Structured questions

Chapter 1
Structured Questions

Question 1

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
"The sepoys are now enjoined to display communal harmony and exhorted to pray to their respective gods....
They are now called sipah-i-Hindostan (the Army of India) and there are appeals now to fellow countrymen
"ahl-i watan", dear compatriots "aziz ham-watan" with specific exhortations for a united rallying of Hindus and
Muslims." — The Dehli Urdu Akhbar (the first Urdu weekly newspaper), June 1857
(a) What was the policy that the British followed to dispel 'the communal harmony'?
(b) Briefly explain how the British unwittingly led to the united rallying of Hindus and Muslims by introducing the
Enfield Rifle.
(c) How was the British army reorganised to avoid another uprising of this kind?
Answer
(a) The policy that the British followed to dispel 'the communal harmony' was 'Divide and Rule'. The British
started turning caste against caste and Hindus against Muslims.
(b) The loading process of the Enfield Rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off the top
greased paper with the teeth. There was a rumour that the greased cartridge had the fat of cow or pig. The cow
is sacred to the Hindus while the pig is a taboo to the Muslims so both Hindu and Muslim soldiers refused to use
these cartridges thinking it was a deliberate move to defile their religion. When the British forced them, they
unitedly staged an uprising.
(c) The Indian army was reorganised to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, in the following manner:
1. The strength of European troops in India was increased. The ratio of European to Indian troops was fixed at
1:2 (Bengal army) and 2:5 (Madras and Bombay armies). Practically the same ratio was maintained till the First
World War. The general principle adopted was that the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of
the European troops.
2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
3. To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated weapons and
ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery units, with the exceptions of a few
mountain units, were disbanded.
4. Discrimination on the basis of caste, region and religion was practised in the recruitment to the army.
5. In order to discourage nationalism, measures such as introduction of caste and community in most regiments
were taken.
6. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the
Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.
Question 2

Economic exploitation of the country produced discontent, resentment and resistance among the people that
culminated in the Great Uprising of 1857. In this context discuss:
(a) The ruin of trade and handicrafts
(b) Impoverishment of the cultivators
(c) Subordination of Indian economy to British interests (making India an agricultural colony of British
capitalism)
Answer
(a) The British crippled the Indian trade and handicrafts in the following manner-
1. Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain destroyed Indian industries.
2. On the other hand, British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty.
3. By the middle of 19th century, export of cotton and silk goods from India practically ceased.
4. The art of spinning and weaving, which for ages had given employment to thousands of artisans, became
extinct.
5. The misery of the artisans was further compounded by the disappearance of their traditional patrons and
buyers- the princes, chieftains and zamindars.
(b) The official land revenue policy was the main cause of the impoverishment of the cultivators.
1. It was the peasantry that bore the heavy burden of taxes to provide money for the trade of the Company, for
the cost of administration and the wars of British expansion in India.
2. The land revenue was double the amount collected under the Mughals.
3. Not even a part of this revenue was spent on the development of agriculture or on the welfare of the
cultivator.
4. Increase in the land revenue forced many peasants into indebtedness or into selling their lands.
5. The traditional zamindars were replaced by merchants and money lenders, who had no concern for the
peasants.
6. They pushed rents to exorbitant levels and evicted their tenants in case of non-payment. Thus, British
economic exploitation, decay of indigenous industries, high taxation, the drain of wealth, stagnation of
agriculture and exploitation of the poor peasants reduced the Indians to extreme poverty.
(c) The British exploited the Indian resources for their own benefits in the following manner-
1. They made agricultural India an economic colony to serve the interests of industrial England.
2. India was forced to export, at cheaper rates, raw material, raw cotton and raw silk that the British industries
needed urgently.
3. India also exported plantation products and food grains which were in short supply in Britain.
4. India was made to accept ready-made British goods either duty-free or at nominal duty rates, while Indian
products were subjected to high import duties in England.
5. This ruined the Indian industry, deprived the artisans of their income and reduced the avenues of
employment for labour.
6. Export of raw materials and food grains deprived India of her agricultural surplus and raised the prices of raw
materials.
Question 3

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
These rebels of Delhi must be made an example to all their countrymen for ages to come of the consequences
of such crimes, at the same time that every possible precaution is taken to do away with all temptation or
provocation to future offences of a similar character. — The Guardian, Manchester, June 30, 1857
(a) Who are referred to as 'rebels of Delhi' in the excerpt above? When did they rebel and where?
(b) What was the temptation or provocation being talked about in the excerpt?
(c) What were the consequences of their alleged 'crimes”?
Answer
(a) The 'rebels of Delhi' being mentioned are the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah, the soldiers who came from
Meerut, and the local infantry who joined them. They rebelled in Delhi starting from May 11, 1857 when they
proclaimed Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India. They seized Delhi and raised arms against
the British.
(b) The temptation or provocation being talked about in the excerpt refers to the causes and motivations behind
the Indian rebellion of 1857. Some of the causes being:
1. Political causes like policy of expansion by using the doctrine of lapse, by subsidiary alliance and on the
pretext of alleged misrule.
2. Socio-religious causes like interference with social customs, oppression of the poor and activities of
missionaries.
3. Economic causes like exploitation of economic resources and decay of cottage industries and handicrafts.
4. Military causes like ill-treatment of Indian soldiers and General Service Enlistment Act.
5. Immediate cause being introduction of the Enfield Rifle.
(c) The consequences of 'their' alleged 'crimes' being talked about in the excerpt are:
1. Emperor Bahadur Shah was found guilty for aiding the movement and as a punishment his two sons were
shot dead in front of him and he was sentenced to life imprisonment and deported to Yangon in Myanmar.
2. Mass executions were carried out.
3. The rebel troops were punished harshly.
Question 4

