Problems

Two narrow slits distant from each other by 1.5 mm are illuminated with yellow light.
from a sodium lamp of 589 nm wavelength. The stripes of
Interference is observed on a screen located 3 m away. Find the
separation of the stripes on the screen. Repeat the calculations if the distance
the slit width is 0.8 mm, l=590 nm and the screen is 0.5 m away.

Constructive interference will occur when the equation is satisfied.

nl

The distance andnmeasure on the screen from the central point of the band
The n-th brilliance is related to the distance L according to the equation

yn
L

and for small angles where tangent and sine are equal we obtain

lL
y n=n
d

Therefore, substituting the data from the problem, we obtain as the distance between
stripes

y = 1.18 mm

7-1
2. Discuss the interference diagram produced by two incoherent sources of
the same frequency.

We know that the amplitude in the interference process of two waves of

amplitudes A1y A2is given by

A2=A2+A
1 2 +2A A2cos(a-a
2
1 1) 2

being2-a1the phase difference between the two waves that in this case is equal
due to the difference in optical path plus a phase difference
varies randomly over time.

Therefore, the phase difference is

2p(r1-r2)
d= +f
l

and the amplitude

A2=A12+A22+2A A2cos(d)
1

A is not constant over time since dno is not constant over time.
Finding the average value of the amplitude, we find that the average value of the cosine is
the time is zero and

<A2>=A2+A 2
1 2

and since the intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude

I=I1 +I 2

7-2
3. In order to determine the wavelength of an unknown source,
perform a Young's interference experiment with a separation between
1 mm slits and the screen placed at 1 m. Stripes are formed on the screen.
consecutive brillantes spaced 0.546 mm apart. What is the wavelength?

7-3
4. Find the angular intensity distribution emitted by a linear battery of 4
antennas separated by a distance equal to half the wavelength of
issue.

For four antennas (N=4) separated by d=l/2, a main maximum is obtained.

for

senq=2n with n as an integer

and this is only possible for n=0, obtaining a principal maximum for

q=0,p

The zeros, minimum intensity are given by

senq=n´/2

n' = ±1 and ±2

q = ±p/6 and ±p/2

Between the maximum principal and the maximum principal, there are 3 (N-1) minimums and 2 (N-2).
secondary maxima

The figure shows the angular distribution of the emitted intensity.

7-4
A very thin layer of a transparent material with an index of
refraction = 1.3 as an anti-reflective coating on the surface of a
glass with a refractive index n = 1.5. What should be the minimum thickness of the
film so that it does not reflect light of 600 nm wavelength (in air)
What usually affects the system?

7-5
Solar panels are usually covered with a thin transparent film of
silicon oxide (n= 1.45) to prevent the reflection of sunlight on its surface.
A solar panel of Si(n= 3.5) is covered with a thin film of oxide for this purpose.
Determine, for radiation with a wavelength of 550 nm, the minimum thickness.
from the rust movie so that the reflected rays suffer interference
destructive.

In the reflection at the air-SiO interface, the reflected wave undergoes a phase shift.
quenair<nSiOBut also at the SiO-Si interface, the reflected wave suffers a
phase shift of p, so it is not necessary to take into account the shifts
produced in the reflections.

If a is the thickness of the SiO layer, for rays 1 and 2 to experience interference.
destructive interference must occur when the difference in optical path is a number
odd multiples of wavelengths

1
r=(2N-1)l
2

And considering normal incidence, the minimum thickness will be for N = 1.

1
a= l=94.8nm
4n

7-6
7. Calculate the thickness of a soap film that, when illuminated by natural light,
it appears red by reflection and green by transmission when viewed normally at the
surface. Take the refractive index of soapy water as n=4/3, length of
red wavelength = 667 nm and green wavelength = 500 nm.

By reflection, the maximum intensity, which occurs at parallel = 667 nm, must fulfill
what

1
2ancosq r=(2N-1)l
2

For normal incident cosqr= 1, n = 4/3 and solving for a for different values
of N

N=1 a= 125 nm
N=2 a= 375 nm
N=3 a= 625 nm

For transmission, constructive interference must be fulfilled, which occurs for

l=500 nm

2ancosq rNl

N=1 a= 187,5 nm
N=2 a= 375 nm
N=3 a=562,5 nm

Only the 2 conditions are met, red by reflection and green by transmission for
a thickness of soap film of

a = 375 nm

7-7
8. We obtain a wedge-shaped air film by placing a small piece of
paper between the edges of two flat glass pieces. Light of 500 is directed.
No, normally on glass surfaces and the stripes are observed.
interference by reflection. If the angle formed by the two surfaces is
q=3x10-4rad, how many interference stripes are observed per unit of
length?

The number of interference fringes per centimeter will be obtained by counting the
number of stripes between the contact point of the two sheets and a distance x
and dividing it by the distance x

At the contact point, and given the phase change in the reflected ray in the
lower glass pane, we observe a dark stripe. Every time it
difference in optical path between the ray reflected on the upper sheet and the sheet
If m is an integer number of wavelengths, we will have a dark fringe.
Let t be the thickness of the air layer, therefore we have

2t=ml

Since the angle is small, the thickness t is related to the angle q by

q equals t divided by x

Therefore, we will have m dark bands

m=2xq/l

and the number of stripes per cm will be

m/x=2q/l=12 cm-1

7-8
9. A plano-convex lens of 2 diopters and n=1.5 is placed on a sheet of
flat glass resting on its convex face. The whole is illuminated by
above the flat face with light of 700 nm. Calculate the radius of the seventh
circumference that presents maximum interference considering that it
observe by reflection.

