STATEMENT AND INFERENCE

5.1 Introduction: The Art of the Educated Guess

We have now arrived at one of the most nuanced topics in

critical reasoning: Inference. If a Conclusion is what a
statement proves, an Inference is what a statement strongly
suggests. It's the art of reading between the lines and
understanding what is implied but not explicitly stated.

An inference is a logical deduction that is not 100% certain but

is very likely to be true based on the facts provided. It requires
you to connect the dots and make a reasonable leap in logic.
While a conclusion is like a signed confession in a case, an
inference is like finding a suspect's footprint at the crime scene
—it doesn't prove guilt, but it strongly points in a certain
direction.

5.2 The Core Difference: Inference vs.

Conclusion

This is the most common point of confusion for

students. While all conclusions are technically a type
of inference, in the context of competitive exams,
they are treated differently. A conclusion is a direct,
undeniable deduction, whereas an inference is a
probable, indirect deduction.
Let's break it down with a table:

Basis Conclusion Inference

A probable deduction based on the given

A direct deduction that is 100%
Definition information; it is likely to be true but not
true if the statement is true.
guaranteed.

Certainity Certainty. It must be true. Probability. It is likely to be true.

Explicitly supported. The proof Implicitly suggested. You need to connect

Nature
is directly in the statement. the information to arrive at it.

"Is this very likely to be true based on the

Test "Does this have to be true?"
text?"

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 Examples to Clarify the Difference
Scenario 1:
Statement: "The official weather report has issued a red alert
for a cyclone, which is expected to make landfall tomorrow
morning."

Conclusion: A cyclone is predicted to hit the area tomorrow

morning. (This is 100% certain based on the statement).

Inference: The local administration will likely take

precautionary measures like evacuating people from
coastal areas. (This is not stated, but it is a highly probable
administrative response to a red alert).

Scenario 2:
Statement: "Company X, a pharmaceutical giant, has increased its spending
on its Research & Development (R&D) department by 30% this year."

Conclusion: Company X's R&D budget is higher this year than it was last
year. (A direct mathematical deduction).

Inference: Company X is likely focusing on developing new drugs or patents

to stay competitive. (The reason for the spending increase is not stated, but
this is the most logical business inference).

5.3 How to Identify a Valid Inference

A valid inference is a bridge between what is said and

what is meant.
1. It's a Logical Extension: It must flow logically from
the facts.
2. It's Based on the Text: It must be rooted in the
information given, not your external knowledge.
3. It's Not a Contradiction: It can never go against
the main idea of the statement.
4. It's a Probable Truth: It doesn't have to be 100%
certain, but it must be the most plausible
deduction.
 5.4 Common Traps in Inference Questions

This is where most students get stuck. Be on the

lookout for these traps.

Trap 2: The "Extreme Inference"

Trap 1: The "Too Far a Leap" Trap:
Trap: The inference uses
This is the most common error.
absolute words like all, none,
The inference is too speculative
always, only, or never, which are
and goes far beyond what the
rarely supported by the nuanced
text suggests
information in the statement.

Trap 3: The "Real-World Bias" Trap 4: The "Contradiction" Trap:

Trap: You use your general The inference, either directly or
knowledge to make a deduction indirectly, contradicts the
that is plausible in real life but information or the tone of the
has no basis in the given text. statement.

5.5 Solved Examples (Thematic & Situational)

Let's apply these principles to a variety of modern

scenarios.

Example 1 (Technology & Society)

Statement: "The adoption of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has grown

exponentially in India, with transaction volumes doubling every year for the
past three years. Even small street vendors are now widely accepting digital
payments."

Inferences:
I. The use of physical cash for transactions has likely decreased in India.
II. India has the most advanced digital payment system in the world.
Analysis:

Evaluate Inference I: The statement says UPI use has grown "exponentially"
and is now used even by small vendors. This massive shift to digital strongly
suggests a corresponding shift away from something else—in this case, cash.
It's a highly probable consequence. This is a valid inference.

Evaluate Inference II: This is a "Too Far a Leap" trap. The statement is about
India's internal growth in UPI. It provides no information to compare India's
system with the rest of the world. Claiming it's the "most advanced" is an
unsupported exaggeration. This is not a valid inference.

Answer: Only inference I follows.

Example 2 (Geopolitics)

Statement: "For the first time in a decade, the heads of state of Country A and
Country B met to discuss resolving their long-standing border disputes. The
joint statement released after the meeting was described by analysts as
'constructive and forward-looking'."

Inferences:
I. The border dispute between Country A and Country B has been completely
resolved.
II. There is a renewed diplomatic effort to improve relations between Country
A and Country B.

Analysis:
Evaluate Inference I: This is an "Extreme Inference" trap. The meeting was to
"discuss resolving" the issue, and the tone was "constructive." This doesn't
mean the problem is "completely resolved." That's a huge leap. This is not a
valid inference.

Evaluate Inference II: A high-level meeting after a ten-year gap, coupled with
a "constructive and forward-looking" statement, strongly implies that both
countries are making a fresh attempt to engage diplomatically and improve
their relationship. This is the most logical and probable reading of the
situation. This is a valid inference.
Answer: Only inference II follows.
Example 3 (Education Policy)

Statement: "The new National Education Policy emphasizes project-based

learning and internships from the secondary school level, moving away from
a purely rote-learning-based evaluation system."

Inferences:
I. The government believes that the previous education system was not
adequately preparing students for real-world jobs.
II. The number of students dropping out of school will now completely stop.

Analysis:

Evaluate Inference I: Why would a government make such a major policy shift
to include practical elements like projects and internships? The most logical
reason is a perceived flaw in the old system—that it was too theoretical (rote-
learning) and didn't provide practical skills. This is a very strong and valid
inference.

Evaluate Inference II: This is both an "Extreme Inference" and a "Too Far a Leap"
trap. The policy aims to improve education, but to infer that it will "completely
stop" dropouts is an unrealistic and unsupported claim. This is not a valid
inference.

Answer: Only inference I follows.

5.6 Chapter Summary & Key Takeaways

An inference is a probable deduction, not a

guaranteed one. It's what the statement strongly
suggests.
The primary difference from a conclusion is the
level of certainty: Conclusion is 100% certain, while
an inference is highly likely.
A valid inference must be rooted in the text and
should not be an exaggerated or speculative leap.
Always be on guard for the common traps,
especially making inferences that are too extreme
or based on your own knowledge instead of the
text.
 Question 1 उठरकर यूरोप के सरथ दीघटकरमलक आर्थटक और
रणनीयतक संबध
ं ों को मजबत
ू करनर है ।
Statement: The report on External
II. यरत्रर कर प्ररथममक उद्दे श्य सरंथकृयतक आदरन-
Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar's visit to
France and Belgium mentions that it is his प्रदरन करयटक्रमों के मलए है और इसकर व्यरपरर यर
third visit to Europe in recent months. The सरु क्षर मरमलों से कोई संबध
ं नहीं है ।
purpose is to meet with counterparts in
both governments and the European Options: a) Only I follow. b) Only II
Commission. This diplomatic engagement is follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
described as an effort to "step up" India's Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
diplomatic push post-"Operation Sindoor" follow.
to garner support for India's position, tr
revive stalled projects like the India-
Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
(IMEC), and finalize a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) with the EU.
Inference: Solution: a) Only I follow. The
I. The visit's agenda is multifaceted, statement details a multi-pronged
aiming to leverage recent geopolitical diplomatic effort involving economic
events to strengthen long-term economic corridors (IMEC), trade agreements
and strategic ties with Europe. (FTA), and garnering support after a
II. The primary purpose of the visit is for specific operation. This directly
cultural exchange programs and has no supports the inference that the
connection to trade or security matters. agenda is multifaceted and aims to
strengthen economic and strategic
कथन: विदे श मंत्री एस. जयशंकर की फ्रंस और ties. Inference II is a direct
contradiction of the stated facts.
बेल्जजयम यरत्रर पर ररपोर्ट में उजलेख है कक यह हरल
के महीनों में उनकी तीसरी यूरोप यरत्रर है । इसकर
उद्दे श्य दोनों सरकररों और यूरोपीय आयोग में
समकक्षों से ममलनर है । इस ररजनययक जुडरि को Question 2

भररत की ल्थथयत के मलए समथटन जुर्रने, भररत- Statement: A controversy has erupted
मध्य पि
ू -ट यरू ोप आर्थटक गमलयररे (IMEC) जैसी रुकी over Mr. Y, a registered voter in West
हुई पररयोजनरओं को पुनजीवित करने और यूरोपीय Bengal's Bongaon, who was seen in viral
videos participating in student protests in
संघ के सरथ एक मक्
ु त व्यरपरर समझौते (FTA) को
Bangladesh. The party X has accused the
अंयतम रूप दे ने के मलए "ऑपरे शन मसंदरू " के बरद party Z of enrolling Bangladeshi nationals
भररत के ररजनययक दबरि को "तेज" करने के प्रयरस in voter lists, while the party Z has
के रूप में िर्णटत ककयर गयर है । deflected the blame onto the Border
Security Force (BSF).
यनष्कर्ट: I. यरत्रर कर एजेंडर बहुआयरमी है , ल्जसकर
Inference:
उद्दे श्य हरल की भ-ू ररजनीयतक घर्नरओं कर लरभ
I. The incident proves conclusively that
the party Z was solely responsible for
enrolling Mr.Y in the voter list.

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 Harshal Agrawal

II. The controversy highlights a potential

This is just an accusation made by
vulnerability in the electoral process and
Party X. Inference II is valid because
border management, which is now being
the existence of the controversy
used by political parties to blame each
itself, involving a registered voter
other.
participating in events in another
country, logically points to a "potential
कथन: पल्श्िम बंगरल के बोंगरंि में पंजीकृत मतदरतर
vulnerability" in the system. The fact
श्री िरई को लेकर वििरद यिड गयर है , ल्जन्हें that political parties are blaming each
बरंग्लरदे श में िरत्र विरोध प्रदशटनों में भरग लेते हुए other is explicitly mentioned in the
िरयरल िीडडयो में दे खर गयर थर। परर्ी X ने परर्ी statement.
Z पर बरंग्लरदे शी नरगररकों को मतदरतर सि
ू ी में
शरममल करने कर आरोप लगरयर है , जबकक परर्ी Z
ने सीमर सुरक्षर बल (BSF) पर दोर् मढ़ ददयर है । Question 3
यनष्कर्ट:
Statement: The editorial on regulation-
I. यह घर्नर यनणरटयक रूप से सरबबत करती है कक
making argues that regulators like RBI and
श्री िरई को मतदरतर सि
ू ी में शरममल करने के मलए SEBI often issue new regulations without
परर्ी Z पूरी तरह से ल्जम्मेदरर थी। adequate public consultation or a
II. यह वििरद िुनरिी प्रकक्रयर और सीमर प्रबंधन में transparent assessment of their potential
impact, suggesting a more structured
एक संभरवित कमजोरी को उजरगर करतर है , ल्जसकर
process is needed.
इथतेमरल अब ररजनीयतक दल एक-दस
ू रे पर Inference:
दोर्ररोपण करने के मलए कर रहे हैं। I. The current regulatory process is
flawless and requires no changes.
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II II. The editorial implies that a lack of
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) public consultation can lead to regulations
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II with unintended negative consequences for
follow. stakeholders.

कथन: वियनयमन-यनमरटण पर संपरदकीय कर तकट है

कक आरबीआई और सेबी जैसे यनयरमक अक्सर
पयरटप्त सरिटजयनक पररमशट यर उनके संभरवित प्रभरि
Solution: b) Only II follows. The के पररदशी मूजयरंकन के बबनर नए यनयम जररी करते
statement presents a situation with
हैं, यह सुझरि दे ते हुए कक एक अर्धक संरर्ित
accusations and counter-accusations
प्रकक्रयर की आिश्यकतर है ।
between two political parties. It does
not offer any proof to definitively यनष्कर्ट:
blame one party. Inference I is not I. ितटमरन यनयरमक प्रकक्रयर त्रुदर्हीन है और इसमें
valid because the statement does not ककसी बदलरि की आिश्यकतर नहीं है ।
provide enough evidence to
II. संपरदकीय कर तरत्पयट है कक सरिटजयनक पररमशट
"conclusively prove" that Party Z was
की कमी से ऐसे यनयम बन सकते हैं ल्जनके
"solely responsible."

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दहतधररकों के मलए अनपेक्षक्षत नकरररत्मक पररणरम

हों। कथन: एक ररय कर र्ुकडर अमभनेतर कमल हरसन
की कन्नड भरर्र पर दर्प्पर्णयों के आसपरस के
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II वििरद पर ििरट करतर है , ल्जस पर "दहंसक
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) धमककयराँ" ममलीं। लेखक कर तकट है कक हरलरंकक
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
अमभव्यल्क्त की थितंत्रतर महत्िपूणट है , लेककन ऐसी
follow.
धमककयराँ जररी करनर अपने आप में एक गंभीर
अपररध मरनर जरनर िरदहए।
यनष्कर्ट:
I. लेखक इस बरत की िकरलत करतर है कक भरर्ण
Solution: b) Only II follows. The की कोई सीमर नहीं होनी िरदहए, ल्जसमें दहंसक
editorial explicitly criticizes the धमकी दे ने कर अर्धकरर भी शरममल है ।
current process for a lack of II. लेखक एक ररय व्यक्त करने के करयट और एक
consultation and impact assessment,
ररय को िुप कररने के मलए दहंसर की धमकी दे ने के
directly contradicting Inference I's
claim that the process is "flawless." अलग आपररर्धक कृत्य के बीि अंतर करतर है ।
By arguing that a more structured
process with public consultation is Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
needed, the editorial implicitly follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
suggests that the current lack of it Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
can lead to unintended negative follow.
consequences, which is what
Inference II states.

