EMA 151S: INTEGRATION - REVERSE OF

DIFFERENTIATION

DR. O.P. BABALOLA

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 1 / 30

SUBTITLES

1 PROCESS OF INTEGRATION
2 STANDARD INTEGRALS
3 GENERAL SOLUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax n
4 INTEGRATION OF PRODUCT OR QUOTIENT
5 INTEGRATION - METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION
R 0 (x)
6 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ff (x)
0
f (x)e f (x)
R
7 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
0
f (x)af (x) dx
R
8 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
9 PRACTICE EXERCISE - TUTORIAL

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 2 / 30

PROCESS OF INTEGRATION

Integration process is a reverse of the differentiation process

The function being integrated is called the integrand

For indefinite integration, a constant, C is usually added to the result.

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 3 / 30

STANDARD INTEGRALS
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
·ax(n+l)
1. - --+c, n ;i:-1
n+l

[f(x)]"+l _
2. J[f(x)]" .f(x) dx = =----~ + c, n -:;:.
n+l
1

3_ J ffx) dx
= fnjf(x)j + c
f(x)

4. f trx).ef(x) dx = ef(x) + C

5. f trx).af(x) dx af(x)

fna
+c

6. f trx).sin f(x) dx = -cosf(x)+c

7. f trx).cos f(x) dx = sinf(x) +c

8. f trx). tan f(x) dx =fn jsecf(x)j+c =-fn jcosf(x)j+c

9. f trx).cot f(x) dx = fn jsin f(x)I + c

IO. f Jrx).sec f(x) dx = fn jsec f(x) + tan f(x)j + c

11. f trx).cosec f(x) dx = fn jcosec f(x)- cot f(x)j + c

12. f trx).sec f(x) dx
2
= tanf(x)+c

13. f f rx).cosec f(x) dx =-cotf(x)+c

2

14. f Jrx).secf(x).tanf(x)dx = secf(x)+c

15. f trx).cosec f(x).cot f(x)dx = -cosec f(x) + c

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 4 / 30

GENERAL SOLUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE
FORM ax n

The general solution of integrals of the form ax n dx, where a and n are
R

constants is given by:

ax n+1
Z
ax n dx = + C , n 6= −1 (1)
n+1

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 5 / 30

EXAMPLE :

Find the indefinite integral of: (a) f (x) = 2x, (b) f (x) = 3, and (c)
f (x) = 4/x 3/2 .

SOLUTION :
(a) Z Z Z
f (x)dx = 2xdx = 2x 1 dx
Using the general rule, n = 1
2x 1+1
Z
2x 1 dx = +C
1+1
(b) Attempt (Hint:)
Z Z Z
f (x)dx = 3dx = 3x 0 dx

(c) Attempt (Hint:)

Z Z Z
4 3
f (x)dx = 3 = 4x − 2 dx
DR. O.P. BABALOLA
x2
EMA 151S 6 / 30
2. When the sum of several terms is integrated, the result is the
sum of the integrals of the separate terms

EXAMPLE 1:

Integrate the following with respect to x.

a) 3x 2 + 5x − 7 + x 1/2 − x −2 + 8x −3
b) 3x 2 + 2x + 1 (Attempt)
c) 3.7 + 2.9x (Attempt)

SOLUTION :

(3x 2 + 5x − 7 + x 1/2 − x −2 + 8x −3 )dx

R

3x 2 dx + 5xdx − 7dx + x 1/2 dx − x −2 dx + 8x −3 dx

R R R R R R
=
3x 2+1 5x 1+1 x 1/2+1 x −2+1 8x −3+1
= 2+1 + 1+1 − 7x + 1/2+1 − −2+1 + −3+1 +C
2x 3/2 8x −2
= x 3 + 52 x 2 − 7x + 3 + x −1 − 2 +C

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 7 / 30

INTEGRATION OF PRODUCT OR QUOTIENT

No simple rule for the integration of product or quotient as in

differentiation.

