73

UNIT III.- METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE SYSTEMS

objectives
1. Analyze indeterminate systems using the Method of Forces,
determining:
The reactions and internal forces of the structure
Stress diagrams in the structure
2. Analyze indeterminate systems using the Method of
displacements (method of rotations).
3. Apply the rotation method in hyperstatic systems with a
only degree of displaceability, determining:
The moments at the ends of the members of the structure.
The moment diagrams of the structure
4. Determine the degrees of freedom of a structure
5. Establish the kinematic image of a structure.

74
 INTRODUCTION
The analysis of an indeterminate structure is, of course, more
more complicated than that of a specific structure corresponding to it. This can
considered a small disadvantage, since the analysis represents
generally a small percentage of the total cost. The structural analysis
it usually includes all the work related to the evaluation of efforts
axial forces, shear forces and bending moments caused by any
action that must resist the structure. When an indeterminate structure is
analysis by a method requires the solution of simultaneous equations that
they require an equation for each degree of indeterminacy.
In this course, two methods for solving these systems will be analyzed: the
method of forces and the method of displacements (method of the
rotations). Both methods are mainly based on solving a system
of linear equations, of the same order of the degree of indeterminacy. If you
use the method of forces, the degree of static indeterminacy will be used,
if the displacement method is applied, the degree will be used
geometric indeterminacy or degrees of hypergeometry.
The choice to apply any of these methods is based on
select the one with the least degree of indeterminacy
corresponding, since the greater the number of unknowns, the longer the time will be

of solution, both manually and using computers, which

it is costly.

75
76
METHOD OF FORCES

This method is also called the general method or the method of the
consistent deformations, where the unknowns are the redundant forces
of the structure.
The redundants of a structure are those forces in excess of
the primary forces or the residual or superabundant ones necessary for
maintain static balance.
In this method, a primary structure needs to be defined,
what must be isostatic (determined) and stable, the forces of this structure
they are the primary forces and can only be found through equilibrium. There are more than

a primary structure for an indeterminate structure, and it is selected the

less complex depending on the unknowns we wish to find. Thus
for example, in the following indeterminate structure, we have:

A B

It is indeterminate in two (2) degrees, therefore, two are redundant.

The primary structure must be isostatic and stable, they could be any of the
following systems:

1)
A B

2)
A B

3)
A B

77
 Of these isostatic systems, 1 and 2 meet the conditions of
primary system, since in addition to being determined, they are stable, which is not
It occurs with case 3, which despite being isostatic for having 3 units of
linkage, two in B and one in A, is not stable, since the support systems
they allow immediate movement, such as rotation around point A.
On the other hand, in the process of the force method, the
compatibility requirements of the structure. Indeed, the value is determined
particular of the redundant ones due to a given distribution of loads that
it causes the structure to deform according to all the conditions of
the supports. Essentially, it is where those redundant forces are found that give
displacements consistent with known conditions in the supports or with
some condition of internal compatibility.
The method of forces is based on the concept that the
displacements of the structure due to the applied loads and forces
redundant result in a displaced condition that meets the
compatibility of the structure, internally and in the supports. Furthermore,
they manipulate the equilibrium equations, the compatibility ones, and the relations
between forces and displacements to obtain a system of n equations with
n unknowns.
The equations are called compatibility equations of the
displacements in the direction of the redundant forces, and the n unknowns
they are the redundant forces. Once this system of equations is solved
linear for the redundant ones, it is possible to find the final forces of the
members and free movement.
The deflection condition equations of a structure or
compatibility equations are obtained by superposition of
displacements caused by the applied loads, the stresses, and the loads
individual redundancies. The coefficients of these efforts and reactions
Redundant are the deflections due to reactions and unitary efforts.
that can be calculated by the virtual work method (principle of forces

78
virtuals). These compatibility equations are written one for each point
of application of a force component (unknown) or redundant reaction
and are mathematically expressed as follows:

D1 = D10 + d11.X1 + d12.X2 + d13.X3 + ……………[Link]

