dives in
in flying in an aircraft will result in further decompression which could provoke the 9m (30 ft.) to 42m (140 ft.) range. Dives will be displayed in 3m (10 ft.)
decompression sickness. increments for approximately 3 seconds When the sequence is complete the
Pressurized aircraft are not pressurized to surface pressure but to a pressure MONITOR will return to its previous mode.
equivalent to a high altitude diving site. After a dive, the MONITOR therefore The diver will become familiar with the predictions for a first dive, and will note
warns that the diver should wait before flying in a pressurized aircraft. This is that they are reduced for a repetitive dive, according to the length of the
indicted by an aircraft symbol inside a circle in the upper part of the display. SURFACE interval. They can be expected to increase as the SURFACE
The diver should not fly while this is activated. Should the diver plan to fly in interval increases and the DESATURATION TIME decreases, eventually
an unpressurized aircraft, it is recommended that the flight should not be becoming “first dive” times when the DESATURATION TIME reaches zero. The
commenced until the MONITOR indicates that the diver is completely predicted times assume a rectangular profile dive. If the MONITOR detects a
desaturated. high altitude sector, this will be displayed, and the predicted times will be
shorter than those for sea level dives.
In addition to the Wait-to-fly indicator, the MONITOR 2 will also display the
number of hours directly beneath the indicator, e.g. 4h.
2.17 MEMORY MODE
Touching contacts B and C while the MONITOR is switched
2.12 ALTITUDE INDICATOR
on will activate MEMORY mode. The MONITOR
Since the atmospheric pressure at which the diver
retains details of the diver’s last 9 dives in its
starts the dive has an influence on the computation, this must first be
memory, Dive 1 is the last dive, Dive 2 is the dive
measured. The MONITOR is constantly sampling the atmospheric pressure
before that, etc. A new dive becomes Dive 1, and
and is therefore “aware” of the altitude sector in which the diver is starting the
the 9th dive is erased from the memory. A dive to
dive. Four altitude sectors are indicated, using the triangular symbol in the
less than 1.2m (4 ft.) and less than 3 minutes will
upper part of the display. No symbol indicates Sector 0, sea level; an empty
not be recorded.
triangle
The memory will retain the following details:
indicates Sector 1; the bottom half of the triangle is filled in to indicate Sector
2; and the top half of the triangle is additionally filled in to indicate Sector 3. — Maximum depth reached
— Total Time
— Altitude sector
— Preceding surface interval, for repetitive dives Figure 6
— Fast ascent warning if it flashed for more than 15 seconds PLANNING ANOTHER DIVE
— DECO warning if decompression was missed If a DESATURATION TIME is still displayed then your next dive will be
influenced by the residual gas still retained in your body from the previous
— If a dive was commenced during the altitude adaption period, the
dive. Touching contacts A and B will activate NEXT DIVE mode and will show
adaptation time remaining will be recorded in place of the surface interval
your current NO STOP limits for a range of depths. If the time shown for the
time. (fig. 6)
depth you plan is too short, you have two options:
If contact is maintained, all 9 dives will be recalled consecutively, following
- Limit the depth of the dive to a depth where the NO STOP time indicated is
which the MONITOR will return to its previous mode. If left in a dive memory, it
acceptable.
will automatically return to the previous mode after 3 minutes.
- Continue the Surface Interval until your body has released more gas, which
3.0 DIVING WITH THE MONITOR AT SEA LEVEL should give longer NO STOP times.