Although the First War of Independence of 1857 failed, it had important consequences for India. In this context,
answer the following questions:
(a) How did the uprising give rise to nationalism in India?
(b) How did the end of the East India Company's rule bring in grave economic perils in India?
(c) State how the British Government tried to pacify the feelings of Indians with regard to:(i) their religious
practices(ii) the Princely States.
Answer
(a) The uprising of 1857 was the first struggle of the Indian people for freedom from British imperialism. It paved
the way for the rise of the national movement. The sacrifices made by Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb and Mangal
Pandey served as a source of inspiration for the future freedom fighters. The heroic struggle also established
valuable traditions of resistance to the British rule.
(b) The uprising of 1857 ushered in the era of economic exploitation in the following manner-
1. India was turned into a typical colonial economy, exporting raw material and importing finished goods.
2. The salary and allowances of the Secretary of State and members of the India Council, the civil servants and
military officers were a large drain on the country's resources.
3. Peasants were impoverished under the British rule. The indigo peasants of Bihar revolted on a large scale in
1866-68.
4. Rural artisan industries such as handicrafts, spinning and weaving collapsed.
5. Indians had to pay heavy interests and dividends on the British capital invested in India. The British invested
their surplus capital in India in railways, plantations, coalmines, jute mills, shipping etc.
(c) The British Government tried to pacify the feelings of Indians in the following ways:
(i) Religious Practices:
1. The British rulers declared emphatically their policy of non-interference in the religious affairs, customs and
traditions of the Indians.
2. Queen Victoria's Proclamation promised to follow a policy of non-intervention in social and religious matters
of Indians.
3. The proclamation promised to treat all subjects- Indians and Europeans- as equals.
(ii) Princely States:
1. The Policy of Annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned.
2. Some of the Indian princes had remained loyal to the British and had helped them in suppressing the
uprising.
3. Their loyalty was rewarded with the announcement that their right to adopt heirs would be respected and the
integrity of their territories guaranteed against future annexation.
4. In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of the "Empress of India". The Indian princes willingly became
junior partners or agents of the British Crown because they were promised that they would continue as rulers of
their States.

Chapter 2
Structured Questions

Question 1

Various factors led to the rise and growth of nationalism in India in the 19th century. In this context, explain the
role of each of the following:
(a) Economic Exploitation.(b) Repressive Colonial Policies.(c) The Press.
Answer
(a) Economic Exploitation :
1. The British government took large part of produce from peasants in the form of land revenue and other taxes.
2. These exorbitant taxes led the peasants into the clutches of land lords and moneylenders.
3. The East India company destroyed indigenous industries and handicrafts of India.
4. They exploited India as a source of cheap raw materials.
5. The growth of modern industries in India led to exploitation of working class. They were paid very less by the
factory owners who were Englishmen.
6. The Educated Indian class were not offered high rank jobs. All these attempts were made to keep India
backward.
(b) Repressive Colonial Policies:
1. The nature of the British Colonial rule over India helped the growth of national sentiment among the Indians.
2. The British had conquered India to promote their own interests and therefore, followed such repressive
policies so as to make India subservient to the needs of Britain.
3. These policies became the major barrier to India's economic, social, cultural, intellectual and political
development.
4. Some of these repressive policies, especially those followed by Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India from 1876 to
1880 acted as a catalyst for the growth of nationalist movement in India.
(c) The Press
Large number of newspapers were started in the later half of the 19th century. Some of the prominent
newspaper were the Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Bengali, The Tribune, The Pioneer, The Times of India, The
Hindu and The Statesman in English. These newspapers played a significant role in developing a strong
national sentiment among the Indians in the following manner:
1. It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of liberty, freedom, equality,
home rule and independence, spread among the people.
2. The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British Government in India and exposed the
true nature of British rule in India.
3. It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country and
to organise political movements.
4. It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. This awareness helped them to understand the
political and social development of the outside world and shape their own policies and programmes.
Question 2

Read the excerpt given below and answer the question that follows:
"From the mid-18th century, it was a European corporation, the East India Company - run from the City of
London by merchants and accountants, with their ledgers and careful accounting - that ran amok and seized
and subjugated a fragmented and divided India in what was probably the supreme act of corporate violence in
history." —William Dalrymple
(a) What term is used to describe the East India Company's act of running India's trade and finance from the
city of London? How did it work?
(b) What was its impact on the artisans and craftsmen?
(c) The author has described the East India Company's act as 'Corporate violence'. What term was used by
Dadabhai Naoroji for such an act? Describe how it worked.
Answer
(a) The term used is "Corporate violence".The British exploited India economically to promote their own
interests at the cost of welfare of Indians. The government took away a large part of the peasants' produce in
the form of land revenue and other taxes. India became a source of raw material for the industries of Britain and
a market for its finished products. The Working Class were exploited by the factory owners, and for educated
Indians, the chance to get government service was bleak due to high competition.
(b) The English East India Company used its political power to destroy Indian handicrafts and industry. Hence,
India became a source of raw materials for the industries of Britain and a market for its finished products. This
policy crippled the artisans and the craftsmen as they were devoid of their sources of livelihood. Declining
income, coupled with heavy taxation, pushed them into debt and extreme poverty.
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji used the term "Drain Theory" to describe "Corporate violence" of East India [Link]
his book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India", he explained his famous 'Drain Theory' outlining the various
ways in which India's wealth was being 'drained' to England. He came to the conclusion that the root cause for
the economic ills of India was the exploitation of India by the British.
Question 3