Solution: b) Only II follows. The

Question 4
author argues that while freedom of
Statement: An opinion piece discusses the expression is crucial, issuing violent
controversy surrounding actor Kamal threats is a "serious crime in itself."
Haasan's comments on the Kannada This shows a clear distinction between
language, which were met with "violent protected speech and criminal threats
threats." The author argues that while (Inference II). Inference I is
freedom of expression is crucial, issuing incorrect because the author is
such threats must be treated as a serious explicitly trying to place a limit on
crime in itself. speech by criminalizing violent
Inference: threats.
I. The author advocates that speech
should have no limits whatsoever, including
the right to make violent threats.
II. The author distinguishes between the
act of expressing an opinion and the
separate criminal act of threatening
violence to silence an opinion.

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 Harshal Agrawal

Question 5

Statement: The upcoming Census 2027 will

be the first digital census and there is Solution: e) Both I and II follow. The
intense political debate surrounding the statement mentions that proponents
inclusion of a caste-based enumeration, of a caste count want it for "welfare
with proponents citing its need for welfare targeting," which is directly linked to
targeting and opponents fearing it could reservation policies, making Inference
deepen social divisions. The data will also I a valid conclusion. The statement
be linked to the future delimitation of also explicitly says the data will be
constituencies. linked to the "future delimitation of
Inference: constituencies," which means
I. The inclusion of a caste count is a redrawing electoral boundaries. This
contentious issue because of its potential makes Inference II a direct and valid
to influence reservation policies. conclusion as well.
II. The census data is critical for
administrative functions such as the
redrawing of electoral constituency
boundaries. Question 6

कथन: आगरमी जनगणनर 2027 पहली डडल्जर्ल Statement: The NIA has taken over the
investigation into the murder of a
जनगणनर होगी और जरयत-आधरररत गणनर को
"Hindutva activist" in Karnataka, even
शरममल करने के आसपरस गहन ररजनीयतक बहस though the initial state police investigation
िल रही है , ल्जसमें समथटक कजयरण लक्ष्यीकरण के pointed towards a personal enmity motive.
मलए इसकी आिश्यकतर कर हिरलर दे ते हैं और The NIA is a federal anti-terror agency.
विरोर्धयों को डर है कक यह सरमरल्जक विभरजन को Inference:
I. The case was transferred to the NIA
गहरर कर सकतर है । डेर्र को यनिरटिन क्षेत्रों के
because the central government suspects
भविष्य के पररसीमन से भी जोडर जरएगर। the crime may have wider, possibly
यनष्कर्ट: extremist, connections that go beyond the
I. जरयत गणनर को शरममल करनर एक वििरदरथपद jurisdiction of the state police.
मुद्दर है क्योंकक इसमें आरक्षण नीयतयों को प्रभरवित II. The state police requested the NIA's
involvement because they lacked the
करने की क्षमतर है ।
resources to investigate a simple murder
II. जनगणनर डेर्र िुनरिी यनिरटिन क्षेत्र की case.
सीमरओं को किर से तैयरर करने जैसे प्रशरसयनक
करयों के मलए महत्िपूणट है । कथन: एनआईए ने कनरटर्क में एक "दहंदत्ु ि
करयटकतरट" की हत्यर की जरंि अपने हरथ में ले ली
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II है , भले ही शुरुआती ररज्य पमु लस जरंि में व्यल्क्तगत
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
दश्ु मनी के मकसद की ओर इशररर ककयर गयर थर।
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
follow. एनआईए एक संघीय आतंकिरद-रोधी एजेंसी है ।

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यनष्कर्ट: I. The protest highlights a conflict

I. मरमलर एनआईए को इसमलए थथरनरंतररत ककयर between the goals of urban infrastructure
development and environmental
गयर क्योंकक केंद्र सरकरर को संदेह है कक इस अपररध
preservation.
के व्यरपक, संभितः िरमपंथी, संबध
ं हो सकते हैं II. The government has already explored
जो ररज्य पमु लस के अर्धकरर क्षेत्र से परे हैं। II. and rejected all possible alternative
ररज्य पुमलस ने एनआईए की संमलप्ततर कर अनुरोध solutions to the traffic problem.
ककयर क्योंकक उनके परस एक सरधररण हत्यर के
कथन: असम में पयरटिरण समूह एक नए फ्लरईओिर
मरमले की जरंि के मलए संसरधनों की कमी थी।
के मलए 1,000 से अर्धक पररपक्ि पेडों को करर्ने
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II के प्रथतरि कर विरोध कर रहे हैं, उनकर तकट है कक
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) पयरटिरणीय लरगत बहुत अर्धक है और िैकल्जपक
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II समरधरनों कर पयरटप्त रूप से पतर नहीं लगरयर गयर
follow.
है । सरकरर कर तकट है कक यरतरयरत की भीड को
कम करने के मलए फ्लरईओिर आिश्यक है ।
यनष्कर्ट:
I. यह विरोध शहरी बयु नयरदी ढरंिे के विकरस और

Solution: a) Only I follows. The NIA पयरटिरण संरक्षण के लक्ष्यों के बीि संघर्ट को उजरगर
is a federal anti-terror agency. Its करतर है ।
involvement, despite the state II. सरकरर ने यरतरयरत समथयर के सभी संभरवित
police's initial finding of "personal िैकल्जपक समरधरनों कर पहले ही पतर लगर मलयर है
enmity," logically implies that a higher
और उन्हें खरररज कर ददयर है ।
authority (the central government)
suspects a motive beyond a simple
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
crime, such as extremist connections
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
that fall under the NIA's mandate.
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
Inference II is unlikely, as state
follow.
police are equipped to handle murder
cases, and the text doesn't suggest a
lack of resources.

Question 7

Statement: Environmental groups in Assam

are protesting the proposed felling of over
1,000 mature trees for a new flyover,
arguing the environmental cost is too high
and alternative solutions have not been
adequately explored. The government
argues the flyover is essential to ease
traffic congestion.
Inference:

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करतर है , यह तकट दे ते हुए कक इसकर सरिटजयनक

विमशट पर "डररिनर प्रभरि" पडतर है ।
यनष्कर्ट:
Solution: a) Only I follows. The I. लेखक कर मरननर है कक न्यरयपरमलकर थितंत्र
statement explicitly lays out two भरर्ण से संबंर्धत करनन
ू ों की सही व्यरख्यर कर रही
opposing viewpoints: the government's है ।
need for a flyover (urban
II. लेखक कर तकट है कक दहंसर के मलए सीधे
infrastructure development) versus
the environmental groups' concern for उकसरने सदहत सभी प्रकरर के भरर्णों को करनूनी
the trees (environmental रूप से संरक्षक्षत ककयर जरनर िरदहए।
preservation). This directly supports
Inference I, which frames the issue Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
as a conflict between these two goals. follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
Inference II cannot be concluded; the Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
environmental groups are arguing that follow.
alternatives haven't been adequately
explored, which contradicts the idea
that the government has already
rejected them all.

Solution: d) Neither I nor II follows.

The author critiques the judiciary's
Question 8 recent trend, which directly
contradicts Inference I's claim that
Statement: An editorial on free speech the author believes the judiciary is
critiques the judiciary's recent trend of correct. The author also makes a
entertaining cases against speech that is clear distinction, arguing against
merely offensive or unpopular, rather than prosecuting "merely offensive" speech
speech that constitutes a direct while implying that "direct incitement
incitement to violence, arguing this has a to violence" should be the focus. This
"chilling effect" on public discourse. contradicts Inference II's claim that
Inference: the author wants to protect all
I. The author believes the judiciary is speech, including incitement.
correctly interpreting laws related to free
speech.
II. The author argues that all forms of
speech, including direct incitement to Question 9
violence, should be legally protected.
Statement: India's new EV manufacturing
कथन: अमभव्यल्क्त की थितंत्रतर पर एक संपरदकीय policy allows foreign companies to import
EVs at a reduced tariff, provided they
न्यरयपरमलकर की हरमलयर प्रिवृ ि की आलोिनर करतर
commit to setting up a local manufacturing
है जो केिल अपमरनजनक यर अलोकवप्रय भरर्ण के plant within a specified timeframe. The
र्खलरि मरमलों पर वििरर करती है , बजरय उस policy is praised for attracting investment
भरर्ण के जो दहंसर के मलए सीधे उकसरिे कर गठन but criticized by some domestic

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 Harshal Agrawal

manufacturers who fear unfair short-term

competition.
Inference:
I. The policy aims to boost long-term
domestic manufacturing by using short-
term import concessions as an incentive. Solution: a) Only I follows. The
II. The policy prioritizes immediate policy's structure is clear: foreign
benefits for domestic manufacturers over companies get a short-term benefit
attracting foreign investment. (reduced import tariff) in exchange
for a long-term commitment (setting
कथन: भररत की नई ईिी वियनमरटण नीयत विदे शी up a local plant). This directly
कंपयनयों को कम र्ै ररि पर ईिी आयरत करने की supports Inference I, which states
the policy uses short-term
अनम
ु यत दे ती है , बशते िे एक यनददट ष्र् समय सीमर
concessions to boost long-term
के भीतर एक थथरनीय वियनमरटण संयत्र
ं थथरवपत domestic manufacturing. Inference II
करने के मलए प्रयतबद्ध हों। यनिेश आकवर्टत करने is a direct contradiction; the policy's
के मलए इस नीयत की प्रशंसर की जरती है , लेककन criticism from domestic players shows
कुि घरे लू यनमरटतरओं द्िररर इसकी आलोिनर की it prioritizes attracting foreign
investment over their immediate
जरती है , ल्जन्हें अनुर्ित अजपकरमलक प्रयतथपधरट कर
benefits.
डर है ।
यनष्कर्ट:
I. इस नीयत कर उद्दे श्य प्रोत्सरहन के रूप में
अजपकरमलक आयरत ररयरयतों कर उपयोग करके Question 10

दीघटकरमलक घरे लू वियनमरटण को बढ़रिर दे नर है । Statement: The CCI ruled that Google
II. यह नीयत विदे शी यनिेश को आकवर्टत करने पर abused its dominant position in the Android
घरे लू यनमरटतरओं के मलए तत्करल लरभ को ecosystem. The remedies include allowing
प्ररथममकतर दे ती है । manufacturers to license Google apps
individually, rather than as a mandatory
bundle, and providing users more choice
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
for the default search engine.
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
Inference:
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
I. The ruling will result in smartphone
follow.
manufacturers choosing to pre-install a
wider variety of non-Google search
engines and apps on their devices.
II. The ruling will result in smartphone
manufacturers continuing to pre-install
the Google bundle exclusively, fearing loss
of consumer familiarity.

कथन: CCI ने िैसलर सन

ु रयर कक Google ने
Android परररल्थथयतकी तंत्र में अपनी प्रमख
ु ल्थथयत
कर दरु
ु पयोग ककयर है । इसके उपरयों में यनमरटतरओं

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को Google ऐप्स को अयनिरयट बंडल के बजरय

Question 11
व्यल्क्तगत रूप से लरइसेंस दे ने की अनुमयत दे नर
और उपयोगकतरटओं को डडफ़ॉजर् सिट इंजन के मलए Statement: A report on mental health
अर्धक विकजप प्रदरन करनर शरममल है । insurance notes a significant increase in
यनष्कर्ट: policies sold that include psychiatric care,
I. इस िैसले के पररणरमथिरूप थमरर्ट िोन यनमरटतर attributed to rising awareness post-
COVID-19 and regulatory mandates.
अपने उपकरणों पर गैर-गूगल सिट इंजन और ऐप्स
However, challenges like high premiums,
की एक विथतत
ृ श्रख
ं ृ लर को पहले से इंथऱ्ॉल करनर waiting periods, and low coverage limits
िुनेंगे। for outpatient care remain.
II. इस िैसले के पररणरमथिरूप थमरर्ट िोन यनमरटतर Inference:
उपभोक्तरओं की जरनकररी खोने के डर से, केिल I. The increased availability of mental
health insurance policies has eliminated all
गूगल बंडल को ही पहले से इंथऱ्ॉल करनर जररी
barriers to accessing mental healthcare in
रखेंगे। India.
II. The IRDAI has mandated that all
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II mental health treatments must be
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) provided completely free of cost by all
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II hospitals.
follow.
कथन: मरनमसक थिरथ्य बीमर पर एक ररपोर्ट में
मनोरोग दे खभरल शरममल करने िरली बेिी गई
प़ॉमलमसयों में उजलेखनीय िद्
ृ र्ध दजट की गई है,
ल्जसकर श्रेय COVID-19 के बरद बढ़ती जरगरूकतर
Solution: c) Either I or II follows.
The ruling gives smartphone और यनयरमक आदे शों को ददयर जरतर है । हरलरंकक,
manufacturers a new choice they उच्ि प्रीममयम, प्रतीक्षर अिर्ध और बरह्य रोगी
didn't have before. They are now दे खभरल के मलए कम किरे ज सीमर जैसी िन
ु ौयतयरं
allowed to license apps individually. बनी हुई हैं।
However, the statement provides no
यनष्कर्ट:
information on what business decision
they will make. Some manufacturers I. मरनमसक थिरथ्य बीमर प़ॉमलमसयों की बढ़ी हुई
might embrace this new freedom and उपलब्धतर ने भररत में मरनमसक थिरथ्य सेिर तक
offer more variety to differentiate पहुंिने की सभी बरधरओं को समरप्त कर ददयर है ।
themselves (supporting Inference I).
II. IRDAI ने अयनिरयट ककयर है कक सभी मरनमसक
Others might stick with the familiar
थिरथ्य उपिरर सभी अथपतरलों द्िररर पूरी तरह से
Google bundle to avoid confusing
consumers or due to existing यन:शज
ु क प्रदरन ककए जरने िरदहए।
commercial relationships (supporting
Inference II). Since both outcomes Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
are plausible future possibilities based follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
on the new ruling, either I or II can Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
follow. follow.

