Chapter 4:
External flows involving
interfaces: Droplets & Films.
Applications of droplet impact and evaporation
Agricultural sprays on plants
Drop on demand ink-jet printing
Patterning surface as thin film solar absorbers,
Lin et al., Advanced Sc., 2015 Girard et al., PRF, 2018 Bergeron et al., Nature, 2000
Spray evaporative cooling Self-cleaning, antifouling, anti-icing, low
drag surfaces
5 mm Water harvesting by desert beetle
3 cm
3 cm
Bash et al., 2003
Rioboo et al., Atom. & Sprays, 2001
100
Šikalo et al., m 2002, POF, 2005
ETFS,
Park et al., Nature, 2016
Roisman et al., 2002 Liu and Kim, Science, 2014
…. 2
….
Basics Microliter water droplet
(Volume: L, Diameter: mm)
Impact
micro-/miliseconds
Droplet
v m/s
Evaporation seconds/minutes Microtexture
Substrate
Impact time scales as diameter/velocity
1 mm droplet
1 m/s impact velocity
Spreading time ~ 1 ms
Blinking time of human eye ~ 200 ms
3
Droplet impact dynamics on a superhydrophobic surface
1 mm
We = 1.1, V0 = 0.22 m/s We = 9.1, V0 = 0.62 m/s We = 15.9, V0 = 0.82 m/s
4
Impact dynamics
Side visualization on a hydrophilic surface
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t = 0 ms
1 mm
T(oC): 0
23 0.1
27.5 0.2
32 0.3
36.5 0.4 0.5 0.6
41 45.5 50 0.7
54.5 0.8
59 0.9
63.5 1
68
10 ms ||vmax|| = 0.146 m/s
||vmax|| = 0.37 m/s
3 ms 15 ms
5 ms 20 ms ||vmax|| = 0.056 m/s
7 ms 25 ms
Fig 3a
Free surface oscillations
Free surface oscillation
frequency
fdroplet ~ ( /m)
Dimensionless numbers
Different regimes
We = Oh2
Viscous dissipation
Estimate droplet thickness
Dmax
Time for maximum spreading
Maximum spreading
Cooling of a surface by impinging droplets
Thermal contact resistance between droplet
and substrate
Heat losses
Droplet evaporation modes
Droplet evaporation
Spherical cap
Evaporative mass flux
Mass loss rate
Marangoni stresses
End of chapter 4