With reference to Nationalism and the birth of the Indian National Congress, explain each of the following:
(a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878.(b) State any three objectives of the Indian National Congress.(c) Role of
Dadabhai Naoroji.
Answer
(a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878:
1. Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act in 1878
2. The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings of
dissatisfaction against the British Government.
3. This Act was not applicable to English newspapers.
(b) Three objectives of the Indian National Congress were-
1. To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province.
3. To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji played a significant role in the rise of Nationalism and the birth of the Indian National
Congress.
1. The East India Association was founded in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji.
2. The Association provided information on all Indian subjects to British citizens and Members of Parliament.
3. It voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures.
4. Dadabhai Naoroji, the Grand Old Man of India, was of the opinion that the British were basically just and
good.
5. He wanted to place the true state of affairs in India before the people of England so that the problems of the
Indians may be resolved.
6. The association had its branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
7. Later, he supported the formation of Indian National Congress.
8. The second session of the Congress was held at Kolkata in 1886, under the Presidentship of Dadabhai
Naoroji.
Question 4

The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a significant event in the development of national
movement in India. In this context:
(a) What was the name of the Indian National Congress before it got this name? Who gave it its present name?
Where was it established and who was its founder?
(b) Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian National Congress?
(c) What was the nature of the political associations formed before the Indian National Congress was
established? Name any two associations which acted as the forerunners of the Indian National Congress.
Answer
(a) At the time of its foundation, Indian National Congress was called Indian National Union. On the suggestion
of Dadabhai Naoroji the name of the Union was changed to the Indian National Congress.
In 1884, A.O. Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundation of Indian National Congress at
Mumbai on December 28, 1885.
(b) The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the Indian National Congress because he wanted it to
act as a 'safety-valve' for popular discontent, thereby, safeguarding the British interest in India.
(c) By the second half of the 19th century, there emerged a consciousness among the Indians that the British
were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people and until this control was ended,
India could not be a sovereign nation. This consciousness led to the formation of a number of political
associations led by English-educated professionals.
1. Though many of these associations were formed in specific parts of the country, they had common goals for
all the people of India.
2. They did not work for any one religion, community or class.
3. The first political association to be started in India was the 'Landholders' Society in Kolkata in 1838.
4. Many public associations were started in different parts of India like Bengal British India Society, British
Indian Association, East India Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, London Indian Society and Indian
Association. These associations served as a base for the formation of the Congress — an all India political
organisation.

CHAPTER 3
Short Answer Questions

Question 1

Which period of the national movement is known as the period of the 'Early Nationalists'. Name any two leaders
of the Congress who are known as 'Early Nationalists'.
Answer
The period of the national movement from the year 1885 to 1907 is known as the period of the 'Early
Nationalists'.
Two leaders of the Congress who are known as 'Early Nationalists' are-
1. W.C. Bonnerjee
2. Dadabhai Naoroji
Question 2

Mention two reasons for the Early Nationalists' faith in the British sense of justice.
Answer
Two reasons for the Early Nationalists' faith in the British sense of justice were-
1. They were of the opinion that the British would help Indians govern themselves according to western
standards.
2. They believed that continuation of the British connection with India was in the interest of both England and
India.
Question 3

What was the belief of the Early Nationalists regarding the British rule in India?
Answer
The Early Nationalists believed the following regarding the British rule in India:
1. The Early Nationalists had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British.
2. It was their hope that the British would grant 'Home Rule' to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made
by the British government.
3. They believed that the British rule had many benefits. For example, it aided in cleansing social ills like sati,
untouchability and child marriage.
4. They were of the opinion that Britain would help Indians govern themselves according to western standards.
Question 4

What, according to the Early Nationalists, was an obstacle in India's progress? What kind of self government
did the Early Nationalists demand?
Answer
According to the Early Nationalists, the main obstacle in India's progress was social and economic
backwardness of Indians and not the British colonial rule.
The Early Nationalists demanded Self-government or Swaraj within the British empire like the self-governing
colonies of Canada and Australia.
Question 5

State any two issues opposed by the Early Nationalists in the field of civil liberties.
Answer
Two issues opposed by the Early Nationalists in the field of civil liberties were-
1. Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of
the press.
2. Abolition of the Preventive Detention Act and restoration of individual liberties.
Question 6

Mention any two demands of the Early Nationalists that aimed at improving the lot of the peasants.
Answer
Two demands of the Early Nationalists that aimed at improving the lot of the peasants were-
1. Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against unjust demands of the zamindars.
2. Reduction in expenditure on the army and the money thus saved to be spent on welfare activities such as
health and education.
Question 7

Mention any two constitutional demands made by the Early Nationalists.

Answer
Two constitutional demands made by the Early Nationalists were-
1. Abolition of India Council.
2. Expansion of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assemblies — both at the Centre and in the Provinces.
Question 8

Name any two economic issues raised by the Early Nationalists.

Answer
Two economic issues raised by the Early Nationalists were-
1. Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against unjust demands of the zamindars.
2. Reduction in expenditure on the army and the money thus saved to be spent on welfare activities such as
health and education.
Question 9
What did the Early Nationalists demand for the industrial growth of India?
Answer
The Early Nationalists demanded industrial growth through trade protection. That means that a heavy tax
should be imposed on imported goods and the government should give loans for the development of iron, coal,
paper and sugar industries in India.
Question 10

Mention any two achievements of the Early Nationalists.

Answer
Two achievements of the Early Nationalists were-
1. The Early Nationalists trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties,
secularism and nationalism.
2. The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of the British rule in India. They made
people realise the economic content and character of British imperialism. By doing so, they weakened the
foundations of the British rule in India.
Question 11

Who is known as India's unofficial ambassador and why?