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यनष्कर्ट:
I. धरममटक बयरनबरजी कर उपयोग आंध्र प्रदे श में
एक नई ररजनीयतक रणनीयत है जो इसके पररं पररक
Solution: d) Neither I nor II follows. ररजनीयतक विमशट से अलग है ।
The statement explicitly says that II. इस नई प्रिवृ ि से ररज्य के भीतर नए प्रकरर के
challenges like high premiums and low सरमरल्जक तनरि पैदर होने की उम्मीद है ।
coverage remain, which directly
contradicts Inference I's claim that Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
all barriers have been eliminated.
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
Inference II makes a claim about free
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
treatment, but the text only mentions
follow.
regulatory mandates for inclusion of
psychiatric care in policies, not about
making it free.

Solution: e) Both I and II follow. The

Question 12
statement describes a shift where
Statement: An article on religious politics religious rhetoric, previously less
in Andhra Pradesh describes a shift where prominent, is now being used, which
parties are increasingly using religious supports Inference I's claim that this
symbolism and rhetoric, which were is a new strategy deviating from
previously less prominent in a state where tradition. The statement also
politics focused more on development and explicitly suggests this shift could
caste equations. The article suggests this lead to "new social fault lines," which
could lead to new social fault lines. directly supports Inference II's claim
Inference: about new social tensions.
I. The use of religious rhetoric is a new
political strategy in Andhra Pradesh that
deviates from its traditional political Question 13
discourse.
Statement: In a move to protect domestic
II. This new trend is expected to create
manufacturers, the Indian government has
new forms of social tension within the
imposed a significant anti-dumping duty on
state.
the import of steel wheels from China,
alleging that the product is being exported
कथन: आंध्र प्रदे श में धरममटक ररजनीयत पर एक लेख to India at below its normal value.
एक बदलरि कर िणटन करतर है जहरं परदर्ट यरं तेजी Inference:
से धरममटक प्रतीकों और बयरनबरजी कर उपयोग कर I. The government's action will force
रही हैं, जो पहले एक ऐसे ररज्य में कम प्रमख
ु थे domestic steel wheel manufacturers to
shut down their operations.
जहरं ररजनीयत विकरस और जरयत समीकरणों पर
II. The government's action will lead to a
अर्धक केंदद्रत थी। लेख कर सुझरि है कक इससे नई significant increase in the market share
सरमरल्जक दरररें पैदर हो सकती हैं।

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 Harshal Agrawal

and profitability of domestic steel wheel

manufacturers. Question 14

कथन: घरे लू यनमरटतरओं की रक्षर के मलए एक कदम Statement: The Delhi High Court has
में , भररत सरकरर ने िीन से थर्ील पदहयों के आयरत directed the AIIMS to pay ₹50 lakh as
compensation to a woman who was
पर एक महत्िपूणट एंर्ी-डंवपंग शुजक लगरयर है , यह
transfused with HIV-positive blood at the
आरोप लगरते हुए कक उत्परद को उसके सरमरन्य hospital's facility. The court observed
मूजय से कम पर भररत को यनयरटत ककयर जर रहर that the hospital was negligent and failed
है । in its duty of care.
यनष्कर्ट: Inference:
I. The court found that AIIMS had
I. सरकरर की कररट िरई से घरे लू थर्ील व्हील
followed all standard procedures and
यनमरटतरओं को अपनर पररिरलन बंद करने के मलए protocols for blood transfusion perfectly.
मजबूर होनर पडेगर। II. The court ordered that the woman
II. सरकरर की कररट िरई से घरे लू थर्ील व्हील should be appointed as the new director
of AIIMS as part of the compensation.
यनमरटतरओं की बरजरर दहथसेदररी और लरभप्रदतर में
उजलेखनीय िद्
ृ र्ध होगी।
कथन: ददजली उच्ि न्यरयरलय ने एम्स को उस
मदहलर को मुआिजे के रूप में 50 लरख रुपये कर
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) भुगतरन करने कर यनदे श ददयर है , ल्जसे अथपतरल
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II की सुविधर में एिआईिी प़ॉल्जदर्ि रक्त िढ़रयर गयर
follow. थर। अदरलत ने कहर कक अथपतरल लरपरिरह थर
और दे खभरल के अपने कतटव्य में वििल रहर।
यनष्कर्ट:
I. अदरलत ने परयर कक एम्स ने रक्त िढ़रने के
मलए सभी मरनक प्रकक्रयरओं और प्रोर्ोक़ॉल कर पूरी
Solution: c) Either I or II follows. An तरह से परलन ककयर थर।
anti-dumping duty makes imported
II. अदरलत ने आदे श ददयर कक मुआिजे के दहथसे
goods more expensive. This action
के रूप में मदहलर को एम्स कर नयर यनदे शक यनयक्
ु त
could have two opposite potential
outcomes for domestic manufacturers. ककयर जरनर िरदहए।
It could make them more competitive,
leading to a rise in their market share Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
and profits (Inference II). Conversely, follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
if they are heavily dependent on Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
cheaper Chinese components that are follow.
now more expensive, it could severely
disrupt their operations and potentially
force them to shut down (Inference I).
Since both are plausible but opposite
future possibilities, either I or II can
follow.

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लरगत िहन करे गर। यह दे श भर में ऐसी घर्नरओं

और हतरहतों की बढ़ती संख्यर के जिरब में है ।
यनष्कर्ट:
I. यह योजनर अर्धक लोगों को िन क्षेत्रों में बसने
और अयतक्रमण करने के मलए प्रोत्सरदहत करे गी।
II. इस योजनर कर िन्यजीि आिरसों के परस मरनि
बल्थतयों के पैर्नट पर कोई प्रभरि नहीं पडेगर।
Solution: d) Neither I nor II follows.
The court explicitly found the hospital
to be "negligent" and to have "failed Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II
in its duty," which directly follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
contradicts Inference I's claim that Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
they followed procedures perfectly. follow.
The court ordered a monetary
compensation of ₹50 lakh; it made no
mention of appointing the woman as
the director, making Inference II an
absurd and unsupported conclusion.
Solution: c) Either I or II follows.
The statement describes a new
government scheme that reduces the
financial risk for people living near
wildlife habitats. The future human
response to this reduced risk is
uncertain. Some might see this as an
Question 15
incentive to move closer to or
Statement: The Centre is planning to encroach upon forest areas, as the
launch a new scheme under which it will financial danger is lessened
bear the treatment costs for injuries (supporting Inference I). On the
resulting from human-wildlife conflict. other hand, the primary reasons for
This comes in response to a rising number settlement (livelihood, housing) might
of such incidents and casualties across the be so strong that this scheme has no
country. significant impact on where people
Inference: choose to live (supporting Inference
I. The scheme will encourage more people II). Since both outcomes are plausible
to settle in and encroach upon forest future possibilities, either I or II can
areas. follow.
II. The scheme will have no impact on
human settlement patterns near wildlife
habitats.

कथन: केंद्र एक नई योजनर शुरू करने की योजनर

बनर रहर है ल्जसके तहत िह मरनि-िन्यजीि संघर्ट
के पररणरमथिरूप होने िरली िोर्ों के इलरज की

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 Harshal Agrawal

Question 16

Statement: Mr.A stated that he has left

the decision of which constituency to Solution: e) Both I and II follow. By
contest from the reserved seat of State stating he left the decision to the
X or a general seat to the "people." This "people," Mr. A is publicly adopting a
comes amid his efforts to expand his democratic posture while buying time
party's appeal beyond its traditional vote to strategically assess his best
bank. chances (Inference I). The choice
Inference: between a reserved and a general
I. Mr. A is projecting a democratic image seat, especially in the context of
while strategically evaluating his political expanding his party's appeal, is a
options and support base. clear attempt to test the waters and
II. His statement suggests an attempt to gauge public reaction to a potential
gauge public reaction to him potentially shift beyond his traditional vote bank
moving beyond caste-based politics. (Inference II).

कथन: श्री ए ने कहर कक उन्होंने ककस यनिरटिन क्षेत्र

Question 17
से िन
ु रि लडनर है ररज्य X की आरक्षक्षत सीर् से यर
सरमरन्य सीर् से यह यनणटय "जनतर" पर िोड ददयर Statement: The Centre has given its 'in-
है । यह यनणटय उनकी परर्ी की अपील को उसके principle' approval for a new greenfield
airport at Jewar in Uttar Pradesh. A
पररं पररक िोर् बैंक से आगे बढ़रने के प्रयरसों के बीि
greenfield airport is one which is built
आयर है । from scratch on a new, undeveloped site.
यनष्कर्ट: Inference:
I. श्री ए अपने ररजनीयतक विकजपों और जनरधरर I. The new airport will be built on the site
कर रणनीयतक मूजयरंकन करते हुए एक लोकतरंबत्रक of an existing, operational airport.
II. The 'in-principle' approval means that
िवि प्रथतत
ु कर रहे हैं।
construction on the airport will begin
II. उनके कथन से यह प्रतीत होतर है कक िे जरयत- tomorrow.
आधरररत ररजनीयत से आगे बढ़ने की उनकी संभरवित
पहल पर जनतर की प्रयतकक्रयर जरनने कर प्रयरस कर कथन: केंद्र ने उिर प्रदे श के जेिर में एक नए
रहे हैं। ग्रीनिीजड हिरई अड्डे के मलए अपनी 'सैद्धरंयतक'
मंजरू ी दे दी है । एक ग्रीनिीजड हिरई अड्डर िह है
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II जो एक नए, अविकमसत थथल पर खरोंि से बनरयर
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
गयर है ।
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
यनष्कर्ट:
follow.
I. नयर हिरई अड्डर एक मौजूदर, पररिरलन हिरई
अड्डे की सरइर् पर बनरयर जरएगर।
II. 'सैद्धरंयतक' मंजूरी कर मतलब है कक हिरई
अड्डे पर यनमरटण कल शुरू हो जरएगर।

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विलुप्त होने के गंभीर खतरे कर सरमनर कर रहर है

Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II जो उनकी आबरदी को खंडडत करते हैं।
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
यनष्कर्ट:
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
I. गंगर नदी ड़ॉल्जफन की आबरदी िल-िूल रही है
follow.
और तेजी से बढ़ रही है ।
II. अध्ययन कर यनष्कर्ट है कक बरंधों और बैररजों
ने ड़ॉल्जिन की आबरदी को िलने-िूलने में मदद की
है ।
Solution: d) Neither I nor II follows.
The statement explicitly defines a
Options: a) Only I follow. b) Only II
greenfield airport as one built on a
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d)
"new, undeveloped site," which
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II
directly contradicts Inference I's
follow.
claim that it will be built on an
existing airport site. "In-principle"
approval is a preliminary stage of
clearance; it does not mean
construction is imminent or will start
the next day, making Inference II an Solution: d) Neither I nor II
invalid assumption. [Link] study clearly states the
dolphin population is facing a "severe
threat of extinction," which is the
Question 18 exact opposite of "thriving and
growing rapidly" as claimed in
Statement: A study published in a Inference I. The study also identifies
scientific journal indicates that the dams and barrages as a cause of
Gangetic river dolphin, India's national population fragmentation, directly
aquatic animal, is facing a severe threat contradicting Inference II's claim
of extinction due to habitat degradation, that they have helped the population
pollution, and the construction of dams and flourish.
barrages that fragment their population.
Inference:
I. The population of Gangetic River
dolphins is thriving and growing rapidly.
Question 19
II. The study concludes that dams and
barrages have helped the dolphin Statement: A report highlights the
population to flourish. success of the 'Socratic method' of
teaching in a few alternative schools in
कथन: एक िैज्ञरयनक पबत्रकर में प्रकरमशत एक India. This method involves stimulating
अध्ययन से पतर िलतर है कक भररत कर ररष्रीय critical thinking by asking a series of
probing questions, rather than providing
जलीय जंतु, गंगर नदी ड़ॉल्जिन, आिरस क्षरण,
direct answers or encouraging rote
प्रदर्
ू ण, और बरंधों और बैररजों के यनमरटण के कररण memorization.
Inference:

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I. Implementing the Socratic method on a

large scale will lead to a complete collapse Conversely, it could be a revolutionary
of the Indian education system. success that solves major problems like
II. Implementing the Socratic method on rote learning (Inference II). Since
a large scale will solve all the problems both extreme positive and negative
currently facing the Indian education outcomes are plausible future
system. possibilities, either I or II can follow.

