QUESTIONNAIRE 1

Methods, Standards, and Work Design

What other name is given to time study?

It receives the name of work measurement or work design.

[Link] is the main objective of Methods Engineering?

It is to increase production per unit of time or decrease the cost per unit of production.
It can also be referred to as the improvement of productivity, which involves analysis at two different points in history.
a product.

1. Enumere los ocho pasos para la aplicación de la ingeniería de Métodos.

1. Select the project.

2. Obtain and present the data.

3. Analyze the data.

4. Develop the ideal method.

5. Present and establish the method.

6. Develop a job analysis.

7. Establish standard times.

8. Follow up on the method.

[Link] were the first time studies conducted and who did them?
In Europe in the year 1760, Jean Rodolphe Perronet, an engineer of French origin, carried out extensive studies on the manufacturing of
nails of number VI.
However, 60 years earlier, the English economist Charles W. Babbage had conducted time studies in the manufacture of nails.
II.

1. Explain the principles of Frederick W. Taylor's scientific management.

Time studies, standardization of all tools and tasks, use of a planning department, application of rules of
calculation and implementation of similar support, instruction cards for workers, bonuses for successful performance, differential rates,
mnemonic systems for product classification, routing systems, and modern cost systems.

What does study of movements mean and who are the pioneers of this technique?

It is defined as the study of the movements of the human body when performing an operation, to improve it by eliminating
unnecessary movements and the establishment of the most favorable sequence of movements for maximum efficiency.
The pioneers were Frank Gilberto and his wife Lilian.

1. The skepticism of management and labor regarding the rates set by 'experts' was understandable.
efficiency. Why?

It was understandable, because in order to obtain higher rates from the industry's growth, they did not analyze human relationships with
its workers, so they set unattainable goals, and without scientific planning like Taylor.

Which organizations are concerned with carrying on the ideas of Taylor and Gilberto?

More than anything, the industries responsible for the production of contemporary assembly lines, in the billing of the lawyers who ...
calculate in fractions of an hour and in the arrangements of appliances.

What psychological reaction is characteristic in workers when changes in methods are suggested?

Firstly, they do not accept it, because they are already accustomed to a work scheme, which they will not change unless it benefits them.

1. Explain the importance of the human approach in the work of methods and time study.
 It is necessary to know the scope of the worker, without abusing their physical strength or endurance; we must employ more efficient work methods.
comfortable for the good of the worker.

1. What is the relationship between time study and method engineering?

It consists of method engineering being responsible for increasing production per unit of time and reducing costs per unit.
production; while the study of times has a simpler application: it identifies how much can be worked per unit of time,
that is, it increases production per unit of time.

1. Why is job design an important element in the study of methods?

Its importance lies in the fact that it creates new applications that are accepted in ergonomics, as work design has...
In order to adjust the task concerning the worker, so that productivity improves each time. All this with the aim of obtaining the
best worker in their best area of work.

[Link] events contributed to the need for ergonomics?

Military training during World War I and the industrial psychology experiments of the Graduate School of
Harvard.
The British Council for Industrial Fatigue conducted numerous studies on human performance under different conditions where
they extended the study of stress.

QUESTIONNAIRE 2
Techniques for Problem Solving
What does the process flowchart of the operation show?
The process diagram of the operation shows the chronological sequence of all operations, inspections, clearances, and materials that
They are used in a manufacturing or business process, from the arrival of raw materials to the packaging of the finished product.
2. What symbols are used to construct the process diagram of the operation?
Two symbols are used: a small circle with a diameter of 3/8 inch that denotes an operation and a small square with sides of 3/8 inch.
what denotes inspection.
3. How does the process flow diagram show the materials that are introduced into the overall flow?
Horizontal lines that reach the vertical flow lines indicate the materials either purchased or processed that are used in the
process.
4. How do the process flow diagram and the operation process diagram differ?
The flowchart of the process contains much more detail than the operational process diagram.
5. What is the main purpose of the process flow diagram?
In principle, for each component of an assembly or system to achieve maximum savings in manufacturing or processes.
applicable to a specific component or workflow sequence.
6. In the construction of process diagrams, which method can be used to estimate the distances traveled?

• A large circle indicates an operation.

• An arrow indicates a transport.

• A triangle indicates storage.

• An uppercase D indicates a delay.

• A square indicates an inspection.

7. Why is it necessary to construct process diagrams from direct observation, and not from the information obtained from
supervisor?
To have a broad view of each part of the company, in a planned way and with fairly accurate figures.
8. In the construction of process diagrams, what method can be used to estimate the distances traveled?
The analyst must measure each movement accurately with a tape measure. Quite accurate figures can be achieved if the number of
columns that the material passes through while moving and then is multiplied by the space between the columns minus one.