Answer
Dadabhai Naoroji is known as India's unofficial ambassador because during his stay in England, he fought for
the cause of his country.
Question 12

Name the author of(i) Poverty and Un-British Rule in India(ii) A Nation in the making.
Answer
(i) Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'.
(ii) A Nation in Making was written by Surendranath Banerjee.
Question 13

Name the two Acts that Surendranath Banerjee agitated against?

Answer
Surendranath Banerjee started an agitation against the Licence Act and the Vernacular Press Act.
Question 14

List briefly any two causes that Gopal Krishna Gokhale supported.
Answer
Two causes that Gopal Krishna Gokhale supported were-
1. Reduction in salt duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods.
2. Reduction in land revenue.
CHAPTER 3

Structured Questions

Question 1

The period from 1885 to 1905 was dominated by the Early Nationalists. In this context, answer the following
questions:
(a) To which section of society did they belong? What were their demands?
(b) What methods did they adopt?
(c) How did the Early Nationalists help in the growth of nationalism in India?
Answer
(a) The members of the early nationalists were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of
professionals like lawyers, barristers, teachers and officials, who drew inspiration from Western thought. Many
of them were educated in England and felt that the British intended to be just to Indians but they were unaware
of the true state of affairs in India.
The demands of the Early Nationalists were as follows:
1. A larger share of Indians in the governance of the country
2. Reduction in taxes and government expenditure
3. Economic growth through trade protection
4. Indianisation of services
5. Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary
6. Employment of Indians in higher grades
7. Protection of civil rights
(b) The methods adopted by Early Nationalists were as follows:
1. The Early Nationalists believed in the policy of constitutional agitation within the legal framework, and slow
orderly political progress.
2. To educate people in India in modern politics, to arouse national political consciousness and to create a
united public opinion, they relied on the following methods:
• They held meetings where speeches were made and resolutions for popular demands were passed.
• They made use of the press to criticise government policies.
• They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. These petitions
were carefully drafted with facts and arguments. Though these petitions were addressed to the government,
their real aim was to educate the Indian people.
3. To influence the British government and the British public, they followed the following methods:
• They made use of three P's i.e. Petitions, Prayers and Protests. They sent petitions, requests and letters of
protest to the British government to look into the problems of the Indians.
• A British Committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in London in 1889, which published a weekly
journal, India, to present India's case before the British public.
• Deputations of Indian leaders were sent to Britain. These political leaders carried on active propaganda in
Britain.
(c) The Early Nationalists helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways-
1. Nationalists created national awakening among people that they belonged to one common country — India.
This made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political, economic and cultural interests that united
them.
2. They trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and
nationalism.
3. They did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of the British rule in India. They made people realise
the economic content and character of British imperialism. By doing so, they weakened the foundations of the
British rule in India.
4. Their political and economic programmes established the truth that India must be ruled in the interest of the
Indians.
5. The efforts of the Early Nationalists led to the following reforms:
• The appointment of a Public Service Commission in 1886
• A resolution of the House of Commons (1893) for simultaneous examination for the I.C.S. in London and India
• Appointment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure (1895)
• The Indian Councils Act of 1892.
These achievements of the Early Nationalists served as a base for the national movement in later years.
Question 2

The Early Nationalists were practical and wanted to win freedom by a gradual process. In this context, answer
the following:
(a) How did they expose the true nature of British rule in India?
(b) What was the attitude of the Early Nationalists towards the British? Why did they develop such an attitude?
(c) What were the reasons for the partial failure of their methods.
Answer
(a) The Early Nationalists played an important role in exposing the true nature of British rule in India. They did
so in the following ways-
1. Dadabhai Naoroji's views on Indian economy are given in his work entitled 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in
India'. His famous 'Drain Theory' explained how India's wealth was being 'drained' to England through various
ways.
2. Resolutions on Self-government, Boycott, Swadeshi and National Education were passed by the Congress
under Dadabhai's Presidentship.
3. The Early nationalists criticised the British rule in newspapers, journals and magazines. They wrote and
edited newspapers criticising the unjust policies of British.
4. Surendranath Banerjee started agitation against the License Act, Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act
which aimed at curbing the nationalist activities of the people. Through these works, he made people aware of
the colonial mindset of the British.
(b) The Early Nationalist leaders who led the Congress and the National Movement in its initial years were
staunch believers in open-minded and 'moderate' politics. They believed in loyalty to the British Crown. They
had the following attitude towards the British rule-
1. The Early Nationalists had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British.
2. It was their hope that the British would grant 'Home Rule' to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made
by the British government.
3. They believed that the British rule had many benefits. For example, it aided in cleansing social ills like sati,
untouchability and child marriage.
4. They were of the opinion that Britain would help Indians govern themselves according to western standards.
5. They said that the main obstacle in India's progress was social and economic backwardness of Indians and
not the British colonial rule.
6. They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims. They believed in patience and
reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation.
The Early Nationalists had such an attitude because they believed that continuation of the British connection
with India was in the interest of both England and India.
(c) The reasons for the partial failure of the methods followed by the Early Nationalists were-
1. The methods used by the Early Nationalists of passing resolutions and sending petitions depended on the
generosity of the British instead of relying on their own strength and challenging the imperialist might.
2. They failed to realise that British and Indian interests clashed with each other. Britain was using India's
resources to increase its wealth.
3. The Early Nationalists failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national movement. Their area of
influence was limited to the urban educated Indians. In particular, their leadership was confined to professional
groups such as lawyers, doctors, journalists and teachers.
Question 3