BEFORE THE DIVE A REPETITIVE DIVE


Review the predicted NO STOP times for the planned depth of your dive; touch The procedure will be just the same as for the first dive, except that you will
contacts A and B once to activate the MONITOR, and a second time to enter probably start the dive with the MONITOR in SURFACE mode, still indicating
NEXT DIVE mode. Remember that the MONITOR is designed for NO STOP your desaturation time. The MONITOR will give the same range of information
diving so your dive plan should aim to keep within the indicated NO STOP as for the first dive, but will take into account the residual gas still remaining in
time at the current depth. Should the dive site be appropriate, you may allow your body from the previous dive.
for some additional time to be spent at a lesser depth, after leaving your After the dive, the details entered into the memory will include the surface
maximum depth, as long as you always remain within the currently indicated interval preceding the dive.
NO STOP time. In either case, ensure that your air supply is adequate for the
dive planned, and includes a reserve for contingencies. 3.1 A DIVE AT HIGH ALTITUDE
ENTERING THE WATER BEFORE THE DIVE
There is no further need to worry about activating the MONITOR as it will If you occasionally inspect the display of the MONITOR as you are traveling to
automatically detect your entry into the water and will commence timing the the high altitude dive site you will see the ALTITUDE SECTOR and the
dive as you pass 1.2m (4 ft.). The upper part of the display remains clear ADAPTATION time indicated. This is the time after which your body is consid-
during the dive and all information will be located in the lower part of the ered desaturated and stable at the given altitude. A dive during this period will
computer. involve an allowance for the residual gas in your body. After the ADAPTATION
time has expired, the MONITOR will return to READY mode and you can start
DESCENDING your dive in a zero saturation state.
As you descend, the dive time will increase, the flashing colon confirming that
the “clock” is running. The current depth will be shown, but as long as you are When you review your NO STOP time predictions you will note that the times
still descending the maximum depth display will be clear. Throughout the given are shorter than those for sea level dives.
descent the NO STOP time display will indicate the time remaining, decreasing
as you go deeper. If you remain at a depth for a period you will note that the
DURING THE DIVE
NO STOP time counts down as the minutes pass (Fig. 3). When this time The only differences you will be aware of are that, should you exceed your NO
shows only one or two minutes, you should start to prepare to leave the STOP time, the depths at which decompression stops should be carried out
bottom if you plan to make a NO STOP dive. If you leave the bottom before are not the same as for sea level diving.
NO STOP time expires you will see that the NO STOP time displayed increases
as you ascend. This means that, subject to having sufficient air, you can
AFTER THE DIVE
continue the dive at the shallower level to the limit of the NO STOP time The entry in the MEMORY will also include the ALTITUDE SECTOR indicator,
indicated. As soon as your current depth is 1m (3ft.) less than your maximum otherwise the entry will be the same as for a sea level dive.
depth, the maximum depth will be displayed. Should you descend deeper than
this depth later in the dive the depth will increase to match that reached. 4.0 CARE OF THE MONITOR
Your MONITOR is a high precision instrument and will serve you well if treated
ASCENDING with due care. Following a few simple rules and procedures will ensure that
During the ascent from a NO STOP dive you have only to ensure that the FAST you enjoy trouble free use of the MONITOR.
ASCENT WARNING is not activated. Should it be activated, you should halt Always wash the MONITOR in fresh water after a dive. Avoid the possibility of
your ascent until it disappears and then continue at a slower rate. It is not a salt water drying on the case and on the contacts. Dry it off and keep it in its
serious contravention if the warning appears occasionally, but it should not be protective pouch between and after dives.
allowed to remain, or to flash.
Take care not to drop the MONITOR onto a hard surface or subject it to hard
You should aim to stay within the NO STOP limits since the MONITOR is knocks.
designed for NO STOP diving. However, if you find that you have exceeded the
NO STOP time and the MONITOR is displaying the DECO warning, then note Do not leave the MONITOR exposed to extreme heat, such as in direct
the decompression stop displayed and hold your position at this depth until the sunlight, or cold for a prolonged period. Such treatment could permanently
display indicates a shallower stop, or that you are free to surface (99: in NO damage some components.
STOP time display). If you enter the DECO mode indicated then it is important Do not attempt to open the back of the case. This will invalidate the warranty.
that you follow the ascent schedule indicated by the MONITOR. However, it is Battery replacement can only be performed by an authorized service agent. Do
the user’s responsibility to ensure that they have a sufficient supply of air to not cover or insert anything into the holes in the case back.
carry out the decompression indicated. If you are using a console model, take care not to let your console swing free
During the ascent you should check that the FAST ASCENT WARNING is not during a dive as this will allow it to come into contact with hard objects. For
displayed continuously, ensuring that your are ascending at a safe rate. It is traveling, you may prefer to detach the console from the regulator so that it
particularly important that you do not exceed the correct ascent rate as you can be packed in a protected position.
approach the surface, in the last 10m (33 ft.) of the ascent.

BACK AT THE SURFACE


When you leave the water, the MONITOR will be displaying the TOTAL TIME
and MAX DEPTH of the dive. If you dive again within the next ten minutes this
will treated as a continuation of the last dive. At the end of the ten minute the
MONITOR will change to SURFACE mode, indicating the DESATURATION TIME
and the WAIT TO FLY symbol.
5.0 TECHNICAL DATA
The MONITOR incorporates a model of the gas absorption and release of the
human body which classifies the various tissue types in the body to six
groups. These groups are differentiated by the rate at which the absorb and
release gas (their “half-times”), as indicated in the following table:
Tissue Number Half-time (minutes) Tissue type
1 6 Blood
2 14 Central Nervous System
3 34 Muscles
4 64
5 124 Skin
6 320 Joints
The model also recognizes the fact that the gas release is slowed down by the
reduced rate of the flow of blood to the lungs during and after diving.
The Tissue Number displayed on the screen after a dive where decompres-
sion has been missed is that of the fastest tissue group affected.
ALTITUDE RANGE
Sea level to 4000m (13,200 ft) in 4 sectors:
Sector 0 ............................... 0-1000m (0-3280 ft.)
Sector 1 ............................... 600-1900m (1970-6230 ft.)
Sector 2 ............................... 1400-2800m (4600-9200 ft.)
Sector 3 ............................... 2300-4000m (7550-13200 ft.)
It is acceptable for different instruments to display different sectors when they
are operating in the overlap areas of the sectors. This difference should not
be more than one sector, and they should not indicate altitude when at sea
level. In this case, they should be checked by a service agent.
DEPTH RANGE: ...................... 0 to 99.9m (330 ft)
TIME MEASUREMENT: ............ 0 to 199 minutes, quartz timing
TEMPERATURE RANGE: .......... 14°F to 122°F