9. How can delay times in the construction of flow process diagrams be determined?
 The longer a part spends in storage or is delayed, the greater the customer's wait for its delivery will be. Their method is to mark.
various parts with gray indicating the exact time they were stored or stopped.
10. When would you recommend the use of a flowchart?
Whenever a new method is to be developed.
11. How can the flow of multiple products be represented in the flow diagram?
Pictorially represent the layout of the plant, taking an existing map of the areas of the plant being studied and drawing their lines.
flow that indicates the movement of the material.
12. What symbols are used exclusively in the study of documentation?
The storage one, for example the document file. The delay one, for example documents waiting to be archived.
13. What are the limitations of operation process diagrams, process flow diagrams, and flow diagrams?
The process flow does not apply to the complete assembly. The flowchart does not show a work flow plan. In the diagram
of process does not show an analysis about the materials and parts manufactured.
14. Explain how the PERT diagram can save money for the company.
It provides a view of normal jobs with a certain time to complete and a cost, one can know about an urgent job in
less time to do it but more cost values.
15. Explain how you would obtain the 'optimistic' and 'pessimistic' times for the PERT diagram?

• Optimist: knowing how much time is needed to complete specific activities works ideally.

• Pessimist: in knowing how much time it takes to complete specific activities if everything goes wrong.

16. When is it advisable to construct a man-machine process diagram?

When one wants to show the exact time relationship between a person's work cycle and that of the machine. It serves to improve this.
work cycle.
17. What is machine coupling?
It is customary for an employee to operate more than one machine.
18. How does the operator benefit from the coupling of machines?
With automatic or semi-automatic machines, the operator is often idle for part of the work cycle. The utilization
This idle time can increase the worker's salary and improve production efficiency.
19. Explain how you would convince the union leaders who strongly oppose the machine coupling technique.
Showing the opportunity to obtain higher income, both for workers and for production.
20. How do group process diagrams differ from man-machine diagrams?
The man-machine process is used to determine how many machines a worker can operate, and the group process is used to understand the
better coordination of workers to operate the same machine.
21. In a processing plant, which of the following diagrams has a greater application: man-machine, group,
operation or flow?, why?
The flowchart or 'layout' is the one that most effectively represents the operations and simultaneously represents the environment in
the ones in which those processes are carried out.

22. What is the difference between synchronized service and random service?
That the synchronized knows which machines need to be serviced at a given time and in the random one it is not known exactly the
service time is taken into account averages and laws of probability.

QUESTIONNAIRE 3
Operation Analysis
1. Explain how design simplification can be applied to the manufacturing process.
First, gather all the information, assess the expected volume, the opportunity to regain the business, the possibility of changes in
design and content of the work. If the work is active, a detailed study is justified.
2. How is the analysis of operations related to methods engineering?
 It is necessary to analyze the current method. Once done, the complete product is studied to identify which step can be improved, and thus
develop new methods.
3. How do unnecessary operations arise in the industry?
They arise from an inadequate performance of the previous operation. A second operation must be performed to correct or make acceptable the
first job.
4. What has been the impact of the computer in relation to documentation?
With the advancement of computer systems, several activities have been reduced, in less working time and space.
files.
5. What are the 4 aspects that the analyst should not forget to improve the design?

• Simplify the designs to reduce the number of parts.

• Reduce the number of operations and the distances traveled in manufacturing.

• Use better materials.

• Release tolerances and support accuracy in key operations instead of applying a series of narrow limits.

What does narrow tolerance mean?

That the established range is reduced, depending on the design and costs. They are specifications more rigid than necessary when developing a
product.
7. Explain why it may be desirable to 'close' the tolerances and specifications.
Because it often facilitates an assembly operation or another subsequent step.
8. What does inspection lot by lot mean?
Sampling procedure in which a sample is examined to determine the quality of the production run or batch.
9. When is a developed quality control procedure not justified?
When it is known that a 100% inspection does not guarantee a perfect product.
10. What are the 6 points that must be considered when trying to reduce material costs?

• Find a less expensive material.

• Find materials that are easier to process.

• Use materials more economically.

• Use recovered materials.

• Standardize the materials.

11. How does a changing situation of labor and equipment affect the cost of purchased components?
A material that was not price competitive yesterday may be today.
12. Explain how savings can be achieved by rearranging operations.
By combining the order of execution, costs are reduced; saving labor, time, or unnecessary processes.
13. In general, what process is considered the fastest for shaping and sizing operations?
The external milling.
14. How should the analyst investigate the preparation and tools to develop better methods?

• Reduce the preparation time.

• Use the full capacity of the machine.

• Use more efficient tools.

15. List some applications of barcodes to improve productivity.

• Accuracy.

• Performance.

• Acceptance.

• Low cost.

• Portability.