Surendranath Banerjee was popularly known as father of Indian Nationalism. In this context answer the
following questions:
(a) Trace his contribution towards the formation of the Indian National Congress.
(b) What was India's political goal according to him? What were the methods he advocated to attain it?
(c) What was his contribution to India's freedom struggle?
Answer
(a) Surendranath Banerjee advocated the use of constitutional methods to attain India's goals and his
contribution towards the formation of the Indian National Congress is quite significant.
1. He established the Indian Association in 1876 to fight against the wrong policies of the British.
2. In order to create an all India-political organisation Surendranath convened the Indian National Conference in
1883 at Kolkata.
3. His Indian National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both organisations had
similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895 and 1902.
(b) India's political goal according to Surendranath Banerjee was self-government.
He advocated the use of constitutional methods for the attainment of India's goals. His famous saying was,
"Opposition where necessary, co-operation when possible." He used the following methods to attain India's
political goal-
1. To fight against the wrong policies of the British, he founded the Indian Association in 1876.
2. In order to create an all-India political organisation, Surendranath convened the Indian National Conference
in 1883 at Kolkata. Surendranath Banerjee's Indian National Conference merged with the Indian National
Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives.
3. Banerjee edited a newspaper, Bengalee, which served as a powerful medium for mobilising public opinion.
His book, Nation in the Making, gives an account of his political concern and his views about self-government.
(c) Surendranath Banerjee's contribution to India's freedom struggle is quite significant. He contributed to the
Indian National Movement in the following ways-
1. To fight against the wrong policies of the British, he founded the Indian Association in 1876.
2. In order to create an all-India political organisation, Surendranath convened the Indian National Conference
in 1883 at Kolkata. Surendranath Banerjee's Indian National Conference merged with the Indian National
Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives.
3. Banerjee edited a newspaper, Bengalee, which served as a powerful medium for mobilising public opinion.
His book, Nation in the Making, gives an account of his political concern and his views about self-government.
4. Banerjee started agitation against the Licence Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act and against lowering the
age from 21 to 19 years to appear in the I.C.S. Examination.
5. He opposed the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 which introduced separate electorates for the Hindus and the
Muslims.
6. He also opposed the division of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905.
Question 4

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
The romance is that there is security of life and property in India; the reality is that there is no such thing. There
is security of life and property in one sense or way — i.e., the people are secure from any violence from each
other or from Native despots... But from England's own grasp there is no security of property at all and, as a
consequence, no security for life. India’s property is not secure. What is secure, and well secure, is that
England is perfectly safe and secure, and does so with perfect security, to carry away from India, and to eat up
in India, her property at the present rate of $30,0000,000 or 40,000,000 a year, .... I therefore venture to submit
that India does not enjoy security of her property and life.... To millions in India life is simply 'half-feeding', or
starvation, or famine and disease.
— Dadabhai Naoroji
(a) Who was Dadabhai Naoroji? According to Dadabhai Naoroji, in what sense ‘security of life and property’
prevails in India?
(b) How is England ‘perfectly safe and secure’, as described in the excerpt by Naoroji?
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji propounded a theory to describe the exploitative nature of British rule in India. Name it.
Explain briefly the last line of the excerpt given above.
Answer
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji, also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and the "Unofficial Ambassador of India" was
a remarkable Indian political leader, merchant, scholar, and writer. He presented his 'Drain Theory' in his paper
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He was thrice elected as the President of the Congress.
According to Dadabhai Naoroji, 'security of life and property' prevails in India in a sense that the people were
secure from internal or external violence. Naoroji acknowledges that there is a certain level of security within
India itself. People are relatively safe from violence inflicted by each other or by native rulers (despots).
However, this security does not extend to protection from England’s grasp. Naoroji argues that under British
rule, there is no genuine security for property. The British colonial administration, rather than safeguarding
Indian property, often exploited it. The "Drain Theory" proposed by Naoroji highlighted how Britain was
siphoning off India’s wealth and resources, leading to India’s continued impoverishment.
(b) According to Dadabhai Naoroji England was ‘perfectly safe and secure’ because England was extracting
India’s wealth at an alarming rate—approximately $30,000,000 to $40,000,000 annually. This exploitation
occurred both within India (where England consumes the wealth) and outside India (where England carries it
away). This drain of wealth was making England stronger and pushing India to poverty and starvation.
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji propounded 'The drain theory' to describe the exploitative nature of British rule in India.
The given line captures the harsh realities faced by millions in India during the colonial period. For those
struggling to survive, life was reduced to “half-feeding,” starvation, and vulnerability to famine and disease. The
over exploitation of Indian peasants, farmers and merchants was the root cause of all the economic ills of India.
The draining of resources—whether through taxation or export—directly impacted the livelihoods of millions.