You have to rely on simplifying the integrand to the general form ax n

EXAMPLE:
R√
a) Find x(1 + x 2 )2

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 8 / 30

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Simplify the integrand

(1 + x 2 )2 = 1 + 2x 2 + x 4
√
∴ x(1 + x 2 )2 = x 1/2 (1 + 2x 2 + x 4 )
= x| 1/2 + 2x{z
5/2
+ x 9/2}
Terms are in the form ax n

Step 2: Find the integrand using the general solution of integrals of the
form ax n
√
Z
x(1 + x 2 )2 =
R 1/2
(x + 2x 5/2 + x 9/2 )dx
x 3/2 2x 7/2 x 11/2
= 3/2 + 7/2 + 11/2 +C
2x 3/2 4x 7/2 2x 11/2
= 3 + 2 + 11 +C

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 9 / 30

EXAMPLE:

3x 3 +2x 2 −8x+1
R
b) Find x6
dx

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Split the integrand into four fractions

3x 3 + 2x 2 − 8x + 1 3x 3 2x 2 8x 1
= x6
+ x6
− x6
+ x6
x6
3 2
= x3
+ x4
− x85 + x16
= 3x −3 + 2x −4 − 8x −5 + x −6
Step 2: Find the integrand using the general solution of integrals of the
form ax n
3x 3 + 2x 2 − 8x + 1
Z
(3x −3 + 2x −4 − 8x −5 + x −6 )dx
R
=
x6
3x −2 2x −3 8x −4 x −5
= −2 + −3 − −4 + −5 + C
3 −2 2 −3
= −2x − 3x + 2x −4 − 15 x −5 + C
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 10 / 30
EXAMPLE:
R x 2/3 (1−7x)2
c) Find 3x 3
dx

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Simplify the integrand under integral sign

Z 2 Z 2 2 5 8
x 3 (1 − 7x)2 x 3 (1 − 14x + 49x 2 ) x 3 − 14x 3 + 49x 3
Z
dx = dx = ( )dx
3x 3 3x 3 3x 3
Step 2: Split the integrand into three fractions
2 5 8
x 3 − 14x 3 + 49x 3 1 2 −3 14 5 −3 49 8 −3
dx = x3 − x3 − x3
3x 3 3 3 3
Step 3: Find the integrand using the general solution of the form ax n
Z −7 4 1
14x − 3 49x − 3
Z Z
1 2 −3 14 5 −3 49 8 −3 x 3
x3 − x3 − x3 = dx − dx + dx
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 4 1 4 2
x − 3 +1 14x − 3 +1 49x − 3 +1 x3 1 49x 3
= 7
− 4
+ 1
+C =− + 14x − 3 + +C
3(− 3 + 1) 3(− 3 + 1) 3(− 3 + 1) 4 2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 11 / 30
DETERMINE THE VALUE OF CONSTANT TERM C

More information must be provided to determine the value of C

EXAMPLE :

Given y = (3x 2 + 2x + 1)dx, find y if y = 10 when x = 1

R

SOLUTION :

Z
(3x 2 + 2x + 1)dx = x 3 + x 2 + x + C

Substitute the values of y = 10 when x = 1 into the equation

10 = 13 + 12 + 1 + C =⇒ C = 7
∴ y = x3 + x2 + x + 7 (2)

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 12 / 30

APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

ds
Velocity v is the derivate of displacement s, that is v = dt
Z
s = vdt

dv
Acceleration a is the derivate of velocity v , that is a = dt
Z
v = adt

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 13 / 30

APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

EXAMPLE :

A ball is projected along a frictionless inclined plane. The velocity of the

ball is given by v = 4t − t 2 m/s. What is the change in displacement in
the first 4 seconds?

SOLUTION :
4t 2 t 3
Z
(4t − t 2 )dt = − +C
2 3
At t = 0,
4(0)2 (0)3
s0 = − + C =⇒ 0 − 0 + C =⇒ C
2 3
At t = 4,
4(4)2 (4)3 64
s4 = − + C =⇒ +C
2 3 6
The change in displacement s = s4 − s0 =⇒ 64
6 + C − C =⇒ 10.6 m
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 14 / 30
INTEGRATION - METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION

0
f (x) [f (x)]n dx
R
You should be able to determine integrals of the form
using the substitution u = f (x)

The method of substitution involves introducing a function that modifies

the integrand such that the general solution will be true when integrating.