16. When would you recommend the use of energy-efficient engines?

 In the case of continuous installations such as compressors, pumps, fans, and extractors, since they operate at a higher temperature
lower the standard engines.
17. What are the general types of plant layout? Explain in detail.

• Line or product distribution: the machinery is located in such a way that the flow from one operation to the next is minimized.
any group of products.

• Distribution by process or function: it is the grouping of similar facilities.

18. What is the best way to test the proposed layout?

With a route graph, as it can help in diagnosing problems related to the arrangement of the distribution and to the
team location.
19. What questions should the analyst ask when studying the work performed in a specific workplace?

• Why is this operation necessary?

• Why is this operation carried out this way?

• Why are these tolerances so small?

• Why was this material specified?

• Why was this team of workers assigned to do the job?

20. Explain the advantages of using a checklist.

• Ideas are recorded as they emerge.

• It is useful for providing training on the method to supervisors and plant superintendents.

• It serves as a guide for the leader in charge of training in the method.

21. Regarding automated guided vehicles, why do costs vary little with distance?
Because they are equipped with sensors and control instruments to avoid collisions with other vehicles, reducing the number of
losses. In addition, they are handled automatically.
22. What does the amount of tooling depend on?

• The amount of production.

• The repetitiveness of the business.

• The workforce.

• The delivery requirements.

• The necessary capital.

23. How can production planning and control affect preparation times?
When planning is poor and inefficient tools are used.
24. What is the best way to handle materials?

• Use machined or automatic equipment.

• Make better use of existing handling facilities.

• Handle the materials more carefully.

• Consider the application of barcodes.

25. How is the journey graph related to Muther's PSD?

It lies in the fact that both analyze a restructuring or a new layout distribution.
26. Why does the process flow chart have more important applications in process distribution than in distribution?
product?
Because they help in diagnosing problems related to the arrangement of departments and service areas, as well as with
the location of equipment in a given sector of the plant. This is a matrix that represents the magnitude of material handling that is
I carry out between two installations.

27. Explain the fundamental purpose of group technology.

 It is the classification of the different components of a company's products, in such a way that the parts have shape and sequence of
similar processes are identified numerically.
28. Explain why the conservation of welding rods can result in savings of more than 20% in materials.
If fully applied, such as by introducing the policy of not distributing more welding wire to workers until
They will deliver the tips of less than 2 inches that were being used.
29. Identify several automotive components that have changed from metal to plastic in recent years.
The gears for gasoline pumps and the tanks; the rearview mirrors, the bumper, welds.
30. Where can one find an application for the hydraulic lift table?
In a forklift. Also, where cars are repaired. It is used to minimize manual lifting.
31. What is the difference between a trailer and a platform?
That a flatbed is used precisely for hauling things; while the pallet holds the boxes. However, both are very
tools for the forklift to pass and lift the boxes.
32. When would you recommend the use of three-dimensional models of the plant layout?
When one is not familiar with all the details of two-dimensional plans.

QUESTIONNAIRE 4
Design of Manual Work
What structural components are found in muscles?
They are the group of muscle fibers, fascicles, myofibrils, myofilaments, myosin, actin.
2. What do these components have to do with muscle performance?
They provide muscle contraction, containing small capillaries to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscle fibers.
3. Explain the elements of the static and dynamic performance of muscles through the sliding filament theory.
The faster the molecular bond forms, breaks, and re-forms, the less effective the bond is and the less muscle strength is produced. This is
a pronounced non-linear effect with the maximum muscle force produced without measurable external shortening and minimal muscle force
produced at the maximum shortening speed of the muscle.
4. Describe the different types of muscle fibers and relate their properties to muscular performance.
Myofibrils provide the mechanism for contraction. There are two types of filaments: thick filaments made up of long proteins with heads.
molecular, called myosin, thin filaments of globular proteins called actin.
5. Why does a change in the number of active motor units not result in a change in muscle tension?
Once a neuron is stimulated, the electrical potential is transferred simultaneously to all the muscle fibers innervated by it.
The neuron and the motor unit act as a control unit.
6. What does the electromyogram (EMG) measure? How is the EMG interpreted?
Measure the recording electrodes placed on the skin covering the muscle of interest, then they are processed and modified until the amplitude and
signal frequency. When the muscle begins to fatigue, its activity changes from high frequency (>60Hz) to low frequencies.
(<60Hz)
7. Explain why workplace designers should try to have workers perform their tasks without lifting.
elbows.
Because repetitive work with arms extended can induce swelling, it is preferable that the elbows
keep at 90 degrees while performing the task.

8. What visual distance would you recommend for a seated operator working at a computer terminal?
The normal line of sight is close to 15 degrees from the horizontal, and the primary visual field is defined as a cone of approximately 15.
degrees in an arc centered on the line of sight.
9. Define and provide examples of the 17 fundamental movements or Therbligs.