CHAPTER 4
Structured Questions

Question 1

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
Rabindranath Tagore endorsed the Swadeshi movement through his songs and poems. There was a change in
his attitude as noted by Sumit Sarkar in his book, Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. He says: "[From] trying in
vain to placate the foreign ruler and talking big in a foreign tongue, he (Tagore) urges volunteers to the villages
instead, spreading social and political enlightment in the melas and through magic lantern lectures, and, above
all to revive our traditional samaj, channelling all constructive work through it once again."
(a) What was the impact of the Anti-Partition Movement?
(b) How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal?
(c) What was Lord Curzon's argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal? How did the nationalists interpret
Lord Curzon's motives?
Answer
(a) The Anti-Partition Movement had the following impact:
1. The Partition of Bengal along with the Anti-Partition Movement accelerated the Nationalist Movement by
spreading it among the general masses. The people rose in unity to resist, to suffer and to sacrifice.
2. Swadeshi and Boycott were used as weapons of political agitation and a training in self-sufficiency for the
attainment of Swaraj. British goods were burnt at public places and shops selling them were picketed. The spirit
of Swadeshi spread to almost every walk of life — industries, education, culture, literature, etc.
3. The people lost their faith in the fair play and justice of the British. Lord Curzon refused to concede to the
demands of annulling the partition.
4. The Anti-Partition agitation backfired the plans of Lord Curzon. It gave added strength to the National
Movement. The methods adopted by the Early Nationalists lost their appeal and gave an opportunity to the
Assertive Nationalists to lead the National Movement.
The Partition of Bengal was revoked in 1911. A new scheme of partition of Bengal was implemented on
linguistic rather than on religious grounds. Hindi, Oriya and Assamese speaking areas were separated from
Bengal to form separate administrative units. The administrative capital of British India was shifted from Kolkata
to Delhi in 1911.
(b) People started a strong movement against the partition, known as the Anti-partition Movement.
1. The Partition of Bengal led to a mighty upsurge which brought people and political leaders together.
2. The Indian National Congress and the nationalists of Bengal opposed the partition. Within Bengal, different
sections of the population — zamindars, merchants, lawyers, students and women — rose up in opposition to
the partition of their province.
3. Many protest meetings were held by eminent leaders like Surendranath Banerjee, Krishna Kumar Mitra, P.C.
Ray, B.C. Pal and Ananda Mohan Bose.
4. The Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists cooperated with one another during the course of the
movement.
5. The leaders condemned partition through newspapers like Bengali, Hitabadi and Sanjibani. They declared it
a day of national mourning throughout Bengal.
6. There was strike in Kolkata.
7. The streets of Kolkata were full of the cries of 'Bande Mataram' which became the theme song of the national
movement.
8. Rabindranath Tagore composed the patriotic song, 'Amar Sonar Bangla' (My Golden Bengal), for the
occasion which was sung by huge crowds parading the streets.
9. The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was celebrated in a new way. Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on one
another's wrists as the symbol of unbreakable unity of the Bengalis and the two halves of Bengal.
10. In the afternoon, there was a great demonstration when the veteran leader Ananda Mohan Bose laid the
foundation of a Federation Hall to mark the indestructible unity of Bengal. All gathered there took the vow to
follow Swadeshi.
(c) Lord Curzon stated that the main motive for the Partition of Bengal, was administrative necessity. The
government said that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single provincial
government.
The Indian nationalists clearly saw the design behind the Partition and condemned it.
1. They saw that it was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious and territorial grounds and
thereby, disrupt and weaken nationalism in Bengal.
2. They felt that administrative efficiency could have been better secured by separating Hindi-speaking Bihar
and the Odiya-speaking Odisha from the Bengali-speaking part of the province.
3. Moreover, the manner in which the announcement of partition was made without any regard for the public
opinion, hurt the sentiments of sensitive Bengalis.
Question 2

With reference to the Surat Split of 1907, answer the following questions:
(a) What were the issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion? How did the
British exploit the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists?
(b) What was the effect of the split between the two wings of the Congress on the National Movement?
(c) Why did the Assertive Nationalists adopt the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government? Name
the Assertive Nationalist leader who organised akharas and lathi clubs. Why were these organised?
Answer
(a) The issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion were-
1. The Assertive Nationalists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and boycott to the rest of India and make it a
vehicle for a full-fledged political mass struggle leading to Swaraj. The Early Nationalists, however, did not
approve it for the whole of India and wanted it to be confined to Bengal only.
2. There was also a disagreement over the candidature of the next President. The Assertive Nationalists
proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai as President of the Surat Session. The Early Nationalists proposed the
name of Rashbehari Ghosh. When the session at Surat began in December 1907 there was utter confusion.
The British exploited the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists. The British
adopted a policy of 'concession and repression' — concession for the Early Nationalists as well as the Muslims
and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.
(b) The split in the Congress was unfortunate because it gave an opportunity to the British to exploit the
situation to their advantage.
1. They adopted a policy of 'concession and repression' — concession for the Early Nationalists as well as the
Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.
2. The Surat Split weakened the national movement.
3. The Early Nationalists, however, were largely able to capture the Congress organisation and in the Allahabad
convention, held in April 1908, the split was formalised.
(c) The Assertive Nationalists adopted the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government due to the
following reasons:
1. The main focus of the Assertive Nationalists was to get a larger share for Indians in the administration of their
country and to end Britain's economic exploitation of India.
2. They believed that these objectives could not be realised without pressure tactics and some sort of direct
action.
3. Hence, they adopted the policy of non-cooperation and resistance to unjust acts of the British government.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first nationalist leader who sought close contact with the masses. With this
objective and to inculcate courage, self-defence and patriotism, he organised many akharas and lathi clubs
where physical training was imparted.
Question 3

In the second phase of the national movement, there emerged a new younger group of leaders within the
Congress who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and influence of International events led to the Assertive
nationalism.
(b) Name the Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against Simon
Commission. How were his words, when he was wounded, prophetic?
(c) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and
achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.
Answer
(a) Lord Curzon refused to recognise India as a nation. He was not in favour of giving freedom to India because
he believed that the English were destined to rule over India. Therefore, he took several repressive measures to
crush Indian Nationalism. These measures included —
1. The Act of 1898 which made it an offence to provoke people against the British
2. The Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) which reduced the strength of elected members from India, thereby
giving the British a majority
3. The Official Secrets Act
4. The Indian Universities Act of 1904 which imposed strict official control over the Indian universities because
Curzon considered them as the centres of nationalism.
All these measures created resentment in India.
Assertive nationalism was inspired by the examples of international events.
1. For the first time, Japan, an Asian country, defeated Russia.
2. Italian forces were defeated by the Abyssinians in Ethiopia.
3. In South Africa, the Boers fought for three years (1899-1902) against the British Empire.
4. In Ireland people were waging a full-scale Home Rule agitation.
These events broke the myth of the invincibility of the Europeans. The Assertive Nationalists felt that the united
masses could throw out the British yoke.
(b) The Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against Simon
Commission was Lala Lajpat Rai.
On the day he was wounded, he said, 'Lathi blows inflicted on me would prove some day as nails in the coffin of
the British empire.' His words, when he was wounded, turned out to be prophetic. This statement turned out to
be significant, as it reflected the growing sentiment and determination of Indians to free themselves from British
colonial rule. His words became symbolic of the resistance movement and inspired many to join the struggle for
independence. His sacrifice galvanized the Indian nationalist movement and intensified the call for
self-governance.
(c) The difference between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives is as follows-
Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists
Their main objective was to attain a self-government like the British occupied colonies did. They did not want
British to leave India. Their main objective was the immediate attainment of 'Swaraj' through more self-reliant
methods. They wanted British to leave India.
The difference between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists regarding their achievements is as
follows-

Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

Question 4

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
"You will have observed the word 'boycott' attached to the word 'movement'. It means that it shall move, move
from point to point, move from city to city, move from division to division, move from province to province till we
realise the highest destiny of our people as a nation in the comity of nations. I mean swaraj."
—Bipin Chandra Pal, 1906 Calcutta Session of the Congress
(a) Mention Bipin Chandra Pal's political aims.
(b) State his ideas on National Education.
(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment?
Answer
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal started his political career as a social reformer attached to the Brahmo Samaj, visited a
number of European countries and the United States of America.
1. It was during these visits that he observed how people resisted foreign domination.
2. In 1886 he joined the Indian National Congress.
3. He belonged to the Assertive Nationalist group.
4. He wanted complete independence from the British.
5. As a journalist he worked for Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune and New India to propagate his brand of
nationalism.
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal wanted National Education to be the basis of the freedom movement.
1. It would arouse nationalistic passions and become an effective instrument of social progress.
2. Educating women, he believed, was the most effective way of elevating their position.
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal proposed the following remedies to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment-
1. He stressed the need to develop indigenous industries in the country.
2. He preached the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment.
3. To establish equality in society, he wanted to tax the rich more heavily than the poor
4. He demanded forty-eight hours of work in a week and an increase in the wages.
Question 5

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
It is a mistake to suppose that the Swadeshi movement requires sacrifice from poor people. We, the middle
classes are the greatest offenders in this respect. The poor Kumbi villagers, require not many foreign articles at
all, — probably none at all. It is we, the middle classes, who are the consumers of foreign goods; and since this
Government is not going to stop the drain by imposing a protective duty it becomes imperatively necessary to
adopt a measure by which we can do ourselves what the Government is bound to do and what the government
ought to have done long ago. That one point was self-help and another point was determination; and the third
sacrifice. You will find that all this included in this resolution, joined with the declaration made in the Presidential
address that Swadeshism is a forced necessity in India owing to unnatural economic conditions in India, makes
up a complete case for you. I trust that resolution of self-help adopted this year will form the basis of other
resolutions of self-help in years to come.’
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak (At the 1906 session of Indian National Congress, where the resolution on Swadeshi
was moved.)
(a) What was the main aim of Swadeshi' as referred to in the extract? How does, it relate to 'boycott'?
(b) What are the reasons for focussing on Swadeshi?
(c) In what ways is the speaker of this extract the forerunner of Gandhiji?
Answer
(a) The main aim of the Swadeshi movement, as referred to in the excerpt, was to promote self-reliance,
economic independence, and reduce dependence on British goods. It encouraged Indians to use Indian-made
goods and actively boycott foreign products. The British government continued drain by imposing a protective
duty and there was a need to start self-help.
The Swadeshi movement and the concept of ‘boycott’ were closely intertwined. Indians actively boycotted
British-manufactured goods. The movement emphasized using Khadi (hand-spun cloth) and other Indian-made
or swadeshi products. The boycott of foreign goods gave an economical jolt to the government and Indian
goods were there to fulfill the demand generated by the boycott.
(b) The primary aim of the Swadeshi movement was to promote self-reliance and reduce dependence on British
goods. Indians wanted to create an indigenous economy by supporting Indian-made products. Swadeshi aimed
to revive traditional crafts and promote local industries. By supporting Indian products, people could strengthen
their own economy. Also, the movement fostered a sense of national identity and unity.
(c) Tilak was the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi in following ways:
• Tilak’s idea of Swaraj was akin to Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of complete independence.
• Tilak sought close contact with the masses as Mahatma Gandhi did.
• Tilak preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition. These ideas were preached and followed by
Mahatma Gandhi later on.
• Tilak had to suffer several terms of imprisonment for the sake of the country, an example followed by Mahatma
Gandhi and other nationalist leaders.