D2 = D20 + d21.X1 + d22.X2 + d23.X3 +…………..[Link]
D3 = D30 + d31.X1 + d32.X2 + d33.X3 +……………[Link]
. ………………………………………………………………..
Dn = Dn0 + dn1.X1 + dn2.X2 + dn3.X3 + ……………[Link]
Where:
. The left member of each equation (Di) represents the value of
total displacement (settlement) at the point of application and direction
of the respective redundant force. This value is almost always known
the pre-established.
. The right member of each equation represents the sum of
all the components of deflection caused by the real loads and the
redundant components at the application point and in the direction of
the respective redundant component.
This is how it has to be:

D1: represents the total displacement (settlement or deformation) in the

point of application and direction of the redundant X1.
D2: represents the total displacement at the point of application and direction of
the redundant X2
D3: Represents the total displacement at the point of application and direction of
the redundant X3.
The term Di0: represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of
the redundant Xi due to the zero load case. These terms are determined
applying virtual work, where the real system is the case of real loads of
the structure and the virtual system is the load case where the redundant
respective j is equal to 1. For example:

79
D10: Represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of the
redundant X1 due to the load case 0. Thus, the virtual system will be case 1,
where the redundant X1 is equal to 1, and the real system is the case of loads 0 or
load system of the original structure.
D20: Represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of the
redundant X2 due to the load case 0.
D30: Represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of the
redundant X3 due to the load case 0.
The Term said: Represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of
the redundant Xi due to the load case j. This term is determined by applying
virtual work, where the virtual system is the case where the redundant Xi is
equal to 1, and the real system is the case of load where the redundant Xj is equal
a 1. For example:
d12: Represents the deflection at the point of application and direction of the
redundant X1 due to the load case 2. Thus, the virtual case is where the
redundant X1 is equal to 1, and the real case is where the redundant X2 is equal to 1.

General procedure.
The general steps can be summarized as follows:
1. The degrees of static indeterminacy of the structure (n) are identified.
2. The primary system of the real structure is selected.
3. The primary structure is divided into (n + 1) isostatic cases, and the
principle of superposition of effects.
4. The compatibility equations of displacements are established,
one for each degree of indeterminacy (n).
5. It is determined by the method of virtual work each of the
displacements in the points of application and direction of the
redundant, due to each load case (actual loads and the
redundant as loads), God, said, being i, the point of application of the
redundant and j o, the case of load that produces the respective deflection.

80
 6. Each of the results from the previous step is substituted into the
compatibility equations.
7. The system of compatibility equations is solved.
displacements.
8. The final forces in the original structure due to both are determined
the applied loads as well as the redundant ones.
9. The diagrams of the respective stresses can be constructed.
structure, if required.

EXAMPLE #1:
In the following flat portal, use the method of forces and determine: the
reaction of moment at A. The product of the modulus of elasticity of the material and
the moment of inertia of the section is, EI = 5.200 ton.m2.
2t

A B C 1 to m
2EI

1.5EI 3m

D
3m 2m 4m

0.001m

Solution:

Degree of Static Indeterminacy: Ie = 3NM + NR - NJ - NC

Ie = 3x2 + 5 - 3x3 - 1 = 1 → n = 1 → 2 isostatic cases will be analyzed: case 0,

case 1.

81
 Primary System = case 0 + case 1
2t
X1
2t
A B C 1 to m X1=1
1 to m
2EI

3
1.5EI m
3m 2m 4m D

0.001m 0.001m
Case analysis (0)
Calculation of Reactions:

∑MCA=0 + -2x2 + Rayx5 = 0 → RAy = 0.8t

∑Fy=0 + RDy – 2+0.8 = 0 → RDy = 1.2 t

∑MCD=0 + 1x3x1.5-1.2x4+3. RDx = 0 → RDx = 0.1t

∑Fx=0 + -1x3-0,1+ RAx = 0 → RAx = 3,1t

Cutting:

2t 1,2
3.1 2.4
3.1
3.1
0.8 1,2 1 to m
3.1
1,2 1,2

3t

0.02m

1,2 0,1

82
Bending Moment Diagrams:

Member: AB Member: BC Member: CD

2.4tm 2.4tm 2.5m 2.5m

+ +
+

3m 2m
1,125 tm

Case analysis (1) X1=1

Calculation of Reactions: C
∑MCD=0 + 3 RCx - 4 RCy = 0 B

∑MAD=0 + 3 RCx - 9 RCy + 1 = 0 A

3m
RCx 0.26t D
RCy = 0.2t
5m 4m
∑Fy=0 + RCv – RAy = 0 → RAy = 0.2 t

∑Fx=0 + -RCx + RAx = 0 → RAx = 0.26 t

Cut-up:

1t-m 0.26
0.26
3.6
0.2
0.2 1.28
0.26

0.26
0.2

83
Bending Moment Diagrams:

Member: AB Member: BC Member: CD

1 5m
0.4 0.4
+ +

3m 2m

Compatibility Equation of Displacements:

D1 = D10 + d11.X1
Virtual Work Application (graphic method): where they intercept the
corresponding diagrams, the real and the virtual, according to the table:

1xDij + Σ Ri.∂i = 1/EI [ ∫ Mx. Mx`dx ]

2.4 1 2.4 0.4
1xD10 + (-0.001x0.2) = 1/2EI + + 0.4 + +
3m 3m 2m 2m

= 1/5200 L/6F (B1+2B2 ) + 1/1.5 ( 1/3 ABL )

1 x 10^-0.0002 = 1/2 x 5200 (3/6x2.4(1+2x0.4) + 1/3 (2.4x0.4x2))

D10 = 0,0004692
1 1
1xd11 = 1/2EI + +
5m 5m

1xd11= 1/2x5200 (1/3 F.F´L) d11 = 1/10400 = 1/3x1x1x5

d11= 0,00016

84
 D1 = D10 + d11.X1
0 = 0.0004692 + 0.00016 X1 -2.93t - m

X1 = 2.93t-m

EXAMPLE #2
In the following flat portal, use the method of forces and determine: The
moment in the E meeting. The product of the material's modulus of elasticity and the
The moment of inertia of the section is, EI = 4.200 ton.m2.

2 tons per meter

EI
B A 0.01m
EI

2EI 4m

C 1.5EI
D
2t-m
3m 2m

Solution:

Degree of Static Indeterminacy: IND = 3NM + NR - NJ - NC

IND = 3x3 + 4 - 3x4 = 1 n=1 two cases will be analyzed

isostáticos: caso 0, caso 1.

85
 Primary System = case 0 + case 1
2 tons per meter
EI 2t/m
EI
B A B A
EI vA=0,01 B A
2EI
4m

1.5E X1 X1
C D
I C D C D
2t-m
2t-m
3m 2m

Case analysis (0)

Calculation of Reactions:

∑MD=0 + -2 - 2x3x3.5 + 2xRAy = 0 → RAy = 11.5t

∑Fy=0 + -2x3 + 8.5 - RDy = 0 → RDy = 5.5 t

∑Fx=0 + - REx = 0 → REx = 0 t

2 tons per meter

B A

RAy

RDx
C D
2t-m

RDy

86
Cutting: 2t/mEI
25.5t.m
B A

25.5t.m 5.5t 11.5t

5.5t
5.5t 5.5t
25.5 t.m 27.5 t.m D
C
2t-m

Bending Moment Diagrams:

Member: AB Member: BC Member:

CD

4m 3m 2m

+ + - 16.5
25.5 25.5
27.5
3m

Case Analysis (1)

Calculation of Reactions:

B A
∑MA=0 + 1-2RAy = 0 → RAy = 0.5t

RAy
∑Fy=0 + RDv –0.5= 0 → RDy = 0.5t 1t.m
The sum of forces in the x direction
RDx = 0equals
→ zero
RDx = 0t
C D

Ready

87
Cutting:

1.5t.m
B
A

1.5t.m 0.5t 0.5t

0.5t B

0.5t
0.5t 0.5t
1.5 t.m 1.5 tons meter D
C 1t.m

Bending Moment Diagrams:

Member: AB Member: BC Member: CD

3m 4m

- - + 2m
3m
- 1.5 1.5 1.5

Compatibility Equation of Displacements:

D1 = D10 + d11.X1

Virtual Work Application (graphic method): where they intercept the

corresponding diagrams, the real and the virtual, according to the table:

1xDij + ∑ Ri.∂i = 1/EI [ ∫ Mx. Mx`dx ]