EXAMPLE:

(3x − 7)10 dx
R
a) Determine

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 15 / 30

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Substitute u = (3x − 7)

Step 2: Differentiate u with respect to x

du du
= 3 =⇒ du = 3dx, and dx =
dx 3
Step 3: Substitute in the original integral
Z Z Z
du 1
(3x − 7)10 dx = u 10 = u 10 du
3 3
Step 4: Find the integral using the general solution of form ax n
Z
(3x − 7)10 dx = 1
R 10
3 u du
1 u 11 u 11
= 3 11 +C = 33 +C
Step 5: Substituting for u
(3x − 7)11
Z
(3x − 7)10 dx = +C
33
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 16 / 30
EXAMPLE:

(x 4 + 6)3 4x 3 dx
R
b) Determine

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Let u = x 4 + 6

Step 2: Differentiate u with respect to x

du du
= 4x 3 =⇒ du = 4x 3 dx, and dx = 3
dx 4x
Step 3: Substitute in the original integral and find the integral using ax n
u4
Z Z
(x + 6) 4x dx = u 3 du =
4 3 3
+C
4
Step 4: Substituting for u in the original variable x
(x 4 + 6)4
Z
(x 4 + 6)3 4x 3 dx = +C
4
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 17 / 30
EXAMPLE:
R√
3
c) Determine 4x 3 − 8 · x 2 dx

SOLUTION :

Step 1: Let u = 4x 3 − 8

Step 2: Differentiate u with respect to x

du du du
= 12x 2 =⇒ du = 12x 2 dx, and dx = 2
=⇒ x 2 dx =
dx 12x 12
Step 3: Substitute in the original integral and find the integral using ax n
Z p Z Z 4 4
3 1 1 du 1 u3 u3
3 2 3 2
4x − 8 · x dx = (4x − 8) · x dx = u
3 3 = · +C = +
12 12 43 16
Step 4: Substituting for u in the original variable x
4 p
(4x 3 − 8) 3 3
(4x 3 − 8)4
Z p
3 3 2
4x − 8 · x dx = +C = +C
16 16
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 18 / 30
From the examples, we can write a general solution in f (x) notation as:

0 [f (x)]n+1
[f (x)]n · f (x)dx = + C , n 6= 1
n+1
0
Note: Integrands that do not contain f (x) or a multiple of it cannot be
solved using substitution method

EXAMPLE:

(x 3 + 5)2 dx
R
a) Determine

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 19 / 30

 0
R f (x)
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x)

Note that the case n 6= 1 is not valid in standard forms 1 and 2.

Recall that if
Z Z 
dy 1 1 −1
y = ln x =⇒ = =⇒ dx = x dx = ln x
dx x x

Therefore, Number 3 in the table is a special case where n = −1.

Generally,
Z 0
f (x)
= ln f (x) + c
f (x)

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 20 / 30

EXAMPLE :

1+2x
R
a) Determine 7+x+x 2
dx.

SOLUTION :
Let u = 7 + x + x 2 , then du
dx = 1 + 2x or du = (1 + 2x)dx. Therefore,
Z Z
1 + 2x 1
dx = du = ln u + C = ln |7 + x + x 2 | + C
7 + x + x2 u
0
Alternatively, the integrand is of the form ff (x)
(x)
. Therefore, you can easily
apply Number 3 in table as:
Z
1 + 2x
dx = ln |7 + x + x 2 | + C
7 + x + x2

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 21 / 30

EXAMPLE :

1 √
R
b) Determine √x(1+ x)
dx
(Note: This is more difficult to recognise the derivative of f (x))

SOLUTION :
√ 1 − 21 1
Let u = (1 + x), then du
dx = 2 x and du = 21 x − 2 dx =⇒ 2du = dx
√
x
.
Therefore,
Z Z Z Z
1 1 dx 1 1
√ √ dx = √ ·√ = 2du = 2 du
x(1 + x) (1 + x) x u u
√
= 2 ln |u| + C =⇒ 2 ln |1 + x| + C

