10/14/2024
General Chemistry-101103
Instructor – Dr Muayad Esaifan
Office – 7117
Email : [Link]@[Link]
Textbook: : “CHEMISTRY The Central Science 14th Edition, by Brown, LeMay,
Bursten, Murphy and Woodward 2014.
Other References:
1- Chemistry, James E. Brady, Neil D. Jespersen, Alison Hyslop, 7th edition, 2015.
2- Chemistry, Raymond chang, Ken Goldsby, 11th edition, 2013.
3- Chemistry, Steven S., Zumdahl, Suzan A. Zumdahl, 5th edition, 2000.
4- Internet notes.
General Chemistry-101103 –Part 1 Dr. Muayad Esaifan 1
1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
1.4 Units of Measurements
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurements
1.6 Dimensional Analysis
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Chemistry
In this science we
study matter and the
changes it undergoes.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Matter
We define matter as anything that has mass and takes up space.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Matter
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
States of Matter
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Classification of Matter
Mud salt water
Substances
water
salt water
oxygen water
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Mixtures and Compounds
Element Element Compound
(atoms) (molecules) (molecules) Mixture
He, Ne N2, O2, Cl2 CO2, H2O, NH3 Mix
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Properties and Changes of Matter
Types of Properties
• Physical Properties…
– Can be observed without changing a substance into
another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties…
– Can only be observed when a substance is changed
into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid,
etc.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Properties and Changes of Matter
Types of Properties
• Intensive Properties…
– Are independent of the amount of the substance
that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties…
– Depend upon the amount of the substance
present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Changes of Matter
• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
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Chemical Reactions
In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are
converted to new substances.
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Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into elements.
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Relative abundance of elements
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Separation of Mixtures
Filtration:
Separates heterogeneous
mixture, solid substances
from liquids and solutions.
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Separation of Mixtures
Distillation:
Separates homogeneous mixture of liquids on the basis of differences in
boiling point.
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Separation of Mixtures
Chromatography:
Separates homogeneous mixtures on the basis of differences in
solubility in a solvent, or in binding to a solid matrix.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Units of Measurement
Many properties of matter are quantitative; that is, they are associated
with numbers. When a number represents a measured quantity, the units
of that quantity must always be specified. To say that the length of a
pencil is 17.5 is meaning less. To say that it is 17.5 centimeters (cm)
properly specifies the length. The units used for scientific
measurements are those of the metric system.
In 1960 an international agreement was reached specifying a particular
choice of metric units for use in scientific measurements. These
preferred units are called SI units, after the French Systeme
International d`Unites. The SI system has seven base units (Table 1.1)
from which all other units derived.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
TABLE 1.1 SI Base Units
Prefixes are used to indicate decimal fractions or multiples of various
units. For example, the prefix milli- represents a 10-3 fraction of a unit:
a milligram (mg) is 10-3 gram(g), a millimeter (mm) is 10-3 meter (m),
and so forth. Table 1.2 presents the prefixes commonly encountered in
chemistry.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Table 1.2 Selected Prefixes Used in the Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the
item being measured.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Non- SI Units
-Although non-SI units are being phased out, there are still some that
are commonly used by scientists such as Celsius, Gallon, Pound, ….
- 1 Gallon = 3.78541178 liter
- 1 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Units of Temperature
By definition temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in a sample.
Conversions:
K = C + 273.15 F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = K − 273.15) C = 5/9(F − 32)
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Temperature
In scientific measurements, the
Celsius and Kelvin scales are
most often used.
The Celsius scale is based on the
properties of water.
□ 0C is the freezing point of
water.
□ 100C is the boiling point of
water.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Temperature
The Kelvin is the SI unit of
temperature.
It is based on the properties of
gases.
0 K = 0 K.E.
There are no negative Kelvin
temperatures.
K = C + 273.15
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Temperature
The Fahrenheit scale is
not used in scientific
measurements.
F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = 5/9(F) − 32
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Conversion Between Scales
F C
C F
C K
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Volume
• The most commonly used metric units
for volume are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.
– 1 L = 1 dm3
– 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
– 1 m3 = 1000 L
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Density
Density is a physical property of a substance . It defined as the
amount of mass in a unit volume of the substance
d= m
V
• The densities of solids and liquids are commonly expressed in
(g/cm3) or (g/mL).
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Density of selected substances
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees
of accuracy/precision.
Which are more accurate?
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees
of accuracy/precision.
Smaller Larger
volumes volumes
It depends on amount
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Exact versus inexact numbers
Exact Inexact
1000 g/kg ruler measure
2.54 cm/in temp. reading
12/dozen volume or mass
any conversion etc.
factor
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to digits that
were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay
attention to significant figures so we do not
overstate the precision of our answers.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant. (sig figs in red)
423.444
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves
significant.
42,300045 42,340.0025
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
00042345.0 0.00048
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal
point is written in the number.
423,000 versus: 423,000. or: 423,000.000
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Significant Figures
When addition or subtraction is 24.245
performed, answers are +22.33488
rounded to the least significant 46.57988 = 46.580
decimal place.
When multiplication or
division is performed, answers 35.8750 (6 sig figs)
are rounded to the number of X40.006800 (8 sig figs
digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant 1435.24395 = 1435.24 (6 sig figs)
figures in any of the numbers
used in the calculation.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Accuracy versus Precision
• Accuracy How close a
measurement is to the true value.
(How right you are)
• Precision How close measurements
are to each other. (Reproducibility).
Precise but incorrect data are often
the result of systematic errors.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Dimensional analysis
• What do virtually all problems in chemistry have in
common?
Dimensional analysis
Convert centimeters to feet: 1 cm = ? feet
Know: 2.54 cm = 1 in, 12 in = 1 foot.
1in 1 ft ft
0.032
2.54cm 12in cm
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Dimensional Analysis
• What do I need on top?
• What do I need on the bottom?
• What do I know?
• How do I get there?
• Note: You will always be given the conversion
factors you need, you don’t have to memorize
them.
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Dimensional analysis, examples
The speed of light is 2.998x1010 cm/s. What is it in km/hr?
Know: 1 km =1000m, 1m=100cm 60 min =1 hr, 60 sec =1 min
What do I need on top? kilometers
What do I need on the bottom? hours
cm 1m 1km 60 sec 60 min
2.998 x1010 1.0892 x10 km / hr
9
s 100cm 1000m 1 min 1hr
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Dimensional analysis, examples
The Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at the Kennedy Space
Center has a volume of: 3,666,500m3. What is it in liters?
Know: 1 L = 1 dm3, 1dm = 0.1 m
What do I need on top? Liters
What do I need on the bottom? nothing
dm 3 1L
3, 666, 500m 3 9
3.6665x10 L
0.1m 1dm 3
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1. INTRODUCTION:MATTER & MEASUREMENTS
Dimensional analysis, examples
An individual suffering from high cholesterol has 232 mg
cholesterol per 100.0 mL of blood. How many grams of cholesterol
in the blood, assuming a blood volume of 5.2 L?
Know: 1 L = 1000 mL, 1g = 1000mg
What do I need on top? grams
What do I need on the bottom? patient
mg 1000mL 5.2Lblood 1g g
232 12.
100.0mL 1L patient 1000mg patient
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