Common questions

Powered by AI

Key operational features of the MONITOR that enhance usability include its automatic activation upon submersion, continuous ambient pressure monitoring, clear display of critical dive data in real-time, and constant tracking of dive status, such as depth and no-stop times. It automatically enters various modes as needed, including switching from dive to surface mode, maintaining ease of operation without manual input during critical diving activities .

The MONITOR simplifies dive planning for repetitive and multilevel dives by automatically computing the gas absorption and release levels in a diver's body, continuously updating these values. Unlike conventional dive tables that require manual calculations of residual nitrogen time after each dive, the MONITOR provides real-time updates and predictions for subsequent dives. It accommodates changes in depth throughout the dive by adjusting no-stop times according to the reduced gas absorption at lesser depths, thus optimizing dive time and safety efficiency .

The MONITOR automatically adapts to various dive types by adjusting no-stop time predictions based on actual dive profiles, such as multilevel dives which involve less time at maximum depth compared to rectangular profile dives. During multilevel dives, the MONITOR detects the reduced gas absorption at shallower depths and increases permissible dive times accordingly. This contrasts with conventional rectangular profile assessments, offering more flexibility and accuracy in maximizing dive duration without compromising safety .

The MONITOR device is primarily designed to measure ambient pressure and simulate gas absorption and release from the diver's body to compute safe dive times within no-decompression limits. It advises divers when to ascend or continue diving based on real-time data, ensuring that they do not exceed safe ascent rates and stop requirements, thereby facilitating no-stop dives. This is achieved without considering individual physiological differences, as it is based on broad diving experience data and the Buhlmann algorithm .

The MONITOR's memory capability allows for the retention of critical data from the diver's last nine dives, including maximum depth, total dive time, altitude sector, surface interval, and warnings for fast ascents or missed decompression stops. This comprehensive tracking enables a diver to review past dive profiles, facilitating better planning and adjustment for future dives. The data aids in understanding patterns of dive behavior, potential areas of concern, and adherence to safe diving practices, empowering informed decisions in repetitive and varying dive conditions .

The MONITOR's altitude adjustment feature is significant for divers operating in varied geographic locations because it calibrates the no-stop times and decompression stop requirements based on ambient pressure changes due to altitude. This adaptation ensures safety by providing accurate dive plans regardless of altitude, whether at sea level or high-altitude conditions up to 4000 meters (13,200 feet). It accounts for the physiological impact of altitude on gas exchange and predicts shorter permissible times at higher altitudes, crucial for preventing decompression sickness .

The MONITOR handles surface interval data by continuously calculating desaturation times, considering the residual gas from previous dives. This impacts planning for repetitive dives by providing updated no-stop limit predictions for various depths, allowing divers to adjust their plans accordingly. Divers can opt to restrict dive depth or extend the surface interval to increase permissible no-stop times, thus supporting safer, more accurate dive planning compared to conventional manual calculations .

The MONITOR detects when a dive is being conducted at a high altitude and automatically adjusts the predicted no-stop times, which are typically shorter than those for sea-level dives. It accounts for the residual gas already present in the body due to altitude changes, providing specific decompression stop depths that differ from those at sea level. It displays the altitude sector and adapts the desaturation time accordingly, ensuring divers are aware of these changes .

The MONITOR incorporates several safety features to minimize the risk of decompression sickness, including continuous ambient pressure monitoring, no-stop time calculations, and warnings for fast ascents. It provides automatic ascent guidelines if no-stop times are exceeded and continuously updates desaturation times. It also alerts divers to maintain correct ascent rates and provides a DECO warning to guide necessary decompression stops. Its algorithms and user prompts, derived from the Buhlmann model, are designed to cater to average user physiology but inherently accept some risk .

The MONITOR uses a decompression algorithm derived from Professor A.A. Buhlmann's work at the Hyperbaric Research facility of the University Hospital of Zurich. This algorithm, which has been extensively used over many dives, provides a scientific foundation for predicting safe no-stop times and decompression stops. However, it is limited by its reliance on average subject physiology; it cannot factor in individual fitness and physiological differences, which means some divers may still be at risk of decompression sickness despite following the MONITOR's guidelines .

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