3

0.1. Introduction

Tourism is a labor-intensive sector and comprehensive in terms of skills and

levels of training. It integrates all degrees of skills, from the most complex to the most basic.

simple, involving all social layers. Given its transversal characteristic, the
tourism stimulates the job market in other sectors of the economy, according to the
Strategic Plan for Tourism Development in Mozambique. It is linked to a
diversity of economic sectors, such as transport, agriculture, food and beverages,
financial services, construction and crafts. In the Southern African countries, tourism
it proved to be a sector of great importance and in Sub-Saharan Africa it was
responsible for 7.5% of total employment in 2001, data from World Travel and Tourism
Council.

The tourism potential in Mozambique is enviable: 2700km of tropical coastline,

biodiversity of great ecological value, including endemic species, and a heritage
a quite rich historical and cultural background. The tourism sector is strategic for development
from Mozambique. The country has potential in all relevant segments of
Sun and Beach, Sea and Fishing, Ecotourism, Adventure and Wildlife
Business and Conferences and Culture. If the weight of Tourism in the current national economy
it still does not establish it as a dominant sector, the existing potential and attention it has been receiving

being targeted ensures a generalized awareness of the strategic role that the sector
it will be in the development of Mozambique, already in the short term.

Macaneta, due to its location, bets on tourism given its potential.

natural, with an emphasis on sun and beach tourism, where services are provided
accommodation in dining and camping. The locality has a total of 31
tourist establishments with a capacity of 362 beds.

Boat and horse riding, diving, and sport fishing are recreational activities of
highlighted in that locality with only 3,602 inhabitants, according to the population census of
2007. Besides seasonal and effective labor, the involvement of the community in
the development of tourism has translated into the supply of agricultural products and
 4

fish as tourist resorts, in the construction of infrastructures, among other actions.

Thus, the present research project aims to understand how
investments in tourism development contribute to development
economic of the district of Macaneta.

0.1.1. Problematization

Tourism can be one of the economic alternatives for development, an option

available for the destination (MORRISON, 2006). If the economic alternatives for the
development, through tourism, was well utilized, tourism, besides
contribute to economic development, can also contribute to the
social development. According to (TODARO, 1997), social development is a
process through which humans are able to enjoy better conditions
of life characterized by longevity, income, and education.

Investments in the tourism sector benefit the development of

communities in economic terms, insofar as they have served as
suppliers of what are the products produced by them in the fields and of the
products resulting from fishing activity, with the development of tourism in this
region opened job vacancies direct and indirect, which contribute to the increase of
production and productivity. With this study, it is intended to understand how
investments in tourism, in the district of Macaneta, contribute to balance
economic of this district.

Thus, the starting question that will guide this Research is the following: What is
the investments made in the tourism sector in the Marracuene district but
specifically in Macaneta, they seek to create solid foundations within the framework of

Economic development?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In what way does the development of tourism facilitate the emergence of conditions
favorable to the improvement of the quality of life in local communities?
 5

2. What type of strategies tends to guide investment in the Tourism Sector?

economic development framework in Macaneta?

0.1.2. Justification and Importance

The fact that the Tourism Industry in Mozambique is growing and standing out in
revenue collection for the State, which reveals the growth of this activity in
country, constitutes a motivation for conducting this research, as:

Richardson (2004) argues that tourism is a job generator, an activity of

labor intensive compared to other forms of economic activity (manufacturing)
due to personal service requirements.

The connection between tourism and various economic sectors contributes to jobs.
directly in the travel and hospitality industry and indirectly such as in agriculture, fishing,
livestock farming and handicrafts, boosting the construction of infrastructure, inspiring the
evocation of cultural values, local art and folklore, establishing harmony between the
men from different social strata of the local community and in permanent contact
between tourists and local communities (World Code of Ethics for Tourism, 1999)

It is in this perspective that number 2 of article 5 of the Ethics Code for Tourism emphasizes
that tourism policies must be conducted in such a way that they contribute to the
improvement of the standard of living of the populations of the visited regions and respond to their

needs. In this context, it is urgent to understand how the development of

tourism in Macaneta positively contributes to economic development and
in the improvement of the living conditions of local communities.

This research project will be based on three criteria for its development, the
first it is related to the fact of being a resident of the district of Marracuene and me
to be interested in wanting to understand to what extent the development of tourism in this area
of the country, influence on economic development, and the second is related to the
the fact of being a student and having attended some subjects during the course that address
the theme related to tourism, such as the impacts of tourism at the national level and
 6

international and finally the importance of the theme for the course, as this can be an added value.

valia, since it can add something new to the bibliographic collection related to
Impacts of tourism, mainly the economic impacts of this activity.