88
 25,5 1,5 25.5 1.5
1x D10+(0.5x0.01)=1/EI ( + - ) + 1/2( +- ) +

27,5 16,5 1,5 16.5 1

+ 1/1.5 ( - + - - )

1/5200 (5/12ABL) + (1/2)(ABL) + (1/1.5)(L/6(2A1 + A2)B + 1/6ABL)

1x θE + 0.005 = 1/5200 5/12x25.5x(-1.5)x3 + 1/2((25.5)x(-1.5)x4

+ 1/1.5 ( 2/6(-2x27.5 - 16.5)x1.5 + 1/6(-16.5x-1x2) )

D10 = - 0,01719

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

1xd11= 1/EI ( - - + + +
3 3 4 4
1.5 1.5 1 1
+ + + - -
3 3 2 2
1xd11= 1/4200 1/3 ABL + 1/2 ABL + 1/1.5(1/3 ABL + 1/3 ABL)

1xd11=1/4200 1/3(-1.5x-1.5x3)+1/2(1.5x1.5x4)+1/1.5(1/3x1.5x1.5x3 + 1/3x1x1)

d11 = 0,002044
D1 = D10 + d11.X1
0 = -0.01719 + 0.002043 X1 X1 = 8.41 t-m

8.41 t-m

89
90
METHOD OF DISPLACEMENTS
BASIC TERMINOLOGY
Displacements of the joints of a structure: They are the possibilities of
shifts of said joints according to the existing linkage. Let it be the
next structure, where the components of displacements are shown
of the joints A, B, C, and D. The displacement vector in this structure is:
uB θB
θC
vB vCC
D= θB B A
C
uC θC
θB
vC
θC A
D

uB uc

Being: uB, uC: the horizontal displacement of joint B and C

respectively.
vB, vC: the vertical displacement of joint B and C respectively.
θB, θC: the rotational displacement of joint B and C respectively.
The straight axis member BC is taken, and if generically denoted
like i, j, these two ends of the member, that is, the left end like
I, and the right end as j. Under the action of the loads or demands
externally that member deforms, with i` j` being the new axis of member i j
deformed, as shown in the following figure.
uj
ui θi ψij
θi ψij J`
θi
ψijψij
I vj
I θi
j
i l
l

91
 It can be observed that the displacement of each end has three
a horizontal component u, a vertical component v, and an angular component o
rotational. A rotation of the member string is also presented fij = fji,
rotation of the member as a rigid body, which can be very small
to be considered equal to its tangent, that is: tag fij = fij, from which the
following expressions:
Vj - vi
ψij = tg ψij =
l
Vj - vi
θi = θi - ψij = θi -
l
Vj - vi
θj = θj - ψij = θj -
l
Since the angle ψij is very small, the change can be considered
length ∆l = uj – ui.
Axially infinitely rigid member: any member is considered
infinitely rigid axially, when it is undeformable in the direction of its
longitudinal axis, this means that it does not change in length, that is to say:
∆l = uj – ui = 0 ui = uj, which means the number of degrees
The freedom of the member ij has been reduced to five, and they are:

ui
vi
D=θi
vj
θj
Degrees of Displacement of a structure: The members of a structure
they are capable of undergoing rotations like rigid bodies according to their
existing link both internal and external: These rotations (f) depend
therefore, from the displacements of the structure as rigid bodies (degrees

92
of freedom as a rigid body), and are independent of the rotations that,
as an elastic body, the joints of that structure may suffer.
Cinematic Image: It is defined as the cinematic image of a structure,
that which results from eliminating the moment components at the ends
of its members, by placing joints or pins at all the joints of
the structure, thus obtaining a kinematic or hypostatic (unstable) mechanism,
that is, with degrees of freedom (DF), but as a rigid body.
It is inferred that: the number of degrees of displaceability (GD) of
a structure is equal to the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of its image
kinematics
GD = GL