• To reach: when taking an object with an empty hand, the time depends on the distance.

• Mover: when reaching to grab an object with a full hand, it precedes letting go and taking the new object.

• To take: it is to close the fingers after reaching or moving.

• Release: let go of control over an object.

• Prepositioning: it is positioning an object in a predetermined place for later use.

• Use: to handle a tool when using it for what it was made for.

• Assemble: to join two parts that go together.

• Disassemble: opposite of assembly, separating parts that go together.

• Search: when the eyes visually seek an object.

• Select: to choose an item among several.

• Position: to orient an object during work.

• Inspect: compare an object with a standard, using all senses.

• Planning: to take a pause to determine the next move, one could say it is a doubt before an action.

• Inevitable delay: the left hand waits while the right finishes a further reach.

• Avoidable delay: only the operator is responsible for idle time, "when coughing", for example.

• Rest to counteract fatigue: it depends on the physical load.

• Support: one hand holds an object while the other does useful work.

10. How can the basic movement 'search' be eliminated from the work cycle?
Provide all the necessary material at once, and with bands that make an operator perform something specific and the piece is
in front of him.

11. What basic movements generally precede 'to reach'? To take.

12. What are the 3 variables that affect the time of the basic movement 'move'?
Distance, weight, and movement time.
13. How does the analyst determine that the operator performs the element 'inspect'?
Noticing that the worker inspects the piece from all angles comparing it to one that is perfect.
14. Explain the difference between avoidable delays and unavoidable delays.
The first ones are related to the rhythm and the type of worker they are, their nature; and the second ones result from specific activities.
that take place between one operation and another, or aspects such as failures or breakdowns.
15. Which of the 17 Therbligs are classified as effective and are usually not removable from the work cycle?
Reach, move, take, release, preposition, use, assemble, and disassemble.
16. Why should fixed places be provided at the workstation for all tools and materials?
To avoid unnecessary steps like 'searching' and 'selecting'.
17. Which of the 5 classes of movements are used the most by industrial workers?
Move, preposition, assemble, and position.
18. Why is it desirable for the feet to work only when the hands are busy?
In order for time to be more effective, for example, a pedal that performs a function while the user is doing manual work.
19. In a study of movements, why is it not recommended to analyze both hands at the same time?
Because in most cases it is not possible to measure each individual Therblig, only by using a film or video camera.
Such short times can be measured.
20. What task factors increase the index of difficulty in a Fitts' tapping task?
The size of the pieces, the assembly of them, then comes the search for the pieces and also the tools used in the screwing.
21. What factors affect the compressive forces on the back during lifting?
Due to the combined effects of age and exposure to heavy work (it is difficult to separate these defects). The discs may
weaken over time.
22. What factors influence the measurement of isometric muscular strength?
The most efficient union of the filaments of slow sliding muscles.
23. Why do the psychophysical, dynamic, and static strength capacities differ?
Because one is more efficient than the other.

• Dynamics: muscular efforts that result in body movement.

• Static: the body is rigid, greater force than in dynamics.

• Psychophysics: for situations that require a demand for forces over an extended period.
 24. What methods can be used to estimate the energy requirements of a task?
The calculation of energy costs for various types of activities.
E = energy expenditure
V = volume of inspired air
EO2fraction of oxygen in the exhaled air
E (Kcal. / min.) = 4.9 * V (0.21 – EO2)
Depending on the task.
25. What factors change the energy expenditure for a given task?

• It depends on the task time, the posture maintained during it, and the type of load.

• How work capacity varies with sex and age.

• With sex, due to the average size of each person, as the woman is much smaller than the man.

• With age, it is due to the reduction of muscle mass and loss of muscle fibers.

26. What limits endurance in a whole-body manual task?

The movements of the fingers, wrist, lower and upper part of the arm, shoulders, and the position of the back, along with the posture time, already
whether standing or sitting.

QUESTIONNAIRE 5
Design of the Place, Equipment and Tools
1. What are the main objectives of operation analysis and movement study?

• To have greater production and efficiency of operations.

• Lower injury rates for workers.

2. What does the Warrick principle refer to in the design of controls and displays?
The closest markers on the screen and the control movement in the same direction provide the best compatibility. For
controls and screens on different planes, a clockwise movement to increase, and the screw rule
rights are more compatible.
3. What are the 3 most important task factors that lead to accumulated trauma disorders?
These are injuries of the musculoskeletal system whose development is gradual as a result of repeated micro trauma due to poor design and
excessive use of tools and other equipment.
4. What is the most important factor that causes finger pallor?
The excessive vibration of power tools, which induces the construction of arterioles within the fingers
5. - What is the trigger finger?
It is a form of tendinitis due to a situation in which the distal phalanx of the index finger must bend and flex to obey a
resistance before bending the proximal phalanges.
6. What is the most optimal line of sight?
A line of sight of 15 degrees
7. Find 3 principles to arrange the components on a panel.