0.2. Objectives

0.2.1. General Objective

Analyze, through the perception of residents and tour operators, how

Tourism promotes local development in the economic dimension.

0.2.2. Specific Objectives

Analyze the tourist activities developed in the District, taking into account the

assumptions of sustainable development;

To listen to the perceptions of tour operators and the local community in

regarding the economic impacts resulting from tourism activity

Understanding how the development of tourism facilitates the creation of conditions for

lives leading to a higher quality of life for the communities

places.

0.3. Methodologies

To achieve the research objectives, we adopted qualitative research, which

according to Gil (1991), it is the most appropriate method for the study that aims to describe,

interpret, explain and evaluate situations observed in the field. The approach method
by us selected for the present research is the inductive that starts from the particular and
place the generalization as a subsequent product of the data collection work
particulars Gil (1991:35).
 7

The qualitative method will be used in this research because it meets the objectives.
specific focused on the perceptions of a level of reality that cannot be
quantified. It has often been used in studies aimed at understanding
of life, behaviors, perceptions of individuals and group without fields such as
sociology, anthropology, psychology, among others in the Social Sciences.

The qualitative method is the most recommended for studies of this nature as stated.
Richardson

As far as methodological procedures are concerned, the research

field qualitative studies particularly explore observation techniques and
interviews due to the property with which these instruments penetrate into
complexity of a problem” (Richardson, 2008:82).

So, the geographical space chosen for the study is the district of Marracuene plus
precisely in Macaneta, the choice of this location was based on two reasons: (1st) for being
a coastal district, with a beach in Macaneta that attracts tourists coming from Africa
South, for the most part, and a part of the city of Maputo, besides the residents of
district; (2nd)-to be a district where the investigator resides and beyond the
ease of movement during fieldwork.

Three types of data collection techniques will be used, namely: bibliographic,

direct observation and semi-structured interviews.

Bibliographic Research

The bibliographic research will consist of reading bibliographic sources aimed at obtaining
relevant elements of the history of tourism in general and in particular in Mozambique and
its influence on development, and to develop the theoretical and methodological parts,
conceptual elements that will compose the work.
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Direct Observation

This technique will be used in the research through direct observation through the work
of the field that will serve to gather local evidence of the forms of tourism exploitation,
of the spatial and temporal distribution of tourist resorts, economic aspects that
they help answer the objectives of the work. According to MARCONI and LAKATOS (2004),
observation is a basic technique of scientific investigation, used in research of
field and consists of seeing, hearing, and examining facts and phenomena that one wishes to study.

Interviews

Interviews will be conducted using a semi-structured guide, seeking to explore the

empirical knowledge of the interviewees about the object of study, with open-ended questions
and addresses the demographic, sociological, and tourist factors.
 9

Chapter I

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON TOURISM AND ITS

INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Regarding the highlighted theoretical analysis, it is important to emphasize the key concepts that
will permeate our study and they are: tourism, development and the
local development as both organize the analytical discussion of
even.

1.1. Tourism

Thus, regarding tourism, there are several meanings that can be

presented through various perspectives. Regarding this work,
we consider the definition by DE LA TORRE (1992) which states that the

Tourism is like a social phenomenon that consists of voluntary and temporary displacement.
of people who, mainly for reasons of recreation, relaxation, culture or health,
leave your usual place of residence for another, where they do not carry out any
lucrative or non-remunerated activity, generating multiple interrelationships of social importance,
economic and cultural" (DE LA TORRE, 1992, p. 19).

This author considers tourism a social phenomenon as it derives from displacements.

humans who promote intense social relationships, beyond highlighting the importance
socio-cultural and economic aspects of tourist activity.

OMT (1995) defines tourism as an activity developed by people over

of travel and stays in places located outside of your usual context for a
consecutive period not exceeding one year, for recreational, business and
others.

According to ROSE (2002 cited by GUAMBE, 2007:13), defines tourism as being

 10

The set of results of an economic, financial, political, and social nature

cultural produced in a locality, resulting from the relationship between the
visitors and the places visited during the temporary presence of people who
they move from their usual place of residence to others, spontaneously and without
“profit-making fins”.

From these authors, it is understood that tourism is the movement of individuals from various
places in search of multiple destinations, with the aim of satisfying their
interests, beyond creating social relationships and encompasses different aspects from the
individual, collective, economic, social, cultural, and the activities they carry out in their daily life.

day.

It should also be considered that tourism is a phenomenon in constant transformation,

because it is always innovating, following trends and modernizing with the objective
to meet market demands. This phenomenon is increasingly present in life
of people from various places, whether through the media or through interpersonal relationships.
The need for leisure, culture, travel, in short, everything that can change your daily life.
it motivates you to move.