कथन: एक ररपोर्ट भररत के कुि िैकल्जपक थकूलों

में पढ़रने की 'सुकररती पद्धयत' की सिलतर पर Question 20
प्रकरश डरलती है । इस पद्धयत में सीधे उिर प्रदरन
Statement: The Centre may not introduce
करने यर रर्ने को प्रोत्सरदहत करने के बजरय,
the Banning of Unregulated Lending
जरंिरत्मक प्रश्नों की एक श्रंख
ृ लर पि
ू कर महत्िपण
ू ट
Activities (BULA) Bill to curb unregulated
सोि को प्रोत्सरदहत करनर शरममल है । lending activities by digital lending apps in
यनष्कर्ट: the upcoming monsoon session of
I. सुकररती पद्धयत को बडे पैमरने पर लरगू करने Parliament, as the consultation process is
not yet over, sources told FE.
से भररतीय मशक्षर प्रणरली पूरी तरह से ध्िथत हो
Inference:
जरएगी।
I. The government is taking a cautious and
II. सुकररती पद्धयत को बडे पैमरने पर लरगू करने consultative approach to regulating digital
से भररतीय मशक्षर प्रणरली के सरमने आने िरली सभी lending apps.
समथयरएं हल हो जरएंगी। II. The delay in introducing the BULA Bill
suggests that there are complex issues
Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II and stakeholder concerns that need to be
follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) addressed before the legislation is
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II finalized.
follow.
कथन: सूत्रों ने एिई को बतरयर कक केंद्र संसद के
आगरमी मरनसून सत्र में डडल्जर्ल लेंडडंग ऐप्स द्िररर
अयनयममत उधरर गयतविर्धयों पर अंकुश लगरने के
मलए अयनयममत उधरर गयतविर्धयों पर प्रयतबंध
Solution: c) Either I or II follows. The (बुलर) विधेयक पेश नहीं कर सकतर है , क्योंकक
statement reports the success of the पररमशट प्रकक्रयर अभी खत्म नहीं हुई है । यनष्कर्ट:
Socratic method in a few alternative
I. सरकरर डडल्जर्ल लेंडडंग ऐप्स को वियनयममत
schools. The potential impact of scaling
this method to a massive, diverse करने के मलए एक सतकट और पररमशरटत्मक
education system like India's is दृल्ष्र्कोण अपनर रही है ।
unknown and could be extreme in either II. बुलर विधेयक को पेश करने में दे री से पतर
direction. It could prove disruptive and िलतर है कक करनून को अंयतम रूप दे ने से पहले
lead to a collapse due to a lack of
जदर्ल मद्
ु दों और दहतधररकों की र्िंतरओं को दरू
trained teachers and resources
(Inference I). करने की आिश्यकतर है ।

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Options: a) Only I follows. b) Only II (a) The government's response is unified,

follows. c) Either I or II follows. d) with all branches working together on a
Neither I nor II follows. e) Both I and II single, agreed-upon plan.
follow. (b) The unrest is a minor issue that is
being exaggerated by the media.
(c) The governor has successfully taken
full control of the situation, and the
state's legislators have agreed to follow
his lead.
Solution: e) Both I and II follow. The
(d) The protesters are demanding the
reason given for the delay is that the
resignation of both the legislators and the
"consultation process is not yet over."
governor.
This directly implies the government
(e) A significant disagreement exists
is taking a cautious and consultative
between the elected legislative body and
approach rather than rushing the
the governor's office regarding the
legislation (Inference I). The very
appropriate strategy to manage the
need for an extended consultation
unrest, leading to separate initiatives.
process logically suggests that there
are complex issues and stakeholder
कथन: एक लेख मर्णपुर में िल रही अशरंयत कर
concerns that need to be resolved
before the bill is introduced, which is वििरण दे तर है , जो एक र्गरफ्तररी के बरद भडकी
exactly what Inference II states. थी। प्रदशटनकररी प्रमुख सडकों को अिरुद्ध करके
यनर्ेधरज्ञर कर उजलंघन कर रहे हैं। इसके सरथ ही,
सिररूढ़ दल के 25 से अर्धक विधरयकों के एक
Question 21 प्रयतयनर्धमंडल ने यनिरटर्ित सरकरर से पररमशट ककए
बबनर एक थितंत्र सुरक्षर समीक्षर बैठक आयोल्जत
Statement: An article details the ongoing करने के मलए ररज्यपरल के करयरटलय की सरिटजयनक
unrest in Manipur, triggered by an arrest.
रूप से आलोिनर की। प्रयतयनर्धमंडल ने एक अलग
Protesters are defying prohibitory orders
by blocking major roads. Concurrently, a प्रेस क़ॉन्फ्ेंस में सरमद
ु रययक संिरद के मरध्यम से
delegation of over 25 legislators from the "सौहरदट पूणट समरधरन" की अपनी योजनर की घोर्णर
ruling party publicly criticized the की, ल्जसे ररज्यपरल के अर्धक सुरक्षर-केंदद्रत
Governor's office for holding an दृल्ष्र्कोण के मलए एक सीधी िन
ु ौती के रूप में दे खर
independent security review meeting
जर रहर है ।
without consulting the elected government.
The delegation, in a separate press प्रश्न: उपरोक्त वििरण से यनम्नमलर्खत में से कौन
conference, announced their own plan for सर यनष्कर्ट तरककटक रूप से यनकरलर जर सकतर है ?
an "amicable solution" through community
dialogue, a move seen as a direct challenge (a) सरकरर की प्रयतकक्रयर एकीकृत है , ल्जसमें सभी
to the Governor's more security-focused शरखरएं एक ही, सहमत योजनर पर ममलकर करम
approach.
कर रही हैं।
Question: Which of the following can be
most logically inferred from the provided (b) यह अशरंयत एक मरमूली मुद्दर है ल्जसे मीडडयर
account? द्िररर बढ़र-िढ़रकर पेश ककयर जर रहर है ।

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(c) ररज्यपरल ने सिलतरपूिक

ट ल्थथयत पर पण
ू ट
यनयंत्रण कर मलयर है , और ररज्य के विधरयक उनके Question 22
नेतत्ृ ि कर परलन करने के मलए सहमत हो गए हैं।
Statement: A report on Delhi's "I Love..."
(d) प्रदशटनकररी विधरयकों और ररज्यपरल दोनों के signs, modelled after the iconic "I love
इथतीिे की मरंग कर रहे हैं। NY" campaign, highlights a stark contrast.
(e) अशरंयत के प्रबंधन के मलए उपयुक्त रणनीयत के Initially intended to beautify
संबंध में यनिरटर्ित विधरयी यनकरय और ररज्यपरल neighbourhoods, boost civic pride, and
become local landmarks, many of these
के करयरटलय के बीि एक महत्िपूणट असहमयत मौजद
ू
installations are now in a state of
है , ल्जसके कररण अलग-अलग पहल हो रही हैं। disrepair—faded, crumbling, and with
parts stolen. The article juxtaposes these
decaying symbols of affection with
neglected basic infrastructure like broken
pavements and overflowing drains, quoting
residents who question the wisdom of
spending public money on such decorative
Solution: (e) The statement explicitly
signage when basic amenities remain
describes a clash between two
ignored.
branches of the government. The
Which of the following can be inferred as
legislators are "publicly criticizing"
the central critique presented in the
the governor and announcing a
report?
"separate" plan, which is seen as a
"direct challenge" to the governor's
a) The "I love NY" campaign model is
approach. (e) is the most logical
inherently flawed and is unsuitable for any
inference because it accurately
city other than New York, which is why it
captures this conflict. It identifies
failed in Delhi.
the "significant disagreement" on
b) The residents of Delhi are actively
strategy (community dialogue vs.
vandalizing these signs because they
security focus) and the resulting
universally oppose any form of public art
"separate initiatives."(a) is incorrect
or beautification effort.
as it is directly contradicted by the
c) The initiative represents a case of
public criticism and separate plans.
misplaced civic priorities and a superficial
(b) is incorrect because the high-level
approach to urban improvement, where
government attention and description
cosmetic projects are funded and installed
of the unrest show it is not a minor
without adequate long-term maintenance
issue. (c) is incorrect as it is directly
plans, while fundamental infrastructure
contradicted by the legislators' open
issues affecting daily life are neglected.
challenge to the governor's authority.
d) The primary problem with the signs is
(d) is incorrect because the passage
their poor construction quality, and a
provides no information about the
project using more durable materials would
specific demands of the protesters.
have resolved all resident complaints and
fulfilled the beautification goals.
e) The installation of these signs has
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transformed neighbourhoods into major d) सरइन्स के सरथ प्ररथममक समथयर उनकी खररब
landmarks, with the reported disrepair यनमरटण गुणििर है , और अर्धक दर्करऊ सरमग्री कर
being only minor and isolated incidents.
उपयोग करने िरली एक पररयोजनर ने सभी
यनिरमसयों की मशकरयतों कर समरधरन कर ददयर होतर
कथन: प्रयतल्ष्ठत "आई लि एनिरई" अमभयरन की
और सौंदयीकरण के लक्ष्यों को परू र ककयर होतर।
तजट पर बनरए गए ददजली के "आई लि..." सरइन्स
e) इन सरइन्स की थथरपनर ने नरगररक गौरि को
पर एक ररपोर्ट एक गंभीर विरोधरभरस को उजरगर
सिलतरपूिक
ट बढ़रयर है और पडोस को प्रमख
ु थथलों
करती है । प्रररं भ में पडोस को सुंदर बनरने, नरगररक
में बदल ददयर है , ल्जसमें ररपोर्ट की गई जीणटतर
गौरि को बढ़रिर दे ने और थथरनीय पहिरन बनने के
केिल िोर्ी और अलग-थलग घर्नरएं हैं।
इररदे से, इनमें से कई प्रयतष्ठरन अब जीणट-शीणट
अिथथर में हैं - िीके, र्ूर्ते हुए और कुि दहथसों
की िोरी हो िुकी है । लेख इन क्षयकररी प्रतीकों को
र्ूर्े हुए िुर्परथ और बहते हुए नरलों जैसी उपेक्षक्षत
बुयनयरदी सुविधरओं के सरथ रखतर है , और
Solution: c)
यनिरमसयों को उद्धत
ृ करतर है जो बयु नयरदी
The core argument of the article is
सुविधरओं को नजरअंदरज ककए जरने पर ऐसे the contrast between spending on
सजरिर्ी सरइनेज पर सरिटजयनक धन खिट करने की "aspirational declarations of love" and
समझ पर सिरल उठरते हैं। the reality of "crumbling pavements,
overflowing drains, and broken civic
ररपोर्ट में प्रथतुत केंद्रीय आलोिनर के रूप में
promises." This points directly to
यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर misplaced priorities and a superficial
है ? approach, as stated in option (c). The
other options are incorrect because:
a) "आई लि एनिरई" अमभयरन म़ॉडल थिरभरविक (a) the article doesn't critique the NY
रूप से त्रुदर्पूणट है और न्यूय़ॉकट के अलरिर ककसी भी model itself, but its implementation
and context in Delhi; (b) while
शहर के मलए अनुपयुक्त है, यही कररण है कक यह
vandalism (theft) is mentioned, it's
ददजली में वििल रहर। not attributed to a universal
b) ददजली के यनिरसी इन सरइन्स को सकक्रय रूप opposition to art, but neglect; (d)
से तोड रहे हैं क्योंकक िे सरिटभौममक रूप से ककसी while quality might be an issue, the
भी प्रकरर की सरिटजयनक कलर यर सौंदयीकरण के central critique is the misplaced
priority, not just the materials used;
प्रयरस कर विरोध करते हैं।
and (e) this is directly contradicted
c) यह पहल नरगररक प्ररथममकतरओं के गलत by the article's main theme of decay
यनधरटरण और शहरी सुधरर के मलए एक सतही and resident dissatisfaction.
दृल्ष्र्कोण कर प्रयतयनर्धत्ि करती है , जहरं क़ॉथमेदर्क
पररयोजनरओं को पयरटप्त दीघटकरमलक रखरखरि
योजनरओं के बबनर विि पोवर्त और थथरवपत ककयर
Question 23
जरतर है , जबकक दै यनक जीिन को प्रभरवित करने
िरले मौमलक बयु नयरदी ढरंिे के मद्
ु दों की उपेक्षर की Statement: An advertisement for MIT
Art, Design & Technology University,
जरती है ।
Pune, details its 2025 admissions. It

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showcases a wide array of programs दरर्खले कर वििरण दे तर है । यह कंप्यूर्र विज्ञरन

ranging from conventional [Link] और मैकेयनकल इंजीयनयररंग जैसी पररं पररक बी.र्े क
specializations like Computer Science and
विशेर्ज्ञतरओं से लेकर िैददक विज्ञरन, किजम
Mechanical Engineering to niche and
interdisciplinary fields like Vedic Sciences, यनमरटण, खरद्य प्रौद्योर्गकी और ऑर्ोमोदर्ि क्ले
Film Making, Food Technology, and थकल्जप्र्ं ग जैसे विमशष्र् और अंतःविर्य क्षेत्रों तक
Automotive Clay Sculpting. The ad also के करयटक्रमों की एक विथतत
ृ श्रंख
ृ लर को प्रदमशटत
prominently features industry associations करतर है । विज्ञरपन में र्ीसीएस-आयओएन, इंर्ेल
with companies like TCSiON, Intel, and
और एडब्जयूएस जैसी कंपयनयों के सरथ औद्योर्गक
AWS, international collaborations, a high
NIRF innovation ranking, and a QS I- सहयोग, अंतरररष्रीय सहयोग, एक उच्ि
Gauge Gold Rating. एनआईआरएि निरिरर रैंककं ग और एक क्यूएस
What can be inferred about MIT-ADT आई-गेज गोजड रे दर्ंग को भी प्रमुखतर से ददखरयर
University's strategic positioning from this
गयर है ।
advertisement?
इस विज्ञरपन से एमआईर्ी-एडीर्ी विश्िविद्यरलय की
a) The university is exclusively a technical रणनीयतक ल्थथयत के बररे में क्यर अनुमरन लगरयर
institute that has recently started to जर सकतर है ?
experiment with a few arts courses to
meet regulatory requirements. a) विश्िविद्यरलय विशेर् रूप से एक तकनीकी
b) The university is positioning itself as a
संथथरन है ल्जसने हरल ही में वियनयरमक
comprehensive, multi-disciplinary
आिश्यकतरओं को पूरर करने के मलए कुि कलर
institution that aims to bridge the gap
between modern, industry-aligned परठ्यक्रमों के सरथ प्रयोग करनर शुरू ककयर है ।
technology education and traditional and b) विश्िविद्यरलय खुद को एक व्यरपक, बहु-विर्यक
creative arts, thereby appealing to a संथथरन के रूप में थथरवपत कर रहर है ल्जसकर
diverse student demographic with varied
उद्दे श्य आधयु नक, उद्योग-संरेर्खत प्रौद्योर्गकी
career aspirations.
मशक्षर और पररं पररक और रिनरत्मक कलरओं के
c) The institution's primary marketing
strategy is to highlight its low-cost बीि की खरई को परर्नर है , ल्जससे विमभन्न कैररयर
education model, with less emphasis on आकरंक्षरओं िरले विविध िरत्र जनसरंल्ख्यकी को
industry partnerships or graduate आकवर्टत ककयर जर सके।
employment outcomes.
c) संथथरन की प्ररथममक विपणन रणनीयत अपने
d) MIT-ADT University is shifting its
focus away from engineering and कम लरगत िरले मशक्षर म़ॉडल को उजरगर करनर है,
technology to primarily become a center ल्जसमें उद्योग भरगीदररी यर थनरतक रोजगरर
for Vedic Sciences and Sanskrit research. पररणरमों पर कम जोर ददयर गयर है ।
e) The university is a new and d) एमआईर्ी-एडीर्ी विश्िविद्यरलय अपनर ध्यरन
unaccredited institution attempting to
इंजीयनयररंग और प्रौद्योर्गकी से हर्रकर मुख्य रूप
attract its first cohort of students with
ambitious but as-yet-unverified claims से िैददक विज्ञरन और संथकृत अनुसध
ं रन कर केंद्र
about its programs and rankings. बनने की ओर अग्रसर है ।
e) विश्िविद्यरलय एक नयर और गैर-मरन्यतर प्ररप्त
कथन: एमआईर्ी आर्ट, डडजरइन एंड र्े क्नोल़ॉजी संथथरन है जो अपने करयटक्रमों और रैंककं ग के बररे
ययू निमसटर्ी, पण
ु े कर एक विज्ञरपन इसके 2025 के