Control size.

2. Reason for control-response.

3. Resistance of the control to the operator.

8. What is the range effect?

It is the determination of the maximum and minimum value of a population variable that will be adjusted.

9. Enumere los 3 principios para la compatibilidad control - pantalla efectiva.

Performance: the perceived property results in the desired action

2. Mapping.
3. Feedback: so that the operator knows that the function has been achieved.

10. What is operational coding?

It is the geometric configuration in 2 or 3 dimensions that allows identification by both touch and visual contact.
11. What is the main disadvantage of touch controls?
It lies in the fact that poor performance regarding movement and use, that is, the dead point, the control returns to zero when released.
12. What is known as 'controlling movement without system response'?
They are known as the failure aspects of a control; and they are:

• High initial static friction.

• Excessive damping.

• Dead space.

13. If the C/R ratio increases from 1.0 to 4.0, what happens to travel time, adjustment time, and total time?

• 1.0 indicates high sensitivity, high gain.

• With 4 indicates low sensitivity, low gain, increases travel and adjustment time and this implies a loss of time, since the total time
he is very tall.

14. Describe the progression of the injury state for carpal tunnel syndrome.
The excess fluid that accumulates increases pressure, which in turn compresses the median nerve. The syndrome includes nerve loss.
of the 3 1/2 fingers, that become numb, tingle, cause pain, and lose dexterity.
15. What is lordosis and how is it related to a lumbar support cushion?
When standing upright, the lumbar portion of the spine naturally curves inward. When sitting on a support
lumbar, using a protrusion on the back of the chair or with a lumbar cushion positioned at belt level.

QUESTIONNAIRE 6
Work Environment Design
What factors affect the amount of light needed to perform a task satisfactorily?
The factors that influence the amount of light are:

• Visibility.

• Illuminance.

• Light sources.

• Light distribution.

• Reflection.

• Color.

2. Explain the effect that the color of low-pressure sodium lamps has.
Due to their characteristics, this type of lamps do not have good color performance. Because of this, they may not be suitable.
for certain inspection operations where color discrimination is necessary.
3. What is the relationship between contrast and visibility?
The contrast is one of the critical factors of visibility, which results from the difference between the maximum and minimum luminances of the object.
and the background.

4. What foot-candle intensity would you recommend at 30 inches from the floor in bathrooms?
 For a case like this, the following equation is used:
Illuminance = intensity / d2
30 inches = 2.5 feet
Illuminance = intensity / (2.5 feet)2= intensity / 6.25 feet.
Therefore:
It is a factor = (4) (intensity) / 25; so it will depend on the intensity in candelas (cd).
5. Explain how colors affect sales.
Colors produce certain psychological effects on people, and the shade they have will determine the impact they will have on the
clients. An example is that of margarine, which must be manufactured in yellow to stimulate appetite.
6. What color has the highest visibility?
It is yellow.
7. How is sound energy dissipated in viscoelastic materials?
In viscoelastic materials, such as lead and mastic, sound energy dissipates quickly as viscous friction.
8. What approximate wavelength in meters will a frequency of 2000 Hz have?
According to the equation:
c=fλ
λ = c / f = 1100 / 2000 = 0.55 feet = 1.8 m.
9. What will be the approximate value in decibels of a mill used to grind steel with high carbon content?
The value would be between 130 and 160 dBA.
10. What is the difference between broadband noise and significant noise?
First of all, noise is classified into:

• Broadband or confusing noise: it is composed of frequencies that encompass a significant part of the sound spectrum.

• Significant noise: represents the information that distracts and impacts worker efficiency.

11. Do you support the idea of background music in a workplace?

Yes.
What results do you expect?

Using background music that is pleasant for the group during certain periods of time allows workers to relax and perform.
their activities with greater comfort.
12. According to the current OSHA regulations, how many continuous hours per day is permissible with a sound level of 100 dBA?
Only for a period of 2 hours a day.
13. What are the three categories identified from the perspective of exposure to vibrations?

• Circumstances in which a significant portion of the body's surface is affected: for example, when high sounds
Intensity in the air or water excites the vibration.

• The cases in which vibrations are transmitted to the body through a support area: such as through a person's back that
drives a truck or by the feet of a person standing next to a facility that vibrates at a function.

• Instances in which vibrations are applied to a specific part of the body area: for example, to the hand that holds and operates a
power tool.

14. How can workers protect themselves against vibration?

The following procedures can be followed:

• Reduce the applied forces responsible for the initial vibration.

• Place the equipment on anti-vibration mounts or adjust the worker's body position to reduce vibration forces.
disturbing.