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 22 / 30

 R 0
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x)e f (x)

Recall that if
Z
x dy
y =e =⇒ = ex ∴ e x dx = e x + C
dx
0
Generally, if y = e f (x) , then dy
dx = f (x)e
f (x) . Thus,

Z
0
f (x)e f (x) dx = e f (x) + C

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 23 / 30

EXAMPLE :

e 3x dx.
R
a) Find

SOLUTION :
Modify the integrand by multiplyng with the correct constant
Z Z Z
3x 1 3x 1
e dx = (3)e dx = 3e 3x dx
3 3
0
The integrand is of the form f (x)e f (x) . Therefore, you can easily apply
Number 4 in table as:
Z
1
e 3x dx = e 3x + C
3

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 24 / 30

EXAMPLE :
2
e x · 2xdx.
R
b) Find

SOLUTION :
0
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) = 2x.
0
Thus, the integrand is of the form f (x)e f (x)

Use Number 4 in standard integral table to obtain answer:

Z
2 2
e x · 2xdx = e x + C

Exercise: R x2
a) Use SUBSTITUTION METHOD to solve e · 2xdx
b) Determine 7e13x dx without substitution
R

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 25 / 30

 R 0
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x)af (x) dx

If y = ax , then dy x ln a. From this, it follows that

R x
dx = a a ln adx = ax + C
Since ln a is a constant, it can be taken out of the integral
Z
ln a ax dx = ax + C

Divide both sides by ln a:

ax
Z
C
ax dx = +
ln a ln a
|{z}
constant

Standard integral is:

af (x)
Z
0
f (x)af (x) dx = +C
ln a

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 26 / 30

EXAMPLE :

a3x dx
R
a) Find

SOLUTION :

Let u = 3x, then du 1

dx = 3 or dx = 3 du
Therefore,
1 au a3x
Z Z
3x 1
a du = au du = +C = +C
3 3 ln a 3 ln a
2
b) Find x73x −1 dx
R

SOLUTION :

Let u = 3x 2 − 1, then du du
dx = 6x or 6 = xdx
Therefore,
2
1 7u 73x +1
Z Z
3x 2 −1 1 u
x7 dx = 7 = +C = +C
DR. O.P. BABALOLA
6 6 ln 7
EMA 151S
6 ln 7 27 / 30
EXAMPLE :

a2x dx without substitution

R
c) Find

SOLUTION :
a2x
Z
a2x dx = +C
2 ln a

35x dx
R
b) Find

SOLUTION :
35x
Z
35x dx = +C
5 ln 3

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 28 / 30

PRACTICE EXERCISE (Tutorial Questions)

1. Find the integrals of:

R√
 
1
3dx b) 2x 2 dx
R R
a) c) 4 dx
2x 2 − x5 + 3
x2

2. RDetermine
x 3 −6x 2 +5x
a) (1 + t)3 dt
R R
b) x(x − 1)(x − 2)dx c) x dx

3. An object moving with velocity u at time t = 0 accelerates with

constant acceleration a. The velocity of the object at a later time t is v .
a) Use indefinite integration to find an expression for v
b) Given that when t = 0 the velocity is u, find the constant of integration.

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 29 / 30

PRACTICE EXERCISE (Tutorial Questions)

4. RDetermine: R
3x 3 x 3 +3x 2 +3x+1
a) u −1 du b)
R
1+x 4
dx c) x2
dx

5. RDetermine
2
a) e (1+x+x )(1+2x) dx

6. RDetermine
√ the following integralsRusing substitution
1
a) x 2 + 3x + 5(2x + 3)dx b) 60x−100−9x 2 dx c)
3
− 4 (1 − x)− 4 dx
R 1

7. Determine
2
a) Rx −2x+1
x3
dx
b) R (e x + 1)3 e x dx
√
c) (1 − x) xdx

DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S 30 / 30