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 Harshal Agrawal

में महत्िरकरंक्षी लेककन अभी तक असत्यरवपत दरिों completed a preliminary in-house inquiry.
के सरथ िरत्रों के अपने पहले समूह को आकवर्टत As per the constitutional framework, the
findings were then formally forwarded to
करने कर प्रयरस कर रहर है ।
the Rajya Sabha secretariat. The
secretariat, in an official communication,
acknowledged the receipt of the
judiciary's report and confirmed that the
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha would now
initiate the next steps of the
Solution: b) constitutionally mandated process, which
The advertisement showcases a involves Parliament and the President.
deliberate and wide-ranging mix of Question: Based on this report, what is
programs—from high-tech engineering the most significant inference that can be
with industry partners to specialized drawn regarding the oversight of judicial
arts and even traditional sciences. conduct?
This breadth, combined with
accolades like NIRF (Innovation) and (a) The Supreme Court and the Rajya
QS rankings, strongly suggests a Sabha appear to have a structured and
strategy to be perceived as a holistic, complementary process for handling
multi-disciplinary university that complaints against judges, with each body
caters to diverse interests, which is playing a distinct role.
perfectly described in option (b). The (b) The Rajya Sabha secretariat has no
other options are incorrect because: real authority, and its role is merely to
(a) the range of non-technical courses rubber-stamp the Supreme Court's
is too broad to be a mere experiment; decisions.
(c) it highlights a "61+ LPA Highest (c) A jurisdictional conflict exists between
Package", directly contradicting a the judiciary's internal inquiry and
focus on low cost over outcomes; (d) Parliament's constitutional power, forcing
engineering is heavily featured and one to halt the other.
not being abandoned; and (e) it (d) The inquiry against the judge was
explicitly mentions established dropped after the Rajya Sabha
accreditations like NAAC 'A' and secretariat's intervention.
NIRF/QS rankings, contradicting the (e) The judiciary's in-house inquiry is the
idea of being new and unaccredited. only procedure for taking any action
against a sitting High Court judge.

कथन: न्यरययक यनरीक्षण पर एक ररपोर्ट न्यरयरधीशों

के र्खलरि मशकरयतों के मलए थथरवपत प्रकक्रयर कर
Question 24 वििरण दे ती है । एक उच्ि न्यरयरलय के न्यरयरधीश

Statement: A report on judicial oversight द्िररर एक वििरदरथपद भरर्ण के बरद, सुप्रीम कोर्ट
details the established procedure for ने एक प्रररं मभक आंतररक जरंि शरू
ु की और परू ी
complaints against judges. Following a की। संिैधरयनक ढरंिे के अनुसरर, यनष्कर्ों को
controversial speech by a High Court औपिरररक रूप से ररज्यसभर सर्ििरलय को भेज
judge, the Supreme Court initiated and

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ददयर गयर। सर्ििरलय ने एक आर्धकरररक संिरद

(a) is the correct inference because
में , न्यरयपरमलकर की ररपोर्ट की प्ररल्प्त को थिीकरर it accurately describes this
ककयर और पुल्ष्र् की कक ररज्यसभर के सभरपयत अब cooperative and sequential
संिैधरयनक रूप से अयनिरयट प्रकक्रयर के अगले िरण relationship. The process appears
structured and complementary, with
शरू
ु करें गे, ल्जसमें संसद और ररष्रपयत शरममल हैं।
both institutions fulfilling their
प्रश्न: इस ररपोर्ट के आधरर पर, न्यरययक आिरण
distinct roles without conflict. (b) is
की यनगररनी के संबध
ं में सबसे महत्िपूणट यनष्कर्ट incorrect because the Rajya Sabha is
क्यर यनकरलर जर सकतर है? initiating the "next constitutional
step," which implies it has a
(a) ऐसर प्रतीत होतर है कक सुप्रीम कोर्ट और significant and authoritative role, not
just a passive one. (c) is incorrect
ररज्यसभर के परस न्यरयरधीशों के र्खलरि मशकरयतों
because the new statement explicitly
से यनपर्ने के मलए एक संरर्ित और पूरक प्रकक्रयर
describes a seamless handover of the
है , ल्जसमें प्रत्येक यनकरय एक अलग भमू मकर case, which is the opposite of a
यनभरतर है । conflict. (d) is incorrect because the
(b) ररज्यसभर सर्ििरलय के परस कोई िरथतविक statement says the findings were
"forwarded" and the "next steps"
अर्धकरर नहीं है , और उसकी भमू मकर केिल सप्र
ु ीम
were initiated, not that the inquiry
कोर्ट के िैसलों पर मुहर लगरनर है । was dropped. (e) is incorrect because
(c) न्यरयपरमलकर की आंतररक जरंि और संसद की the passage clearly states that
संिैधरयनक शल्क्त के बीि एक क्षेत्ररर्धकरर संबध
ं ी Parliament and the President are also
संघर्ट मौजूद है , जो एक को दस
ू रे को रोकने के मलए involved in the constitutionally
mandated process.
मजबूर करतर है ।
(d) ररज्यसभर सर्ििरलय के हथतक्षेप के बरद
न्यरयरधीश के र्खलरि जरंि बंद कर दी गई।
(e) न्यरयपरमलकर की आंतररक जरंि ककसी भी Question 25
मौजूदर उच्ि न्यरयरलय के न्यरयरधीश के र्खलरि
Statement: The Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has
कोई भी कररट िरई करने की एकमरत्र प्रकक्रयर है । proposed a comprehensive ₹10,087 crore,
three-year plan to rejuvenate the Yamuna
and upgrade the city's water
infrastructure. A key component is
increasing sewage treatment capacity by
862 million litres per day (mld) and
releasing treated water from major STPs
Solution: (a)
downstream of the Wazirabad barrage to
The revised statement describes a
restore the river's environmental flow.
smooth, step-by-step procedure, not
The plan also aims to tap several large
a conflict. The Supreme Court
drains currently dumping untreated waste
conducts its inquiry and then forwards
and address the lack of sewer systems in
the findings to the Rajya Sabha, which
916 unauthorized colonies.
then begins its own mandated process.

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What can be inferred about the underlying को र्ै प करनर और 916 अनर्धकृत क़ॉलोयनयों में
problems with Delhi's water management सीिर मसथर्म की कमी को दरू करनर भी है ।
that this plan seeks to address?
इस योजनर के मरध्यम से ददजली के जल प्रबंधन

a) Delhi's primary water problem is a की अंतयनटदहत समथयरओं के बररे में क्यर अनुमरन
shortage of raw water from neighboring लगरयर जर सकतर है ?
states, and the plan focuses solely on
securing more water through inter-state a) ददजली की प्ररथममक जल समथयर पडोसी ररज्यों
dam projects. से कच्िे परनी की कमी है , और यह योजनर परू ी
b) The existing water infrastructure in
तरह से अंतर-ररज्यीय बरंध पररयोजनरओं के मरध्यम
Delhi is highly efficient, and the new plan
is merely a routine upgrade to further से अर्धक परनी सुरक्षक्षत करने पर केंदद्रत है ।
enhance an already perfect system. b) ददजली में मौजद
ू र जल अिसंरिनर अत्यर्धक
c) The plan suggests that Delhi's water कुशल है , और नई योजनर केिल एक पहले से ही
crisis is a systemic failure encompassing उिम प्रणरली को और बढ़रने के मलए एक यनयममत
multiple stages of the water cycle,
उन्नयन है ।
including massive sewage generation that
goes untreated, direct pollution of the c) योजनर से पतर िलतर है कक ददजली कर जल
Yamuna by untapped drains, and a lack of संकर् एक प्रणरलीगत वििलतर है ल्जसमें जल िक्र
basic sanitation infrastructure in a के कई िरण शरममल हैं, ल्जसमें भररी मरत्रर में
significant portion of the city.
अनुपिरररत सीिेज उत्परदन, अनर्ै प्ड नरलों द्िररर
d) The DJB's plan is exclusively focused
यमुनर कर सीधर प्रदर्
ू ण, और शहर के एक महत्िपण
ू ट
on the aesthetic rejuvenation of the
Yamuna riverfront for tourism purposes, दहथसे में बुयनयरदी थिच्ितर अिसंरिनर की कमी
without addressing the core issues of शरममल है ।
water quality or supply. d) डीजेबी की योजनर विशेर् रूप से पयटर्न उद्दे श्यों
e) The issue of water pollution in Delhi is
के मलए यमुनर ररिरफ्ंर् के सौंदयट पुनजीिन पर
limited to a few industrial drains, and
केंदद्रत है, बबनर परनी की गण
ु ििर यर आपयू तट के
tapping them would completely solve the
problem without needing widespread मुख्य मुद्दों को संबोर्धत ककए।
infrastructure changes or sewage e) ददजली में जल प्रदर्
ू ण कर मुद्दर कुि औद्योर्गक
treatment upgrades. नरलों तक ही सीममत है , और उन्हें र्ै प करने से
व्यरपक अिसंरिनर पररितटन यर सीिेज उपिरर
कथन: ददजली जल बोडट (डीजेबी) ने यमन
ु र को
उन्नयन की आिश्यकतर के बबनर समथयर परू ी तरह
पुनजीवित करने और शहर के जल बुयनयरदी ढरंिे
से हल हो जरएगी।
को उन्नत करने के मलए एक व्यरपक ₹10,087
करोड, तीन-िर्ीय योजनर कर प्रथतरि ददयर है । एक
प्रमुख घर्क सीिेज उपिरर क्षमतर को 862 मममलयन
लीर्र प्रयत ददन (एमएलडी) तक बढ़रनर और नदी के
पयरटिरणीय प्रिरह को बहरल करने के मलए िजीररबरद Solution: c)
बैररज के अनुप्रिरह में प्रमख
ु एसर्ीपी से उपिरररत The plan's components directly point to
परनी िोडनर है । इस योजनर कर उद्दे श्य ितटमरन में the problems it aims to solve. The
focus on increasing STP capacity,
अनुपिरररत किरे को डंप करने िरले कई बडे नरलों

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 Harshal Agrawal

Which of the following can be inferred

from the article's analysis of RCB's
restoring environmental flow, tapping
victory?
drains dumping untreated waste, and
providing sewer systems to nearly half
a) RCB's victory was a predictable
of the unauthorized colonies all
outcome, given their consistent strategy
indicate a multi-pronged, systemic
of investing heavily in superstar batters
failure in water management. Option
over the years.
(c) is the only one that
b) The article suggests a potential paradox
comprehensively covers these
in team-building strategy: RCB's long-
interconnected issues. The other
awaited success was achieved not by
options are incorrect because: (a)
continuing their star-studded approach,
while securing more water is part of
but by moving away from it, implying that
the long-term vision, the core of the
a more balanced team composition might
₹10,087 crore plan is about pollution
have been the key.
and infrastructure, not just raw
c) The loyalty of RCB's fanbase was the
water shortage; (b) the need for such
single most important factor that directly
a massive overhaul contradicts the
caused the team to win the title after 18
idea of an efficient system; (d) the
years.
plan is about fundamental
d) The article concludes that having
environmental health (reintroducing
superstar players like Kohli, de Villiers,
oxygen) and infrastructure, not just
and Gayle was detrimental to the team and
aesthetics; and (e) the problem is
was the sole reason for their previous
widespread, involving numerous drains
failures.
and entire colonies, not just a few
e) RCB's 18-year wait for a title is the
industrial sources.
longest in the history of all global sports
leagues, making their achievement
unparalleled.