DESCRIPTION OF THE DISPLACEMENT METHOD

The method of displacements deals with the analysis of the

geometrically indeterminate structures; for this, it uses the equations of
static equilibrium, having the displacements as unknowns. The number of
unknown displacements is equal to the geometric indeterminacy it has
the structure. This geometric indeterminacy depends in turn on whether
they consider or not the deformations due to axial force, Ig and I`g, respectively.
In this course, geometrically indeterminate structures will be analyzed.
disregarding the deformations due to axial and shear force, I'g, considering that
the rotation angle (fixed) of the members of the structure as a rigid body
It is very small.
The method of displacements is based on the resolution of two
systems: the primary system and the complementary system.
Characteristics of the Primary System:
It is the same original structure, with all its requests.
external

93
 The necessary ties are applied at the joints to prevent
All degrees of freedom or the unknown displacements.
Additional reactions appear in the meeting, caused by the
added links acting counterclockwise.
Characteristics of the Supplementary System:
It is made up of the original structure, whose requests
it is only the reactions of the primary system but acting
in the opposite direction.

In this system, the degrees of freedom are manifested or the

unknown displacements of the structure, both as a body
rigid as elastic body.

Moments at the ends of the members of the structure: let Mij, Mijº and
MeC, the moments at the i end of the ij member corresponding to the
systems: original, primary and complementary respectively. These
moments will be positive when they rotate counterclockwise
clockwise and counterclockwise when they turn in the opposite direction. This sign convention,

it will be applied henceforth in the development of the displacement method and it is

valid for any moment, whether external or internal, in a member or in a
junta. The following figure illustrates this adopted sign convention.

+ -
i j i J

General Procedure.

1. R GD , where
The Degree of Geometric Indeterminacy is calculated as: I`g =θ+

θ R represents the rotations of the internal rigid joints.

94
2. The degree of displaceability of the structure, GD, is determined by obtaining
the degrees of freedom of the kinematic image.

3. The system is divided into two subsystems: primary and complementary.

4. The primary system is analyzed:

a) The moments of fixation are determined by loads

externals, for this purpose the following table is used where the cases are presented
most commonly used loads with their respective anchoring values:

TYPE OF LOAD MOMENTS OF

EMBODIMENT
Mij Myes
wl 2
-
2
12 12

Pab2 - Pba
2
2
L L2
Mb(2 − 3)b Ma(2 − 3)a
L L
L L
2 0
8
Pab 0
( b + L)
2L 2
M b2 0
1-3 2
2 L
A B

1) a b

a b
2)

3)

a b
4)

95
a b
 5)

6)

b) The rotation equations are applied to the primary system for

determine the Mij0
2. The complementary system is analyzed:
a) The kinematic image of the original structure is analyzed, making
rotate one of its members the degree of mobility (α).
b) The rotations ψ are [Link] each member and the
linear displacements at the points of application of external loads
applied in the original structure, all in function of α.
c) The rotation equations are applied and the are determined.
complementary moments MijCbased on the unknowns, θi and α, that contribute
the rigid joints of the problem and the displacement as a rigid body of the
original structure, respectively.
3. The primary moments and the complementary ones are added together to obtain the
definitive moments at the ends of each member:
Mij= Mij0+ MijC
4. The joint equilibrium is applied to the rigid joints of the problem.
thus obtaining a number of equations equal to the number of rigid joints of the
structure.
5. The principle of virtual work for rigid bodies is applied, Wve=0, to the
kinematic image of the structure with all the external loads of the problem
original, thus finding another equation in terms of the unknowns of the problem,
you and a.

96
6. There is then a system with the same number of variables as of
equations, which is solved for the unknowns of the problem, θi and α.
7. The values obtained from the solution of the system of equations, θi and α, are
they are substituted into the equations of definitive moments and M is determinedijthe
for each of the ends of the members.
8. The reactions of the original structure are calculated using the equations.
of static equilibrium and the shear force diagrams are drawn
moment.
Rotation Equations for Straight Axis Members and
Constant Section:

M ij = ME ij + 2EK ( 2θi+θ j−ψij 3 )

Myes = ME yes + 2EK ( 2θj+θ i−ψij 3 )

1) If the city is known, then the following formula will be used:

1 ( Myes-Myes E +3EK ( −ψ ij )
M ij=Mij+
E
i )
2
2) If Mij is known, then the following formula will be used:

Myes = M yes + 1
E ( E
)
M ij − M ij + 3EK (θ j−ψij )
2

EXAMPLE:

1.-Determine the moments at the ends of the members of the following

structure, using the displacement method.
2t/m

A
2EK B 1.5EK C
3t.m EK 3m

3m 4m

97
Solution:
1.- The Degree of Geometric Indeterminacy is determined:

R GD ,
I`g = θ+

2.- The degree of displaceability of the structure is determined, obtaining the

Degrees of Freedom of the Cinematic Image:
Each member has two poles
absolutes, therefore none
none of them can perform any
type of movement as a body
O1, O2, O3
O3 rigid, then the degree of
1 2
freedom of the cinematic image
3
is zero.; which implies that the

O2 degree of displaceability of the

the structure is also zero,
This is:
CLIC= GDE= 0

→ψAB=ψ BC=ψ cd= 0

3.- The Fixity Moments are determined using the table, depending on the type.
of load:
MEAB = 0
WL2 2 32
MEBA = - =- -2.25t.m
8 8

WL22 42
ME = = 2.67t.m
12 12
WL2 2 42
MECB= - =- -2.67t.m
12 12
MEBD= 0

98
MEDB= 0

4.- The Primary Moments are determined:

M0AB= 0
M0 M E BA +1 ( M0AB−MEAB ) = -2.25
2
M0BC= ME2.67
M0CB= M E CB= −2,67
M0BD= 0
M0DB = 0

5.- The Complementary Moments are determined:

MCAB = 0
MCBA=3EK (θB– ψAB) = 3EK θB
MCBC=2*1.5EK (2θ)B + θC–3 ψBC= 6EK θB
MCCB=2*1.5EK (2θC + θB-3 psiBC) = 3EK θB
MCBD=2EK(2θB + θD–3 psiBD = 4EK θB
MCDB=2EK(2θD + θB-3 psiBD) = 2EK θB

6.-The Definitive Moments are determined

Mij= Mij0+ MijC
MAB= 0
MBA= -2.25 + 3EKθB
MBC = 2.67 + 6K θB
MCB= -2.67 + 3EKθB
MBD = 4EKθB
MDB= 2EKθB

7.- The Equilibrium is applied in the Internal Rigid Joint:

∑MB= 3t.m
MBA + MBC + MBD = 3
-2.25 + 3EKθB+ 2.67 + 6EK θB+ 4EK θB= 3 → 13EK θB= 2.58 Ec. 1

8.-The system of linear equations is solved for the unknowns.

→ EK θB= 2,58/13 = 0,198462

9.- These obtained values are substituted to obtain the values of the moments in the
extremities of the limbs.

MAB= 0

99
-1.65 t.m
MBC= 2.67 + 6*0.198462= 3.86 t.m
MCB = -2.67 + 3 * 0.198462 = -2.07
MBD= 4*0.198462= 0.79 t.m
MDB = 2 * 0.198462 = 0.40 t.m

Dismantling:

3t.m

C MAB = 0
MBA=-1.65 t.m
A
B MBC=3.86 t.m
MCB=-2,07
0.79 t.m
MDB=0.40 t.m

EXAMPLE 2.
Determine the moments at the ends of the members of the following
structure, using the displacement method.

1 to m

B
3tm EK C

3m EK 2EK
.
A 2t.

3m
D
100
4m 2m
 Solution:
1.- The Degree of Geometric Indeterminacy is determined:

R GD ,
I'g = θ+

2.- The degree of displaceability of the structure is determined, obtaining the

Degrees of Freedom of the Cinematic Image:
Each member has only one pole
O2
4 absolute, indicates that the system is moving

γ as a rigid body, it is then placed

O
one roller in the address delete
displacement of one of the members,
1x4
if the system stabilizes, then it has
x=3α 2 a single degree of freedom, otherwise it does not happen,
O12 O23
rollers continue to be added until
1 be stabilized and the degree of freedom will be
α
O1 3 equal to the number of rollers needed
Delta 1 2t
to stabilize the cinematic image. In
β
in this case the degree of freedom of the
O3
the cinematic image is equal to 1; what

y+6 6 α ∆2 β implies that the degree of displaceability

= → y = 12
6 2 the structure is also one, the ψij ≠
x 3α 0, based on a rotation of one of
tagα=α= → x = 3α ,...........β= →β=1/2α
3 6
the members (α), This is:
3
γ= γ→γ=1/4 α ..... ψ AB=α=tsi-α/ rC ero4,
h,ψ fB
e ψ CD=α/ 2 CLIC= GDE= 0
12
∆1 = 1/2 α .3→ ∆ 1 = 3/2 α ,.....∆2 = 2γ = 2.1 / 4α → ∆ 2 = 1/2α →ψ≠ψ≠ψ ≠ψDE ≠0
AB
tseC rhfe BD
ioB