• Provide workers with cushioned supports for the body.

15. What does ambient temperature mean?

It is the temperature that prevails in the work environment, which interacts with the staff within that environment.
16. Explain what is meant by the thermal comfort zone.
 It is the temperature range from 66 to 79 ºF (18.9 to 26.1 ºC) with relative humidity from 20 to 80%. Of course, the workload, clothing, and
The radiation of heat affects the individual sense of comfort within this area.
17. What is the maximum body temperature elevation that analysts should allow?
Elevations of more than 1.8 ºF (1 ºC) of the individuals' core cannot be allowed.
18. How is the maximum length of time that a worker can be exposed to a certain amount of environmental heat estimated?
Firstly, measure the TGBH; which is later used along with the metabolic load of the workers to establish this
length.
19. What is TGBH?
It is the acronym for Global Wet Bulb Temperature.
20. What is the TGBH with a natural wet bulb temperature of 80 ºF, with a dry bulb temperature of 70 ºF and with
a balloon temperature of 100ºF?
The formula used is:
0.7 BHN + 0.2 TG + 0.1 BS
So that:
83 ºF
21. What type of radiation receives the most attention from safety engineers?
Due to the possible damage it can cause; from gamma radiation, X-rays, and neutron radiation.
22. What does an absorbed dose of radiation mean?
It is defined as the amount of energy distributed by the radiation per ions per given mass of the material.
What is the unit of absorbed dose?
It is the rad, equivalent to the absorption of 0.01 joules per kilogram (100 ergs per gram).
23. What does a rem mean?
It is the unit of equivalent dose, which is a way to correct for the differences in the biological effect of various types of radiation by ions in
Humans; what it does is produce a biological effect essentially equal to the absorbed dose rad.
24. What steps should be taken to increase the amount of light in the following assembly department by around 15%? For
now, the department uses fluorescent devices and the walls and ceiling are painted medium green. The tables of
the ensemble is dark brown in color.
An alternative could be that:

• Keep the fluorescent light, as if it is replaced with incandescent, it will have better color performance but worse efficiency.

• The walls could be painted light green or medium yellow.

• The tables could be painted a medium wood color.

25. What color combination would you use to draw attention to a new product placed on the counters?
A combination of blue with yellow or orange with blue, since yellow and orange are more attractive to people; while
that blue, which among other things invites meditation, could suggest to people to think about that article.
26. When do you support the company purchasing clothing with aluminum coating?
It is recommended to do it at the moment the worker is exposed to radiation, as this clothing reduces the radiation load.
decreases.
27. Are there possible health risks in machining with electron beams? And in machining with laser beams? Explain.
In both cases, the answer is affirmative; however, the possibility of an accident depends on whether the worker is exposed to the
radiation produced by these rays. If so, machining with laser rays is more risky than that with electronic rays. On the other
On the one hand, if the worker is close to the process, there is the possibility of physical injuries, which makes electronic rays more
dangerous. If the workstation is automated and in good condition, the possibilities of health damage are greatly reduced.
28. Explain the impact of noise levels below 85 dBA in the office work.
A level of noise with that magnitude hinders concentration and causes a decrease in productivity. Furthermore, it can complicate
considerably the effectiveness of personal and telephone communication.
What environmental factors affect heat stress? How can each one be measured?
The factors are:

• Evaporative cooling can be measured with a wet bulb and natural air movement.

• Radiation load: it is measured with a thermometer inside a black copper sphere 6 inches in diameter.

• Basic ambient temperature: it is measured with a thermometer in the shade, protected from radiation.
30. How do you determine if a job imposes excessive heat stress on the worker?
Determining the heat exchange between the body and its environment with the equation: S = M ± C ± R – E, where:
M = increase in heat due to metabolism.
C = increase of heat (or loss) by convection.
R = increase of heat (or loss) by radiation.
E = loss of heat through the evaporation of sweat
S = Heat (or loss) storage of the body.
In addition, the calculation of the GHG Emissions could also be very useful.

Questionnaire 8
TIME STUDY
1.- What is the main concern of the management regarding a new method whose installation cost is
relatively high?
It is not having the necessary performance and the installation of the new method is an unnecessary expense.

2.- What does the 'effective flow' evaluation technique refer to?
To the responsibilities required by the position, and

To the conditions under which the work is carried out

3.- What does the payback period method refer to? How is it related to the return on investment method?
The average annual profit obtained from the use of the method, based on the pessimistic estimate of the product's lifespan and the original investment.
Of the two proposed methods that would result in the same sales and potential profits, management would prefer to use the one that requires
lower investment. The reciprocal of return on investment is often referred to as the 'payback method.'
4.- What is the relationship between the return on invested capital and the risk associated with forecasted sales of
product for which the new method will be used?
The initial investment of the new method is estimated and adjusted to its present value, with this assumed rate of return. The cash flows of
Total cash calculated for the pessimistic product life estimate is summed with gains (or loss) in terms of cash.
what is available today. Finally, that total is compared to the initial investment.