Question 26
कथन: "जीिन भर कर खेल इंतजरर" नरमक एक
Statement: An analytical article titled विश्लेर्णरत्मक लेख ऱॉयल िैलेंजसट बैंगलोर
"Sporting waits of a lifetime" discusses
(आरसीबी) की अपनी पहली आईपीएल र्खतरब के
the 18-year journey of Royal Challengers
मलए 18 सरल की यरत्रर पर ििरट करतर है । यह
Bengaluru (RCB) to their maiden IPL title.
It posits that for RCB, the wait felt बतरतर है कक आरसीबी के मलए, इंतजरर विशेर् रूप
particularly significant due to its history से "शरनदरर बजलेबरजी प्रदशटन," एक अत्यर्धक
of "sparkling batting performances," a "अमभव्यंजक और ििरदरर" प्रशंसक आधरर, और
highly "expressive and loyal" fanbase, and
कोहली, डीविमलयसट और गेल जैसे हरई-प्रोिरइल
having spent disproportionately on high-
profile batters like Kohli, de Villiers, and बजलेबरजों पर असंगत रूप से खिट करने के इयतहरस
Gayle. The article ironically notes that के कररण महत्िपण ू ट महसूस हुआ। लेख विडंबनरपण ू ट
they finally won the title with "perhaps रूप से नोर् करतर है कक उन्होंने अंततः "शरयद अब
the lowest in superstar quotient they have तक के सबसे कम सुपरथर्रर भरगिल" के सरथ
ever been."
र्खतरब जीतर।

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आरसीबी की जीत के लेख के विश्लेर्ण से

(a) the victory was ironic, not
यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर
predictable by their old strategy; (c)
है ? the fanbase is mentioned as part of
the "story and spirit" of the wait, not
a) आरसीबी की जीत एक अनुमरयनत पररणरम थी, as the direct cause of the win; (d) the
ल्जसे दे खते हुए िर्ों से सुपरथर्रर बजलेबरजों में भररी article doesn't say the stars were
detrimental, just that the win came
यनिेश करने की उनकी सुसग ं त रणनीयत थी।
without a similar lineup; and (e) the
b) लेख र्ीम-यनमरटण रणनीयत में एक संभरवित
article compares it to other long waits
विरोधरभरस कर सझ
ु रि दे तर है : आरसीबी की लंबे in sports but doesn't claim it's the
समय से प्रतीक्षक्षत सिलतर उनकी मसतररों से सजी absolute longest in all leagues.
दृल्ष्र्कोण को जररी रखकर नहीं, बल्जक उससे दरू
जरकर हरमसल की गई, ल्जसकर अथट है कक एक
अर्धक संतुमलत र्ीम संरिनर कंु जी हो सकती है । Question 27
c) आरसीबी के प्रशंसक आधरर की ििरदररी एकमरत्र
सबसे महत्िपूणट कररक थी ल्जसके कररण र्ीम ने Statement: A report highlights the rise of
an illegal "end-of-life vehicle" (ELV)
18 सरल बरद र्खतरब जीतर।
recycling cartel in Delhi. Despite a policy
d) लेख यह यनष्कर्ट यनकरलतर है कक कोहली, requiring 10-to-15-year-old vehicles to
डीविमलयसट और गेल जैसे सुपरथर्रर र्खलरडडयों कर be scrapped at certified facilities,
होनर र्ीम के मलए हरयनकररक थर और उनकी वपिली organized gangs posing as scrap dealers
वििलतरओं कर एकमरत्र कररण थर। exploit the system. They either buy ELVs
directly from owners for quick cash or
e) एक र्खतरब के मलए आरसीबी कर 18 सरल कर
exploit loopholes at certified scrapyards.
इंतजरर सभी िैल्श्िक खेल लीगों के इयतहरस में सबसे Instead of proper dismantling, they
लंबर है , ल्जससे उनकी उपलल्ब्ध अद्वितीय है । illegally extract engines and key
components, tamper with identification
numbers, and resell them through a black-
market supply chain to illegal workshops,
where they are used to assemble
Solution: b) functioning vehicles with false papers.
The article sets up a contrast Question: Based on this report, what can
between RCB's historical strategy of be inferred about the illegal vehicle
relying on "high-profile batters" and scrapping activities in Delhi?
their eventual victory with a team
having a "lowest... superstar (a) The certified scrapyards mentioned in
quotient." This juxtaposition strongly the policy are completely secure and are
strongly implies a paradox where not a source of any loopholes for the
success came when they deviated illegal cartel.
from their long-standing formula. (b) The problem exists solely because
Option (b) captures this nuanced vehicle owners are choosing to sell their
inference perfectly. The other old vehicles for quick cash instead of using
options are incorrect because: the certified facilities.

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 Harshal Agrawal

(c) The reassembled vehicles created by (c) करर्े ल द्िररर बनरए गए पुनः असेंबल ककए गए
the cartel are often sold for more than िरहन अक्सर अपने कथर्म पुजों के कररण बबजकुल
brand-new vehicles due to their custom
नए िरहनों से अर्धक में बेिे जरते हैं।
parts.
(d) The illegal network's activities are (d) अिैध नेर्िकट की गयतविर्धयराँ पररष्कृत हैं,
sophisticated, involving not just the theft ल्जसमें न केिल पज
ु ों की िोरी शरममल है , बल्जक
of parts but also the tampering of अिैध रूप से पुनः असेंबल ककए गए िरहनों के मलए
identification numbers to create a supply एक आपूयतट श्रंख
ृ लर बनरने के मलए पहिरन संख्यर
chain for illegally reassembled vehicles.
के सरथ िे डिरड भी शरममल है ।
(e) The report concludes that every scrap
dealer operating in Delhi is a member of (e) ररपोर्ट कर यनष्कर्ट है कक ददजली में करम करने
the illegal cartel. िरलर प्रत्येक कबरड डीलर अिैध करर्े ल कर सदथय
है ।

कथन: एक ररपोर्ट ददजली में एक अिैध "एंड-ऑि-

लरइि व्हीकल" (ईएलिी) रीसरइल्क्लंग करर्े ल के
उदय को उजरगर करती है । 10 से 15 सरल पुररने
िरहनों को प्रमरर्णत सवु िधरओं पर थक्रैप करने की Solution: (d)
नीयत के बरिजूद, कबरड डीलर के रूप में संगदठत The statement details a complex
र्गरोह इस प्रणरली कर िरयदर उठरते हैं। िे यर तो illegal operation. Option (d) is the
most accurate and comprehensive
सीधे मरमलकों से त्िररत नकदी के मलए ईएलिी
inference that can be drawn from this
खरीदते हैं यर प्रमरर्णत थक्रपयरडट में खरममयों कर description. (d) is the correct
िरयदर उठरते हैं। उर्ित यनररकरण के बजरय, िे inference because the text explicitly
अिैध रूप से इंजन और प्रमुख घर्कों को यनकरलते mentions that the gangs "illegally
हैं, पहिरन संख्यर के सरथ िे डिरड करते हैं, और extract engines and key components,
tamper with identification numbers,
उन्हें एक करले बरजरर की आपयू तट श्रख
ं ृ लर के मरध्यम
and resell them through a black-
से अिैध करयटशरलरओं में बेिते हैं, जहरं उन्हें झठ
ू े market supply chain to assemble
करगजरत के सरथ करम करने िरले िरहनों को इकट्ठर functioning vehicles." This directly
करने के मलए उपयोग ककयर जरतर है । supports the conclusion that the
प्रश्न: इस ररपोर्ट के आधरर पर, ददजली में अिैध activities are sophisticated and go
beyond simple theft. (a) is incorrect
िरहन थक्रैवपंग गयतविर्धयों के बररे में क्यर अनम
ु रन
because it is directly contradicted by
लगरयर जर सकतर है ? the text, which states that the gangs
"exploit loopholes at certified
(a) नीयत में उल्जलर्खत प्रमरर्णत थक्रपयरडट पूरी तरह scrapyards." (b) is incorrect because
से सुरक्षक्षत हैं और अिैध करर्े ल के मलए ककसी भी it presents an oversimplified cause.
खरमी कर स्रोत नहीं हैं। The text mentions that exploiting
loopholes at certified facilities is also
(b) समथयर केिल इसमलए मौजद
ू है क्योंकक िरहन
a method, meaning owners' choices
मरमलक प्रमरर्णत सुविधरओं कर उपयोग करने के are not the sole reason for the
बजरय त्िररत नकदी के मलए अपने पुररने िरहन problem. (c) is incorrect as the
बेिनर िुन रहे हैं।

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 Harshal Agrawal

planning, including managing public

passage provides no information about
expectations through communication,
the final selling price of the
controlling crowd flow from multiple access
reassembled vehicles. (e) is incorrect
points, and diligently applying established
as it is an extreme generalization. The
safety guidelines.
report highlights the rise of a cartel
d) The only effective way to manage a
but does not state that every single
large crowd is to cancel the event as soon
dealer is part of it.
as a significant number of people begin to
gather, regardless of the occasion.
e) The responsibility for preventing
stampedes lies solely with private event
Question 28
organizers, and government bodies or
Statement: Following a series of deadly police departments have no established
stampedes in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and role or guidelines to follow.
Karnataka, an article explores the
systemic failures in crowd management. It कथन: ददजली, उिर प्रदे श और कनरटर्क में कई
cites experts, including a retired घरतक भगदडों के बरद, एक लेख भीड प्रबंधन में
Director-General of Police, who point to
प्रणरलीगत वििलतरओं की पडतरल करतर है । यह
"official apathy," "tokenistic governance,"
एक सेिरयनिि
ृ पुमलस महरयनदे शक सदहत विशेर्ज्ञों
and a failure to apply existing protocols.
One expert noted that for a large event, कर हिरलर दे तर है , जो "आर्धकरररक उदरसीनतर,"
preventing crowds from converging from all "सरंकेयतक शरसन," और मौजूदर प्रोर्ोक़ॉल को लरगू
directions through checkpoints is करने में वििलतर की ओर इशररर करते हैं। एक
essential. Another expert, a professor
विशेर्ज्ञ ने उजलेख ककयर कक एक बडे आयोजन के
who has researched religious events,
मलए, िौककयों के मरध्यम से सभी ददशरओं से भीड
emphasized that authorities must actively
control the "hype" around an event through को इकट्ठर होने से रोकनर आिश्यक है । एक अन्य
constant and clear communication to विशेर्ज्ञ, एक प्रोिेसर ल्जन्होंने धरममटक आयोजनों
prevent confusion, which contributed to पर शोध ककयर है , ने इस बरत पर जोर ददयर कक
stampedes at both a railway station and a
भ्रम को रोकने के मलए अर्धकरररयों को एक करयटक्रम
religious gathering.
के आसपरस के "प्रिरर" को यनरं तर और थपष्र् संिरर
Which inference can be most logically
drawn from the experts' analysis? के मरध्यम से सकक्रय रूप से यनयंबत्रत करनर िरदहए,
ल्जसने एक रे लिे थर्े शन और एक धरममटक सभर
a) Stampedes are unpredictable natural दोनों में भगदड में योगदरन ददयर।
disasters, and there are no existing
विशेर्ज्ञों के विश्लेर्ण से कौन सर अनुमरन सबसे
protocols or strategies that can
effectively prevent them. तरककटक रूप से यनकरलर जर सकतर है ?
b) The primary cause of all recent
stampedes is the lack of sufficient armed a) भगदड अप्रत्यरमशत प्ररकृयतक आपदरएाँ हैं, और
police forces to physically restrain every कोई मौजूदर प्रोर्ोक़ॉल यर रणनीयतयराँ नहीं हैं जो
individual in a large crowd. उन्हें प्रभरिी ढं ग से रोक सकें।
c) The prevention of stampedes is a
complex, proactive process that relies less
on last-minute force and more on strategic

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 Harshal Agrawal

b) सभी हरमलयर भगदडों कर प्ररथममक कररण एक

बडी भीड में हर व्यल्क्त को शररीररक रूप से रोकने (e) the article explicitly mentions
के मलए पयरटप्त सशथत्र पुमलस बलों की कमी है । NDMA guidelines and the role of
c) भगदडों की रोकथरम एक जदर्ल, सकक्रय प्रकक्रयर police, refuting that it's solely a
private responsibility.
है जो अंयतम-ममनर् के बल पर कम और रणनीयतक
योजनर पर अर्धक यनभटर करती है , ल्जसमें संिरर
के मरध्यम से सरिटजयनक अपेक्षरओं कर प्रबंधन, कई
पहुंि बबंदओ Question 29
ु ं से भीड के प्रिरह को यनयंबत्रत करनर,
और थथरवपत सरु क्षर ददशरयनदे शों कर लगन से परलन
Statement: An article reports the
करनर शरममल है । gruesome murder of a nine-year-old girl
d) एक बडी भीड को प्रबंर्धत करने कर एकमरत्र in Dayalpur, northeast Delhi. Her 30-
प्रभरिी तरीकर यह है कक जैसे ही बडी संख्यर में लोग year-old neighbor allegedly lured her to
his second-floor flat, sexually assaulted
इकट्ठर होने लगते हैं, घर्नर को रद्द कर ददयर
her, and then murdered her, hiding her
जरए, िरहे अिसर कुि भी हो।
body in a suitcase. The crime came to light
e) भगदड को रोकने की ल्जम्मेदररी पूरी तरह से when her family, unable to find her, was
यनजी करयटक्रम आयोजकों की है , और सरकररी told by another neighbor she was seen
यनकरयों यर पुमलस विभरगों की कोई थथरवपत भूममकर going to the accused's house. The family,
along with locals, broke open the locked
यर ददशरयनदे श नहीं हैं।
flat to find the body. The accused, who
had tried to mislead the family by claiming
the flat was his brother's before
disappearing, is now absconding.
Solution: c) Based on the sequence of events
The experts' comments focus on described, which of the following can be
proactive and strategic measures: reasonably inferred about the accused's
controlling "hype" through actions after committing the crime?
communication, managing crowd flow
with checkpoints, and applying a) The accused made no attempt to
existing guidelines (which NDMA and conceal his crime and immediately
police manuals have). This aligns surrendered to the authorities after the
perfectly with the comprehensive, family discovered the body.
planning-focused approach described b) The accused planned to dispose of the
in option (c). The other options are suitcase containing the body at a later
incorrect because: (a) experts state time, but his plan was thwarted by the
these are "largely preventable" and family's unexpectedly swift search and
protocols exist; (b) the focus of the discovery, forcing him to flee.
analysis is on planning and c) The accused was an accomplice to a
communication, not just the number of larger criminal gang, and his actions were
armed police; (d) this is an extreme dictated by them, including his escape
and impractical solution not suggested from the scene.
by the experts; and d) The discovery of the body by the family
was a result of a direct confession from

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 Harshal Agrawal

the accused, who felt remorseful about his e) आरोपी कर भरगने कर कोई इररदर नहीं थर और
actions. िह पुमलस के आने कर इंतजरर करते हुए बंद फ्लैर्
e) The accused had no intention of fleeing
के अंदर इंतजरर कर रहर थर, लेककन थथरनीय
and was waiting inside the locked flat for
the police to arrive, but was forced out यनिरमसयों द्िररर उसे बरहर यनकरल ददयर गयर।
by the local residents.