101
3.- Embedding Moments: According to table

MEAB = 0
ME0
MEBC=0
MECB=-W2/8=-1x42/8 => MECB = -2t - m
MECD= Pab2/L2= 2x2x22/42=>MECD=1t-m
MEDC=-1t-m

4.- The Primary Moments are determined:

M0AB = 0
M0BA=-3
M0BC=0
M0CB = ME0BC – MEBC)
-2
M CD=1t-m
0

M0DC=-1t-m

5.- The Complementary Moments are determined:

MCAB = 0
MCBA= 0
MCBC= 0
MCCB=3EK (θC– ψBefore Christ) = 6EK θc + 3EKα/4
MCCD=2EK(2θC+ θD-3 psiCD) = 8EK θC -6EKα
MCDC=2EK(2θD+ θC-3 psiCD) = 4EK θC - 6EKα

6.-The Definitive Moments are determined

Mij= Mij0+ MijC
MAB= 0
MBA= -3
MBC=0
MCB = -2 + 6EK θc + 3EKα/4
MCD = 1 + 8EK θC -6EKα
MDC= -1+4EK θC - 6EKα

7.- Equilibrium is applied in the Internal Rigid Joint:

102
 ∑MC= 0t.m
MCB + MCD = 0
-2+6EK θc +3EKα/4+1+8EK θC -6EKα= 0 →
14EK θC -21/4EKα = 1 → Ec. 1
8.-Virtual work is applied to the kinematic image (rigid body) and it is obtained
the second equation: WvE = 0

(MAB+MBA)ψAB+(MBC+MCB)ψBC+(MCD+MDC)ψCD+1*4t/m*1/2α + 2t*3/2 α = 0
(-3)α + (-2 + 6EK θc + 3EKα/4)(-3/4 α) + (12EKθc - 12EKα) α/2 + 2 α + 3 α = 0
(-3 + 1/2 -3/2EKθc -3/16EKα +6EKθc-6EKα + 5) α = 0

9/2EKθc + 99/16EKα = -5/2 → EC. 2

9.- solve the system of linear equations for the unknowns

→ EK θC-0.06293
EKα= -0,35828

9.-These obtained values are substituted to obtain the definitive moments in the
extremities of the limbs.

MAB= 0
MBA= -3
0
MCB = -2 + 6EK θc + 3EKα/4 = -2 + 6 (-0.06293) + 3/4(-0.35828) = -2.64 t-m
MCD= 1+8EK θC -6EKα = 1 + 8(-0.06293) - 6(-0.35828) = 2.64 t-m
MDC= -1+4EK θC - 6EKα = -1 + 4(-0.06293) - 6(-0.35828) = 0.90 t-m

103
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

MCCORMAC, Nelson. (2002) "Structural Analysis: Classic Methods and

matrixes”, 2nd Edition. Alfa omega, Mexico

ASLAM, Kassimali. (2001), "Structural Analysis", 2nd Edition, Thomson

Editores S.A. de C.V., Mexico

JEFFREY, Laible. (1998). 'Structural Analysis', New Editorial

Interamericana, S.A. de C. V., Mexico.

Structural Analysis
Mexico.

TIMOSHENKO and Young, (1965). Theory of Structures. Urmo S.A.

Editions, Spain.

http//[Link]/estructurasi
[Link]
[Link]
http//[Link]/[Link]
http//[Link]/publica/tubriales

104
NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL UNIVERSITY
Francisco de Miranda
AREA OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM
Department Structure

Work presented as a requirement

to apply for the Category of
Associate Professor

AUTHOR:
PROF. ZULAY ROSENDO DE MORA

Santa Ana de Coro, January 2006

105