The power of a thin lens is given by the equation

æ1 1 ö
P=(n-1) çç - ÷ ÷
è r1 r2 ø

with P=2 and r2 we obtain that the radius r1of the lens is

r1= 0.25 m

The radius of the Newton's rings where constructive interference occurs by

reflection is given by the equation

l
r 2=(2N-1)R
2

For N=7 and solving it out

r = 0.11 cm

7-9
10. A laser beam with a wavelength of 700 nm is passed through a
vertical slit of 0.2 mm wide that then strikes a screen 6 m away
distance. Find the width of the central maximum diffraction on the screen.

The distance and measurement on the screen, at a distance L, from the maximum
The central to the first minimum of diffraction is related to the angle

tgq=y/L

On the other hand, the diffraction minima satisfy that

bsenq=nl
nl
b

For small angles, the sine and tangent coincide and we obtain that the
width of the maximum center, equal to 2y, is given by

2y = 2lL/b = 4.2 cm

7-10
11. Estimate the magnitude of the successive maxima in the diffraction diagram
a crack.

The intensity in a Fraunhofer diffraction process through a rectangular slit

is given by the equation

2
é æpbsenqùö
ê youç l ÷ú
I=I 0 ê è øú =I ( senu ) 2
0
ê pbsenq ú u
ê l ú
ë û

The successive maxima correspond to the maxima of the fraction sin(u)/u

of the scent
( )=0
you

tgu=u

Transcendent equation that can be solved graphically represented as y = tan u

and y=u y finding the points of intersection of both curves.

However, we can make an estimation assuming that the maximums of

senu/u are close to the senu highs which are

u=(n+1/2)p

and the values of senu/u at the maxima are 1/(n+1/2)p, with which the
the corresponding intensities are

I0
I= =0.045I,00.016I, 0.008I,…..
0 0
(n+1/2) 2 p2

7-11
A lens with a diameter of 2 cm has a focal length of 40 cm. It is illuminated.
with a parallel beam of monochromatic light of 590 nm. Find the radius of the disk
central of the diffraction pattern observed in a plane that passes through the focus and the
resolving power of the lens.

Considering that the lens acts as a circular aperture with a diameter D = 2 cm

and applying the Rayleigh criterion, the angle subtended by the first dark disk
is

l l
q»senq=1,22 1.22 = 3.59 x 10- 5rad
2R D

The radius of the central disk of the diffraction pattern on a plane that passes through the
focus will be

r= ftgq»fq= 1.43x10-3cm

being able to affirm that the image on the focal plane is practically a point

7-12
13. Two slits with a width of b=0.015 mm are separated by a distance of a=0.06
They are illuminated by light with a wavelength of 650 nm. How many
Do bright fringes appear in the central maximum of diffraction?

The first minimum of diffraction is obtained when

l
b

For this angle we will have the n-th maximum of interference

senq= nl a

and solving for n we get

n = b/a = 4

The first diffraction minimum coincides with the fourth bright fringe. Therefore
There are three bright bands visible on each side of the central maximum. This implies
we will see 7 bright stripes at the maximum of central diffraction.

7-13
14. What is the minimum angular separation that two point objects must have if they are to
Are they resolved precisely by the eye? At what mutual distance must they be if they
Are both found 100 m apart? Assuming that the diameter of the pupil of the eye
it is 5 mm and the wavelength is 600 nm

We know that the resolving power of a circular aperture is given by

l l
q»senq=1,22 =1.22
2R D

For the given case and solving, it results in

q = 1.46 x 10-4radians

The distance between objects will be calculated based on

y=100tgq= 1.46 cm

7-14
15. A diffraction grating with 20,000 lines has a length of 5 cm. Find the
angular separation of the entire visible spectrum, from 390 nm (violet) to 770
nm (red), for the first and second order.

7-15
16. Light from a lamp strikes a diffraction grating with 12,000 lines per cm.
sodium. At what angles will the two yellow lines of wavelengths be seen?
589 nm and 589.59 nm in the first order?

For the first order of diffraction, the following holds true

l
a
with

a = 1/12000

Introducing the wavelength

q(589 nm)=44.98º
45.03º

7-16
17. Let’s consider a diffraction grating of 20,000 lines and a length of 4 cm. Is it capable of
this network resolves the two yellow lines of sodium given in the problem
previous?

The resolving power R of a diffraction network is equal to

l
R= =nN
Dl

For the considered case, the necessary power of resolution is

l 589
R= = =998
Dl 589.59-589

That is to say, to resolve in the first order of diffraction, n=1, it is necessary

around 1000 slits in the area illuminated by the beam.

For the diffraction grating considered, we have 5000 slits/cm.

Therefore, to resolve these two yellow lines of sodium, it is necessary that the
the diameter of the beam incident on the diffraction grating should be at least 2 mm

7-17
18. Demonstrate that the resolving power of a diffraction grating with N slits
is given by the equation [7.49].

We saw how the phase difference between the light coming from two slits
adjacent is given by

2p
dsenJ
l

Differentiating this equation, we analyze how a small change in

angle in the phase

2p
dd= dcosJdJ
l

For N slits, the angular separation between a principal interference maximum

(dsenq1 =nl) and the first minimum of interference (dsenq2=(n+1)l/N) se
corresponds to a phase change equal to

Dr=dsenq2what1 =l/N

dd = 2p/N

Therefore, the angular separation between a principal maximum and the adjacent minimum
is given by

l
dJ=
NdcosJ

The m-th maximum principal angle satisfies the equation

d=2pn
dsenq=ml

seeing how this angle changes for small variations in length of

wave of the dl

dcosJdJ=mdl
mdl
dJ=
dcosJ

According to the Rayleigh criterion, the m-th order will be resolved for two.
closely spaced wavelengths if their angular separation is equal to the
angular separation of the maximum and the minimum of interference, that is when

7-18
 l mdl
=
NdcosJ dcosJ

and therefore

l
=mN
Dl

7-19