कथन: एक लेख में पूिोिर ददजली के दयरलपुर में

एक नौ िर्ीय बच्िी की भीर्ण हत्यर की खबर है । Solution: b) The accused's actions—
उसके 30 िर्ीय पडोसी ने कर्थत तौर पर उसे अपने hiding the body in a suitcase, locking
the flat from the outside, and
दस
ू रे मंल्जल के फ्लैर् में िुसलरयर, उसके सरथ यौन
attempting to mislead the family
उत्पीडन ककयर, और किर उसकी हत्यर कर दी, उसके
before fleeing—strongly suggest a
शरीर को एक सर्
ू केस में यिपर ददयर। अपररध तब plan to conceal the crime and dispose
सरमने आयर जब उसके पररिरर को, जो उसे ढूंढ of the evidence later. Option (b)
नहीं पर रहर थर, एक अन्य पडोसी ने बतरयर कक provides the most logical explanation
for this sequence. The other options
उसे आरोपी के घर जरते दे खर गयर थर। पररिरर ने
are incorrect because: (a) he actively
थथरनीय लोगों के सरथ ममलकर बंद फ्लैर् को तोडर
concealed the crime and fled; (c)
तो शि ममलर। आरोपी, ल्जसने गरयब होने से पहले there's no information suggesting a
यह दरिर करके पररिरर को गुमररह करने की कोमशश gang; (d) he tried to mislead the
की थी कक फ्लैर् उसके भरई कर है , अब िररर है । family, not confess; and (e) he had
already locked the house from the
िर्णटत घर्नरओं के क्रम के आधरर पर, अपररध करने
outside and fled before the family
के बरद आरोपी के करयों के बररे में यनम्नमलर्खत में
broke in.
से कौन सर यथोर्ित अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर है ?

a) आरोपी ने अपने अपररध को यिपरने कर कोई

प्रयरस नहीं ककयर और पररिरर द्िररर शि की खोज Question 30

के बरद तुरंत अर्धकरररयों के सरमने आत्मसमपटण

कर ददयर। Statement: The men's final of the French
Open is described as a "classic" and a
b) आरोपी ने बरद में शि िरले सूर्केस को दठकरने
"thriller," where Spain's Carlos Alcaraz
लगरने की योजनर बनरई थी, लेककन पररिरर की
defeated Jannik Sinner. The match lasted
अप्रत्यरमशत रूप से तेज खोज और खोज से उसकी 5 hours and 29 minutes, making it the
योजनर वििल हो गई, ल्जससे उसे भरगने के मलए "longest French Open men's singles final."
मजबरू होनर पडर। A notable detail provided is that Alcaraz
"saved three match points" during his
c) आरोपी एक बडे आपररर्धक र्गरोह कर सरथी थर,
comeback victory, with a final scoreline of
और उसके करयट उनके द्िररर यनधरटररत ककए गए थे,
4-6, 6-7, 6-4, 7-6, 7-6.
ल्जसमें घर्नरथथल से उसकर भरगनर भी शरममल थर। What does the description of the match
d) पररिरर द्िररर शि की खोज आरोपी के सीधे most strongly imply about the nature of
कबूलनरमे कर पररणरम थी, जो अपने करयों पर the competition?

पश्िरतरप महसूस कर रहर थर।

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 Harshal Agrawal

a) Carlos Alcaraz dominated the match मरनमसक सीमरओं तक धकेलर गयर थर, और
from the very beginning, securing an easy पररणरम अंयतम क्षणों तक अयनल्श्ित बनर रहर।
and straightforward victory over his
c) मैि की लंबरई मुख्य रूप से लंबी बरररश की दे री
opponent.
b) The match was a battle of attrition and और अन्य रुकरिर्ों के कररण थी, न कक एथलीर्ों
resilience, characterized by dramatic के बीि प्रयतथपधी खेल के कररण।
shifts in momentum where both players d) यरयनक मसनर पूरे मैि में थपष्र् रूप से कमजोर
were pushed to their physical and mental र्खलरडी थे और उनके परस िैंवपयनमशप जीतने कर
limits, with the outcome remaining
कभी कोई िरथतविक अिसर नहीं थर।
uncertain until the final moments.
c) The length of the match was primarily e) मैि को केिल इसकी ररक़ॉडट-तोड लंबरई के कररण
due to long rain delays and other "क्लरमसक" मरनर गयर, न कक खेले गए र्े यनस की
interruptions, rather than the competitive गुणििर यर प्रयतथपधरट के कररण।
play between the athletes.
d) Jannik Sinner was clearly the inferior
player throughout the match and never
had a genuine opportunity to win the
championship.
e) The match was considered a "classic"
solely because of its record-breaking
length, not because of the quality or Solution: b)
competitiveness of the tennis played. Descriptors like "classic," "thriller,"
"longest... final," and the crucial fact
कथन: फ्ेंि ओपन के पुरुर्ों के िरइनल को that the winner had to save "three
match points" all point to an intensely
"क्लरमसक" और "र्िलर" के रूप में िर्णटत ककयर
competitive, back-and-forth contest.
गयर है , जहरं थपेन के करलोस अजकररज ने यरयनक Saving match points means the opponent
मसनर को हररयर। यह मैि 5 घंर्े 29 ममनर् तक was just one point away from victory,
िलर, ल्जससे यह "सबसे लंबर फ्ेंि ओपन पुरुर् highlighting the dramatic momentum
एकल िरइनल" बन गयर। एक उजलेखनीय वििरण shifts and resilience required. Option
(b) perfectly summarizes this. The
यह ददयर गयर है कक अजकररज ने अपनी िरपसी की
other options are incorrect because: (a)
जीत के दौररन "तीन मैि प़ॉइंर् बिरए", ल्जसकर Alcaraz lost the first two sets, so he
अंयतम थकोर 4-6, 6-7, 6-4, 7-6, 7-6 थर। did not dominate from the start; (c)
मैि कर वििरण प्रयतयोर्गतर की प्रकृयत के बररे में there is no mention of rain delays; (d)
Sinner had three match points, which
सबसे दृढ़तर से क्यर इंर्गत करतर है ?
contradicts the idea he had no genuine
opportunity to win; and (e) the term
a) करलोस अजकररज ने शुरू से ही मैि पर हरिी
"thriller" and the comeback narrative
होकर अपने प्रयतद्िंद्िी पर एक आसरन और सीधी suggest the quality of play was a key
जीत हरमसल की। factor, not just the duration.
b) यह मैि दृढ़तर और लिीलेपन की लडरई थी,
ल्जसमें गयत में नरर्कीय बदलरि की विशेर्तर थी,
जहरं दोनों र्खलरडडयों को उनकी शररीररक और

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 Harshal Agrawal

कथन: विदे श मंत्री एस. जयशंकर की फ्रंस और

Question 31 बेल्जजयम यरत्रर पर ररपोर्ट में उजलेख ककयर गयर है
कक यह हरल के महीनों में उनकी तीसरी यूरोप यरत्रर

Statement: The report on External है । इसकर उद्दे श्य दोनों सरकररों और यूरोपीय
Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar's visit to आयोग में समकक्षों से ममलनर है । इस ररजनययक
France and Belgium mentions that it is his जुडरि को भररत की ल्थथयत के मलए समथटन जुर्रने,
third visit to Europe in recent months. The भररत-मध्य पि
ू -ट यरू ोप आर्थटक गमलयररे (IMEC)
purpose is to meet with counterparts in
जैसी रुकी हुई पररयोजनरओं को पुनजीवित करने
both governments and the European
Commission. This diplomatic engagement is और यूरोपीय संघ के सरथ एक मुक्त व्यरपरर
described as an effort to "step up" India's समझौते (FTA) को अंयतम रूप दे ने के मलए
diplomatic push post-"Operation Sindoor" "ऑपरे शन मसंदरू " के बरद भररत के ररजनययक दबरि
to garner support for India's position, को "तेज" करने के प्रयरस के रूप में िर्णटत ककयर
revive stalled projects like the India-
गयर है ।
Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
(IMEC), and finalize a Free Trade उपरोक्त कथन से यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर तरककटक
Agreement (FTA) with the EU. रूप से अनम
ु रन लगरयर जर सकतर है ?
Which of the following can be logically a) विदे श मंत्री की यरत्रर कर प्ररथममक और एकमरत्र
inferred from the statement above?
उद्दे श्य परककथतरन के र्खलरि यूरोपीय दे शों के सरथ
एक औपिरररक सैन्य समझौतर सुरक्षक्षत करनर है ।
a) The primary and sole objective of the
External Affairs Minister's visit is to b) "ऑपरे शन मसंदरू " एक विशुद्ध रूप से आर्थटक
secure a formal military pact with पहल थी ल्जसने अब यूरोपीय संघ के सरथ बेहतर
European nations against Pakistan. व्यरपरर संबंधों कर मरगट प्रशथत ककयर है ।
b) "Operation Sindoor" was a purely
c) भररत की ररजनययक रणनीयत एक जदर्ल, बहु-
economic initiative that has now paved the
थतरीय दृल्ष्र्कोण है जो यरू ोप के सरथ आर्थटक
way for better trade relations with the
European Union. एकीकरण और रणनीयतक सरझेदररी के एक बहुत
c) India's diplomatic strategy is a व्यरपक एजेंडे को आगे बढ़रने के मलए एक विमशष्र्
complex, multi-layered approach that सुरक्षर संदभट ("ऑपरे शन मसंदरू ") कर लरभ उठरतर है ।
leverages a specific security context
d) यूरोपीय संघ भररत के ररजनययक प्रयरसों के प्रयत
("Operation Sindoor") to advance a much
broader agenda of economic integration अनि
ु रदरयी रहर है , ल्जससे यथरल्थथयत बनरए रखने
and strategic partnership with Europe. के मलए बरर-बरर, उच्ि-थतरीय यरत्ररओं की
d) The European Union has been आिश्यकतर होती है ।
unresponsive to India's diplomatic efforts, e) भररत-मध्य पि
ू -ट यरू ोप आर्थटक गमलयररर (IMEC)
necessitating frequent, high-level visits to
एक ऐसी पररयोजनर है जो विशेर् रूप से यूरोपीय
simply maintain the status quo.
e) The India-Middle East-Europe दहतों द्िररर संिरमलत की जर रही है , ल्जसमें भररत
Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a project एक यनल्ष्क्रय भूममकर यनभर रहर है ।
being driven exclusively by European
interests, with India playing a passive
role.

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(a) The study's findings indicate that

different types of social media platforms
are not associated with the same
psychological effects in adolescents.
(b) The researchers concluded that all
Solution: c)
online activities, including reading blogs
This is the most logical inference as it
and forums, are equally harmful to
accurately synthesizes the key
adolescents' attention spans.
elements of the statement. The text
(c) The primary conclusion of the study is
explicitly links a security context
that high daily usage of social media is the
("post-Operation Sindoor") to a multi-
direct cause of anxiety in teenagers.
layered diplomatic push aimed at
(d) The study suggests that any
advancing a broader agenda of
adolescent who uses social media will
economic goals (IMEC, FTA) and
inevitably develop anxiety.
strategic partnership (garnering
(e) The study recommends that
support) with Europe. The other
adolescents should completely stop using
options are incorrect because they
algorithm-driven platforms.
either oversimplify the goals (a),
misinterpret the context of the
कथन: 'सरइबरसरइकोल़ॉजी' पबत्रकर में प्रकरमशत एक
operation (b), make an unsupported
claim about EU responsiveness (d), or नए अध्ययन में एजगोररथम-िरमलत सोशल मीडडयर
are directly contradicted by India's प्लेर्ि़ॉमट के उच्ि दै यनक उपयोग और ककशोरों में
active role (e). र्िंतर के बढ़े हुए थतर और ध्यरन अिर्ध में कमी
के बीि एक मजबत ू सहसंबंध परयर गयर है ।
हरलरंकक, अध्ययन में मंिों (forums) यर ब्ल़ॉग जैसे
Question 32 पुररने, गैर-एजगोररथम प्लेर्ि़ॉमट के उपयोग के सरथ
समरन सहसंबंध नहीं परयर गयर। शोधकतरटओं ने
Statement: A new study published in the
उजलेख ककयर कक यद्यवप उन्होंने एक मजबूत संबध
ं
journal 'Cyberpsychology' has found a
strong correlation between high daily थथरवपत ककयर है , िे यनल्श्ित रूप से यह सरबबत
usage of algorithm-driven social media नहीं कर सकते कक सोशल मीडडयर कर उपयोग इन
platforms and increased levels of anxiety प्रभरिों कर कररण बनतर है , क्योंकक अन्य अंतयनटदहत
and decreased attention spans in
कररक शरममल हो सकते हैं।
adolescents. The study, however, did not
उपरोक्त कथन से यनम्नमलर्खत में से कौन सर
find a similar correlation with the usage
of older, non-algorithmic platforms like यनष्कर्ट तरककटक रूप से यनकरलर जर सकतर है ?
forums or blogs. The researchers noted
that while they have established a strong (a) अध्ययन के यनष्कर्ट बतरते हैं कक विमभन्न प्रकरर
link, they cannot definitively prove that के सोशल मीडडयर प्लेर्ि़ॉमट ककशोरों में समरन
social media use causes these effects, as
मनोिैज्ञरयनक प्रभरिों से नहीं जड
ु े हैं।
other underlying factors could be involved.
Which of the following can be most (b) शोधकतरटओं ने यनष्कर्ट यनकरलर कक ब्ल़ॉग और
logically inferred from the statement मंि पढ़ने सदहत सभी ऑनलरइन गयतविर्धयराँ
above? ककशोरों की ध्यरन अिर्ध के मलए समरन रूप से
हरयनकररक हैं।