What are the 2 specific topics that should be highlighted when writing a job description?
What a budget demands from the employee in terms of physical and mental factors.
What a position demands from the employee in the form of physical and mental fatigue.

6.- Is time a common denominator in labor cost? Why or why not?

Yes, because the economic advantage of lower labor costs is the controlling factor when determining the tooling.
7.- What is job analysis?
It is the sixth step in the systematic procedure when applying method engineering. Every time a method is changed, it must be modified.
job description to reflect the conditions, duties, and responsibilities of the new method. A job analysis must be carried out,
in order to assign a qualified worker to the workplace and provide an appropriate base rate, based on the local rates for
similar positions.
8.- Which of the 4 job evaluation methods are currently practiced in your country?
The hierarchical method.
9.- Why do most people feel that others doing similar work earn more?
Because they have not carried out a well-structured job plan, this plan includes the following aspects:
[Link] an explanation
Provides a basis for personnel allocation
[Link] to determine the criteria
10.- Please explain in detail how the points plan works?
In the point system, analysts make a direct comparison of all the attributes of a position with others, using the following
procedure:
Establish and define
Define the degrees
Establish the points
Prepare a description
Evaluate each job
Add the points
Convert the points
11.- What factors influence the relative value of a position?
The level of study and experience.
12.- Why are estimates for determining labor time standards unsatisfactory?
Because each worker has a different work pace or because there may be some failure during the process.
13.- What is the weakness of using historical records as a means to establish performance standards?
Current needs are not the same as those of the past.
14.- What work measurement techniques yield valid results when carried out by competent and trained analysts?
Well-designed point plans.
15.- Explain why a salary rate range should be established instead of just a single rate for each skill level.
work?
Why are they unfair since workers can leave for a very high or low salary that would harm the worker.
16.- What does total inventory performance mean?
Maximum performance can be reached due to skills and experiences, and physical conditions. This can vary from operator to operator.
operator.
17.- What are the main negative aspects that need to be understood before implementing a job evaluation system?
by points?
Cause several costly and difficult-to-solve problems
A point-based job evaluation plan can also create undesirable and unnecessary power relationships within the company.
Another problem is that individuals soon recognize that a creatively written job description reflects higher salaries of
those who deserve. In a similar way. Employees recognize that they can increase their job evaluation points if they increase
the responsibilities
In some organizations, the points obtained in a job evaluation plan can be used improperly for purposes
Non-salary factors can be used as a basis to obtain privileges.
18.- What are the most important benefits of a proper implementation of the job evaluation plan?
They provide a favorable approach to equitable wage payment, also identifying comparable injustices.
19.- How does job evaluation depend on job analysis?
The person with the characteristics of the position is being sought.
20.- What are the three aspects that make up a job evaluation plan to achieve success?
The classification method, the points system, the factor comparison method, and the method of greater category or hierarchy

QUESTIONNAIRE 9
Time Study
1. How is the payment for a day's fair work determined in salary agreements?
The employee must provide a day of work just for the salary they receive, with reasonable supplements or personal delays, unavoidable and
due to fatigue. It is expected that the worker operates with the prescribed method at a pace that is neither fast nor slow, but can be considered

representative of the all-day performance by the experienced and cooperative employee.

2. What point of comparison is given for the normal step in these agreements?
The normal step is defined as "the effective performance rate of a trained, consistent employee, at their pace, when working neither hastily
Go slowly and be careful with the physical, mental, or visual requirements of the specific job.
 3. Why should the supervisor sign the time study?
Once the time study is completed, the supervisor must sign the original report to indicate that they agree with the study.
4. What are the effects of poorly established time standards?
Poorly established standards, while better than having no standards, lead to high costs, staff dissent, and possibly failures.
of the whole company.
5. What equipment does the time study analyst need?
The minimum equipment required to conduct a time study program includes a stopwatch, a table, the forms for the study, and
a pocket calculator.
6. What features of the digital stopwatch are attractive to the analyst?

• Much more practical.

• A third cheaper than the mechanical stopwatch.

• They provide a resolution of 0.001 seconds and an accuracy of

+ 0.002 %.

• Send less.

7. How can a metronome be used as a training tool for performance assessment?

The metronome is a device that can be set to give a certain number of beats per minute. If the distribution is synchronized,
You can demonstrate the normal step. The movement involves a series of reaching, taking, moving, and letting go, and with practice, it is simple to identify.

the speed.
8. What should be taken into account for the selection of the worker who is going to study?

• You need to have an average performance or a little above average.

• You must work consistently and systematically.