1.2. Development

According to SOUZA (1993), the concept of development is associated with growth.

economic and the accumulation of wealth, with GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as the main indicator

Gross Domestic Product per capita, putting quality of life in the background. This logic of
economic growth shows its limits as it compromises well-being
to be of future generations, by leading to the exhaustion of resources, besides demanding from

ecosystems one level above their capacity for regeneration and assimilation causing
the environmental crisis.

For the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the indicators are
others. This organization uses the Human Development Index (HDI),
a mechanism that integrates life expectancy, education level, and parity of
purchasing power (UNDP, 2001).
 11

For its part, SEN (2000) conceives development as a process that consists of
elimination of real freedom deprivations that limit choices, to exercise one's
condition of the agent. The individual being able to freely exercise their role in
society, as an independent or collective agent, tends to seek its space
to meet your basic needs.

This author also highlights the importance of community participation in

development actions in your region, to the extent that such development will only have
meaning when it meets your expectations and needs. It further reinforces your
the idea of showing that the expansion of freedoms is considered the main means of
development.

As we saw above, in the process of discussing and implementing policies of

development, it is now added to the economic level the social and cultural aspects
and environmental issues introducing the concept of sustainable development. Below
we present, succinctly, the main moments related to the conceptual significance of
development.

1.3. Local development

Local development is analyzed in the socio-spatial context, seen as a

alternative to the traditional vertical approach, from top to bottom, adopted by institutions
international organizations like the World Bank, as a way to increase the effectiveness of the programs

in developing countries.

As a project for social transformation, local development expands capacity.

of carrying out freely chosen activities and valuation by each subject of
development, according to the perspective of SEN (2000). For this author, the
Local development leads to an analysis of endogeneity, that is, development.
local becomes effective by leveraging specific local dynamics and particular potentialities
territory.
 12

According to BUARQUE (1999), local development is an endogenous process recorded in

small territorial units and human groupings capable of promoting dynamism
economic and improvement of the quality of life of the population.

This author states that this type of development is not related only to the
economic growth, but also with the conservation of the environment, implying
a collaboration between various actors and spheres of power, whether civil society, the
non-governmental organizations, private institutions, and the government itself. Each one
Two actors have their role to contribute to local development.

This type of development can be understood as an endogenous process of

mobilization of social energies in small-scale spaces that implement
changes capable of elevating social opportunities and living conditions of
population. The endogenous potential would then be associated with the set of resources10
locally available that can be enhanced to promote development
local.

The widespread use of the term local development is associated with its application to a
great diversity of problems such as marginal rural areas, regions
deindustrialized, the urban and metropolitan peripheries, the centers of cities, among
others. Consequently, local development has been integrated in many areas of
politics (SCHNEIDER, 2009).

This development should be determined at the smallest possible territorial scale.

(HENRIQUES & NEVES, 1986) and, as has already been emphasized, from the identity
territorial of populations. It implies, therefore, a decentralized and guided management by
intermediary organizations that support companies materially or financially. Being
Thus, it is expected that local development will be accompanied by a reduction in
dependence of the region on governments and external economic agents
(POLÈSE, 1998).
 13

Thus, the definitions of the theme of local development highlight the similarities between
strategies that operate at very different territorial levels: neighborhoods, urban centers,
metropolitan areas, regions.

This concept contains 3 large interconnected sets with characteristics and roles.
different in the development process:

a) The improvement of quality of life and social equity are objectives

main principles of the development model and the ultimate purpose of all effort
development in the short, medium, and long term;
b) Efficiency and economic growth are fundamental requirements, without
to which it is not possible to raise the quality of life equitably, in an way
sustainable
c) Environmental conservation is a condition for sustainability of
development and long-term maintenance, without which it is not possible
to ensure quality of life for future generations and social equity in a way
sustainable over time and space.
 14

2. ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM IN THE DISTRICT OF

Marracuene more specifically in Macaneta

The district of Marracuene is located in the eastern area of the Maputo province.
30 km north of the city of Maputo, with coordinates of 25º41'20'' south latitude and
32º40’30’’ west longitude. Its boundaries are:

a) North, the district of Manhiça;

b) South, the city of Maputo;

c) West, the district of Moamba and the City of Matola; and,

d) East, the Indian Ocean (MOZAMBIQUE, 2005).