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(c) अध्ययन कर प्ररथममक यनष्कर्ट यह है कक सोशल

मीडडयर कर उच्ि दै यनक उपयोग ककशोरों में र्िंतर Question 33
कर प्रत्यक्ष कररण है ।
Statement: The news reports that Russian
(d) अध्ययन से पतर िलतर है कक सोशल मीडडयर forces have, for the first time, pushed
कर उपयोग करने िरले ककसी भी ककशोर में अयनिरयट their offensive into the Dniproprovsk
रूप से र्िंतर विकमसत हो जरएगी। region of Ukraine. This region is described
(e) अध्ययन अनुशंसर करतर है कक ककशोरों को as a "vital industrial hub." The report also
mentions that this move comes after
एजगोररथम-िरमलत प्लेर्ि़ॉमट कर उपयोग पूरी तरह
President Putin declared that Russia's goal
से बंद कर दे नर िरदहए। was to "secure the five regions" it had
already claimed.
Question: Which of the following can be
logically inferred from the statement
above?
Solution: (a)
(a) The Dniproprovsk region was one of the
The statement makes a clear
five regions originally claimed by Russia.
distinction between two types of
(b) The advance into the Dniproprovsk
platforms. It found a "strong
region is a sign that Russia is preparing
correlation" for algorithm-driven
for peace negotiations.
platforms but "did not find a similar
(c) The capture of the Dniproprovsk region
correlation" for non-algorithmic
will instantly cause the collapse of the
platforms. (a) is the most logical
entire Ukrainian economy.
inference because it directly
(d) The Russian offensive appears to
summarizes this key finding. If one
target not only territory but also key
type of platform is associated with a
economic assets of Ukraine.
negative effect and another is not, it
(e) The "five regions" previously claimed
logically follows that they are not
by Russia all share a common border.
associated with the same
psychological effects. (b) is incorrect
because it is directly contradicted by कथन: समरिरर ररपोर्ों में कहर गयर है कक रूसी
the finding of "no similar correlation" सेनर ने पहली बरर यूक्रेन के यनप्ऱॉपेरोस क्षेत्र में
for forums and blogs. (c) is incorrect अपनर आक्रमण आगे बढ़रयर है । इस क्षेत्र को
because the statement explicitly says "महत्िपूणट औद्योर्गक केंद्र" के रूप में िर्णटत ककयर
causation "cannot definitively be
गयर है । ररपोर्ट में यह भी उजलेख है कक यह कदम
proven." (d) is incorrect as it is an
overstatement. The study found a ररष्रपयत पुयतन द्िररर यह घोवर्त ककए जरने के बरद
"correlation" with "high daily usage," आयर है कक रूस कर लक्ष्य "उन परंि क्षेत्रों को
not an "inevitable" outcome for "any" सुरक्षक्षत करनर" है ल्जनकर िह पहले ही दरिर कर
user. (e) is incorrect because the
िुकर है ।
passage only reports the study's
प्रश्न: उपरोक्त कथन से यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर
findings, not its policy
recommendations. तरककटक रूप से अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर है ?

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(a) यनप्ऱॉपेरोस क्षेत्र उन परंि क्षेत्रों में से एक थर

ल्जनकर रूस ने मूल रूप से दरिर ककयर थर। (e) is incorrect because the passage
(b) यनप्ऱॉपेरोस क्षेत्र में अर्ग्रम एक संकेत है कक रूस provides no geographical information
शरंयत िरतरट की तैयररी कर रहर है । about the five regions.

(c) यनप्ऱॉपेरोस क्षेत्र पर कब्जर करने से परू ी यक्र

ू े नी
अथटव्यिथथर तुरंत ध्िथत हो जरएगी। Question 34
(d) ऐसर प्रतीत होतर है कक रूसी आक्रमण न केिल Statement: Following a rise in dog bite
क्षेत्र बल्जक यूक्रेन की प्रमख
ु आर्थटक संपवियों को भी incidents, the Supreme Court has directed
लक्षक्षत करतर है । Delhi's municipal corporations to begin
(e) रूस द्िररर पहले दरिर ककए गए "परंि क्षेत्रों" relocating stray dogs, especially those
deemed aggressive or living in high-density
सभी की एक आम सीमर है।
public areas, to designated shelter homes.
The Court's order emphasizes that this
measure is intended to ensure public
safety while also mandating that the
animals receive humane treatment, proper
Solution: (d) nutrition, and veterinary care within these
The statement establishes two key shelters. The directive has been welcomed
points: Russia's previously stated goal by several Resident Welfare Associations,
was territorial (securing five specific but animal rights activists have raised
regions), and its military action is an concerns, questioning the city's capacity
"offensive" into a "vital industrial hub" to house a large number of dogs humanely
that is not part of that territory. (d) and arguing that mass sterilization is a
is the most logical inference because more effective long-term solution.
it synthesizes these two points. By Which of the following can be logically
expanding its offensive to a key inferred from the statement above?
economic center beyond its stated
territorial goals, it is logical to infer (a) The Supreme Court's order mandates
that Russia's strategy includes the immediate euthanasia of all stray dogs
targeting Ukraine's key economic in Delhi to solve the problem permanently.
assets, not just acquiring land. (a) is (b) All animal rights activists in Delhi are
incorrect as the statement implies the in complete agreement with the Supreme
Dniproprovsk region is a new area of Court's directive.
offensive after the goal for the other (c) The Supreme Court's directive
five was stated. (b) is incorrect attempts to address a complex public issue
because an "offensive" is an act of by balancing the competing interests of
aggression, which does not logically human safety and animal welfare, though
point towards peace negotiations. (c) its practical implementation is a subject of
is incorrect as it is an extreme debate among stakeholders.
overstatement. While attacking a (d) The only problem with Delhi's stray
"vital" hub is significant, one cannot dogs is the lack of shelter homes, and
infer the "instant collapse" of the building more shelters will completely
"entire" economy. resolve all related issues.

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(e) Resident Welfare Associations have (e) रे ल्जडेंर् िेलिेयर एसोमसएशनों ने सिटसम्मयत से
unanimously condemned the Supreme सुप्रीम कोर्ट के आदे श की यनंदर की है , और पशु
Court's order, siding with animal rights
अर्धकरर करयटकतरटओं कर पक्ष मलयर है ।
activists.

कथन: कुिों के करर्ने की घर्नरओं में िद्

ृ र्ध के
बरद, सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने ददजली के नगर यनगमों को
आिररर कुिों, विशेर् रूप से आक्ररमक मरने जरने
Solution: (c)
िरले यर घनी आबरदी िरले सरिटजयनक क्षेत्रों में रहने
The statement presents the Supreme
िरले कुिों को यनददट ष्र् आश्रय गह
ृ ों में थथरनरंतररत Court's dual focus: ensuring "public
करनर शुरू करने कर यनदे श ददयर है । कोर्ट के आदे श safety" and mandating "humane
में इस बरत पर जोर ददयर गयर है कक इस उपरय treatment" for animals, showing a
clear attempt to balance competing
कर उद्दे श्य सरिटजयनक सरु क्षर सयु नल्श्ित करनर है,
interests. The different reactions
सरथ ही यह भी अयनिरयट है कक इन आश्रयों में
from Resident Welfare Associations
जरनिरों को मरनिीय उपिरर, उर्ित पोर्ण और पशु (who welcomed it) and animal rights
र्िककत्सर दे खभरल ममले। इस यनदे श कर कई रे ल्जडेंर् activists (who raised concerns)
िेलिेयर एसोमसएशनों ने थिरगत ककयर है , लेककन confirm that its implementation is a
subject of debate. Option (c) is the
पशु अर्धकरर करयटकतरटओं ने र्िंतर जतरते हुए शहर
only one that accurately captures this
की बडी संख्यर में कुिों को मरनिीय रूप से रखने
entire situation. (a) is incorrect; the
की क्षमतर पर सिरल उठरयर है और तकट ददयर है order is for relocation to shelters,
कक बडे पैमरने पर नसबंदी एक अर्धक प्रभरिी not euthanasia. (b) and (e) are
दीघटकरमलक समरधरन है । incorrect as they are directly
contradicted by the stated reactions
उपरोक्त कथन से यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर तरककटक
of the activists and RWAs. (d) is
रूप से अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर है ? incorrect because it oversimplifies the
issue and ignores the alternative
(a) सुप्रीम कोर्ट कर आदे श समथयर को थथरयी रूप solution (sterilization) mentioned in
से हल करने के मलए ददजली के सभी आिररर कुिों the text.
की तत्करल मत्ृ यु की आज्ञर दे तर है ।
(b) ददजली के सभी पशु अर्धकरर करयटकतरट सुप्रीम
कोर्ट के यनदे श से पूरी तरह सहमत हैं।
(c) सुप्रीम कोर्ट कर यनदे श मरनि सुरक्षर और पशु Question 35
कजयरण के प्रयतथपधी दहतों को संतमु लत करके एक
Statement: The Delhi Development
जदर्ल सरिटजयनक मुद्दे को संबोर्धत करने कर
Authority (DDA) is facing criticism for
प्रयरस करतर है , हरलरंकक इसकर व्यरिहरररक large-scale demolition drives in Mehrauli
करयरटन्ियन दहतधररकों के बीि बहस कर विर्य है । and other slum clusters, which have
(d) ददजली के आिररर कुिों के सरथ एकमरत्र समथयर rendered thousands homeless. The DDA
claims it is acting on court orders to clear
आश्रय गह
ृ ों की कमी है , और अर्धक आश्रय बनरने
encroachments from forest land.
से सभी संबंर्धत मुद्दे पूरी तरह से हल हो जरएंगे।
However, residents, supported by

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activists and some political leaders, argue और ररजनीयतक जदर्लतरओं पर प्रकरश डरलर गयर
that they have been living there for है ।
decades and possess documents like
प्रश्न: उपरोक्त कथन से यनम्नमलर्खत में से क्यर
electricity bills and voter ID cards, which
they believe legitimize their settlements. तरककटक रूप से अनुमरन लगरयर जर सकतर है ?
The report highlights the human cost and
the legal and political complexities of the (a) डीडीए और यनिरसी भूमम की करनूनी ल्थथयत के
situation. बररे में पूरी तरह से सहमत हैं।
Question: Which of the following can be (b) अदरलत के आदे श ही वििरद में उल्जलर्खत
logically inferred from the statement
एकमरत्र करनूनी रूप से प्ररसंर्गक दथतरिेज हैं।
above?
(c) यह मुद्दर बबनर ककसी करनूनी आधरर के
(a) The DDA and the residents are in प्रयतद्िंद्िी नेतरओं के बीि एक सरधररण ररजनीयतक
complete agreement about the legal status वििरद है ।
of the land. (d) यनिरमसयों के परस लंबी अिर्ध के यनिरस के
(b) The court orders are the only legally
अपने दरिों कर समथटन करने के मलए ककसी भी
relevant documents mentioned in the
dispute. दथतरिेज़ कर अभरि है ।
(c) The issue is a simple political dispute (e) अर्धकरररयों और यनिरमसयों के बीि इस बरत
between rival leaders with no legal basis. पर मौमलक असहमयत है कक भूमम पर िैध दरिे कर
(d) The residents lack any documentation
आधरर क्यर है ।
to support their claims of long-term
residency.
(e) There is a fundamental disagreement
between the authorities and the residents
over what constitutes a valid claim to the
land. Solution: (e) The statement describes
a conflict with two opposing sides.
कथन: ददजली विकरस प्ररर्धकरण (डीडीए) को The DDA's claim is based on court
महरौली और अन्य झुग्गी-झोंपडी समूहों में बडे orders to clear forest land, which is
one legal basis. The residents' claim
पैमरने पर विध्िंस अमभयरन िलरने के मलए
is based on decades of residency,
आलोिनर कर सरमनर करनर पड रहर है , ल्जसने supported by official documents like
हजररों लोगों को बेघर कर ददयर है । डीडीए कर दरिर voter IDs and utility bills, which they
है कक िह िन भमू म से अयतक्रमण हर्रने के मलए believe is another valid basis. (e) is
अदरलत के आदे शों पर कररटिरई कर रहर है । हरलरंकक, the most logical inference because it
accurately captures the core of this
करयटकतरटओं और कुि ररजनीयतक नेतरओं द्िररर
conflict. It highlights that the DDA
समर्थटत यनिरमसयों कर तकट है कक िे दशकों से िहरं and the residents are operating on
रह रहे हैं और उनके परस बबजली के बबल और िोर्र different interpretations of what
आईडी करडट जैसे दथतरिेज हैं, ल्जनके बररे में उनकर constitutes a legitimate claim to the
मरननर है कक उनकी बल्थतयों को िैध बनरतर है । land, leading to the dispute.

ररपोर्ट में मरनिीय लरगत और ल्थथयत की करनूनी

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 Harshal Agrawal

(a) is incorrect as it is directly

contradicted by the fact that the two
parties are in a conflict. (b) is
incorrect because while court orders
are mentioned, the residents'
documents are also presented as part
of the legal complexity. We cannot
infer that one is the only relevant
type.
(c) is incorrect because the passage
explicitly mentions a legal basis (court
orders, forest land laws), not just
politics. (d) is incorrect because it is
directly contradicted by the text,
which states residents "possess
documents like electricity bills and
voter ID cards."

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