• Well trained in the method.

• He/She must like his/her job.

• You must show interest in doing it well.

9. Why is it essential to record complete information about tools and machinery in the time study form?
To have control, knowledge, location, and provide easy identification for the operator while also enhancing their performance.
10. Why are working conditions important for identifying the method being observed?
Because it is a fundamental part for identifying the method that is under observation, as it facilitates the worker's job and streamlines the
process.
11. Why would an analyst who does not hear well have difficulty conducting a time study?
Because there could be errors regarding measurements based on the sound time of the machine or any other element.
It can also affect the operator and the company's finances, due to its inaccuracies and poor judgments.
12. Say what the difference is between constant elements and variables. Why should they be kept separate when dividing the work in
elements?

• Constant element: it is one whose supplement remains almost the same throughout the work, within a specific interval.

• Variable element: it is one whose supplement varies within a specific working range.

The preparation elements are separated from the elements incorporated into each time portion, and the constant elements are separated.
of the variables.
13. What advantages does the continuous recording method with timers have over the return-to-zero method?
In that the study obtained presents a complete record of the entire observation period; this pleases the operator and the
union representative. The worker can see that timeouts were left out in the study and that all delays and elements were included.
strange. As all the facts are presented clearly, it is easy to explain and sell this time logging technique.
14. Explain why the time of day is recorded in the time study format.
They allow taking the time of any number of individual elements, while still counting the total elapsed time then.
they provide both continuous timings and returns to zero, without the drawbacks of mechanical timers.
15. Why is the time of day recorded in the time study method?
The more relevant information is recorded, the more useful the time study will be over the years.
16. What variations in the sequence can the observer find during a time study?
The observer must stand, not sit, a few feet back from the operator to avoid distracting him or interfering with his work.
foot operators can move more easily and follow the movements of the worker's hands while they perform the cycle of
the task. During the study, the observer must avoid any type of conversation with the worker as this could distract or hinder him.
the routines.
17. Explain what foreign elements are and how they are handled in the continuous method.
Strange elements occur, either due to malfunction or during the execution of an element. Most strange elements
In particular, those controlled by the operators occur at the end of the element.
18. What factors contribute to determining the number of cycles to observe?
The activity of a task and its cycle time.
19. Why is it necessary to qualify the operator?
The observer evaluates the effectiveness of the operation in terms of the performance of a 'normal' operator affecting the same element.
20. When should the individual elements of each cycle be assessed?
To break it down into its individual elements, the analyst observes the operator over several cycles. However, if the cycle time is longer
In 30 minutes, you can write the description of the elements while conducting the study. If possible, it's better to determine the
elements of the operation before starting the study.
21. Define 'normal' worker.
A normal worker is defined as a qualified, fully experienced worker who works under the usual conditions in
the workstation at a pace that is neither too fast nor too slow but representative of the average.
22. Why are supplements applied to normal time?
Because they are needed to reach a fair standard that a worker can achieve with ease.
23. What is the meaning of a circle in a time elapsed?
They are used to indicate that it is an 'uncontrolled' value.
24. What steps do they follow in the calculation of a time study conducted according to the performance qualification procedure?
global continuum?
It is very important to compare the final reading of the stopwatch with the overall reading of the elapsed time. These two values must have a
reasonable proximity. Lastly, the analyst should thank the operator for their cooperation and proceed to the next step, the calculation of the study.
25. Does the pace of walking at 3 miles per hour align with your concept of normal performance?
This depends on the workstation you are working at; as it can be very fast in a short space or very slow in a long one.
long space. Now, if it is a normal workstation, then it does match.
26. Define the term 'standard time'.
The sum of the elemental times with supplement gives the standard in minutes per piece, with a stopwatch measuring tenths of a minute; or
hours per piece, using a timer with tenths per hour.
27. Why is it almost always convenient to express standards as time per hundred pieces instead of time per
piece?
Because most industrial operations have relatively short cycles (less than 5 minutes). For example, the standard in a
Press operation can be 0.085 hours per percent of pieces. This is a more satisfactory method to express the standard than 0.00085.
hours per piece or 0.051 minutes per piece.
28.- Why are time standards established?
It is established taking into account the difficulty of the assigned task and the number of pieces that are going to be produced. Then, through a

learning curve for the job, and with the existing data, a fair time standard for the task can be developed. The standard
what is obtained will be much broader than if the task involved a high volume.
29. What elements of the work are included in the preparation standard?
The work elements that are commonly included in the preparation standards involve all the events that occur between the
completion of the previous task and the start of the current one. The preparation standard also includes elements of 'disassembling' and 'storing',
how to punch the work card, obtain the tools from the storage, get the dispatcher drawings, set up the machine,
check the work card, remove the tools from the machine, return them to the storage, and count the production.
February 6, 2005