With an area of 703 km² (National Directorate of Lands-National Land Registry-

Mozambique) and a population recorded in 1997 of 41,677 inhabitants (estimated at
On January 1, 2005, with about 60,471 inhabitants, the District of Marracuene presented
population density of 87 inhabitants/km². The potential economic dependency ratio is
of approximately 1:1, that is, for every child or elder there is one person of working age
activates (MOZAMBIQUE, 2005). The population is basically young (41% below 15)
years old), mostly female (masculinity rate of 47%) and rural (rate
of urbanization of 25%).
Macaneta bets on tourism given its natural potential, with a focus on the
sun and beach tourism, where accommodation services are provided in catering
camping. The locality has a total of 31 tourist establishments with a
capacity of 362 beds.

According to CHILUNDO (1998), for economic structures, any and all

development project assumes a certain impact, which can be positive
negative, varying in scope of the project, its design, planning and
implementation.
 15

The affected communities also suffer impacts in different forms and degrees.
depending on the economic and social settlement, it can be beneficial for some and
prejudicial to others.

The development of tourism in the Marracuene district, more precisely in

The locality of Macaneta has triggered a series of impacts, both at the social level as well
both economically and environmentally, but with regard to the economic impacts
the influence of tourism on economic development, this activity has generated
income through direct employment in the establishments on the beaches
located in this location, as well as in other establishments distributed throughout the
Marracuene district.

On the other hand, there is the generation of profits from various activities directly or
indirectly linked to tourism, this effect is felt among farmers since
for the restoration of the existing tourist resorts in this locality, they resort to
to locally produced products, the so-called induced effects, as these do not exist
to serve tourism, but they end up serving it.
 16

Conclusion

Being Macaneta a coastal locality where subsistence agriculture is weak.

earnings due to various factors, tourism has become a very significant activity
important for the reduction of poverty levels in some families, especially those of
coastal zone. Jobs in tourist resorts are seen as being of great
importance in this aspect, employing men of all ages in various roles and
women, improving this time their economic condition, which will respond to
starting question "In what way are the investments made in the tourism sector in
Marracuene district, specifically in Macaneta, they seek to create solid foundations.
"in the context of economic development?" the establishment of solid foundations for the

economic development in the locality is achieved through the creation of jobs

jobs for the population contributing to the reduction of unemployment the increase of
standard of living of the population in this locality.

The other factor that shows that investments in the tourism sector in this area bring
economic benefits are related to the increasing craft factories, in
manufacture and sale of construction materials locally for tourists and tour operators,
Aside from a large part of the economic growth being in the informal sector, it is not.
covered by statistics, but that indirectly benefits from the
development of tourism in this locality.
 17

Bibliography

BUARQUE, S. C. Methodology for local and municipal development planning

sustainable: Material for technical guidance and training of multipliers and
technicians in local and municipal planning. Brasília: MEPF/ INCRA/IICA; 1999.

DE LA TORRE, O. Tourism: A Social Phenomenon. Mexico: Cultural Fund

Economic. 1997. Available at: [Link]. (accessed on 02/20/2015).

GIL, A. C. (1991). Methods and Techniques of Social Research. São Paulo: Atlas

GUAMBE, [Link] of Tourism to Local Development in Mozambique:

Inhambane Coastal Zone Case. 2007.

OMT - World Tourism Organization. Introduction to Tourism. ROCA, São Paulo -

Brazil, 2001.

UNWTO - International Tourism - A Global Perspective. World Organization of

Tourism, 4th Edition. São Paulo - Atlas Publisher. 2002.

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme – Report on

Human Development in Mozambique. Maputo: IPEA/PNUD. 1996.

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme - Report on

Human Development in Mozambique. Maputo: IPEA/UNDP, 1994.

RICHARDSON, R.J. Social Research: Methods and Techniques. 3rd edition. Revised and
Expanded. São Paulo, Atlas Publishing, 2008.

ROSE, [Link]: Planning and Marketing. 1st Ed. Manole Publishing House. São Paulo.
2002

RUSCHMANN, D. Tourism and Sustainable Planning: The Protection of the Environment.

3rd Ed. Papirus. Campinas. 2000.

SEN, A. (2000). Development as Freedom. 6th Edition, Campanha das Letras, São
Paul.

URRY, J. Tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. São Paulo:
Studio Novel/SESC.1999.
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Index
3

0.1.1. Problematic.................................................................................................................4

0.1.2. Justification and Importance.................................................................................................5

0.2.1. General Objective

0.2.2. Specific Objectives.......................................................................................................6

0.3. Methodologies.........................................................................................................................6

Chapter I:THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON TOURISM AND ITS

INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Tourism

1.2. Development

1.3. Local development........................................................................................................11

2. ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM IN THE DISTRICT OF

Marracuene more specifically in Macaneta...........................................14

Conclusion

17