CHAPTER 5
Structured Questions

Question 1

The growth of communalism in India was encouraged by the British authorities as well as certain trends in
Indian society. In the light of this observation, explain:
(a) The Divide and Rule Policy of the British.
(b) The writings and speeches of the Assertive Nationalists.
(c) The erroneous interpretation of Indian History.
Answer
(a) The British saw the unity between the Hindus and the Muslims as a threat to them. Thus, to check the
growth of a united national feeling in India and to encourage communal and separatist tendencies in Indian
politics, they decided to follow the policy of 'Divide and Rule'. They did so in the following manner:
1. In 1871, Lord Mayo's government adopted a resolution which made Urdu the medium of instruction for
Muslims in primary and secondary schools and increased government aid to educational institutions run by the
Muslims.
2. They tried to create hatred among the Hindus and the Muslims by portraying Muslim rulers as plunderers,
and Hindu rulers as cruel kings to their Muslim subjects.
3. They tried to justify the Partition of Bengal by convincing the Muslims that Bengal was being partitioned to
create a new Muslim majority province where the Hindus would not be able to subvert their interests.
4. They tried to utilise the caste structure to turn the non-brahmins and the lower castes against high castes.
5. They treated Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs as separate communities and accepted their communal leaders as
authentic representatives of all their co-religionists.
They tried to spread communal hatred through the Press, posters, literature and public platform.
(b) The assertive nationalists played an important role in the national movement. But some of their actions
marked a step back in respect of the growth of national unity.
1. The speeches and actions of some of the assertive nationalists annoyed some sections of Indians.
2. For example, the propagation of Shivaji and Ganapati festivals by Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh's concept of India
as mother and nationalism as religion and the initiation of the Anti-Partition agitation with dips in the Ganga did
not appeal to some of the Muslims.
(c) The manner in which Indian history was interpreted in those days contributed to the growth of communal
thinking among the Hindus and the Muslims.
1. Some British and communal historians divided Indian history into the Hindu and the Muslim periods. The rule
of Turks, Afghans and Mughals was called the Muslim rule, where the rulers were said to be the followers of
Islam and their subjects, the followers of other religions. In the so-called Hindu period, Muslim rulers were
dubbed as foreign invaders who had settled in India. They portrayed Rana Pratap and Shivaji as national
heroes and Akbar and Aurangzeb as foreigners and infused communal feelings.
2. The British and communal historians ignored the notion of a composite culture in India and tried to create a
rift between the two communities. They failed to interpret that the diversity was primarily class-wise and
region-wise and not religion-wise.
3. Some communal historians highlighted the myth that Indian society and culture had reached great heights
during the ancient period but was declining during the medieval period which was dominated by Mughal rulers.
They did not give much importance to the contribution of the medieval period to the development of Indian
economy, religion, art, literature, culture and society.
4. The communal bias was propagated through poetry, drama, novels, short stories, newspapers, etc.

CHAPTER 6
Structured Questions

Question 1

The United Nations, its specialised agencies and staff have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 12 times.
These include Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold (1961) and Kofi Annan (2001). With reference to the
functioning of the United Nations, briefly answer the following:
(a) State the objectives of the UN.
(b) Mention the principles of the UN for its members.
(c) State any four functions of the UN.
Answer
(a) The objectives of the United Nations are as follows-
1. To maintain international peace and security, to take collective measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to peace, to suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and
self-determination of people.
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian
problems and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms.
4. To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
5. Disarm, decolonise and develop are the three new objectives set by the UN.
(b) In order to fulfil the purposes for which UNO was established, the members shall act in accordance with the
following principles:
1. To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members should fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them.
3. They should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
4. They would refrain from the threat or use of force against any State.
5. They should give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes.
6. The Organisation should ensure that States which are not members of the United Nations act in accordance
with these principles.
7. The United Nations shall not intervene in the domestic, i.e., internal affairs of any State.
(c) Four functions of the United Nations are as follows-
1. Maintain international peace and security.
2. Protect human rights and deliver humanitarian aid.
3. Support sustainable development and climate action.
4. Uphold international law.
Question 2

With reference to the General Assembly, explain the following:

(a) Composition of the General Assembly.
(b) Its role in the promotion of international cooperation.
(c) Any four of its functions.
Answer
(a) All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly.
1. Each State has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each State has one vote.
2. At the start of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and the
Chairmen of the Assembly's six Main Committees.
3. To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the Assembly rotates each year among
five groups of States: Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, and Western Europe and
other States.
4. Decisions on important matters are made by a two-third majority.
5. These matters include: the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, admission of
new members, the suspension or expulsion of members, budgetary issues, etc.
6. Decisions on other questions are made by a majority of members present and voting.
(b) The role of the General Assembly in the promotion of international cooperation are as follows-
1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international
peace and security.
2. To discuss any question relating to international peace and security and to make recommendations on it.
3. To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political, social, and economic
cooperation.
4. To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
(c) Four functions of the General Assembly are as follows-
1. To receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other organs of the United Nations.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among
members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the
Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.
4. To appoint the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council.
Question 3

The Security Council is the most important and effective organ of the UN. In this context describe
(a) Composition of the Security Council.
(b) Veto power.
(c) Four of its functions.
Answer
(a) The Security Council consists of 15 members.
1. It has five permanent members —
• China
• France
• Russia
• Britain
• The United States of America
2. The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:
• Afro-Asian countries — 5
• Latin American countries — 2
• West European and other countries — 2
• East European countries — 1.
3. The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-third majority for a term of
two years.
4. A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
5. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member
States.
(b) Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an
affirmative vote of nine members, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members. The negative
vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The Council is powerless to act if any of the five permanent
members uses the veto power. However abstinence from voting does not amount to a negative vote or veto.
(c) Four functions of the Security Council related to maintaining world peace are as follows:
1. To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United
Nations.
2. To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction and to take military action
against an aggressor.
3. To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.
4. To call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to
prevent or stop aggression.
Question 4

With reference to the International Court of Justice, explain the following:

(a) Its Composition.
(b) Its Compulsory Jurisdiction.
(c) Its Advisory Jurisdiction.
Answer
(a) Composition of the International Court of Justice is as follows:
1. It is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and
Security Council sitting independently of each other.
2. It may not include more than one judge from any nationality.
3. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.
4. The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term. They may, when their term expires,
be re-elected.
5. The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.
(b) The International Court of Justice has compulsory Jurisdiction in the following areas:
1. Against the background that a large number of treaties provide that disputes are submitted to the Court.
2. Disputes pertaining to the interpretation of international law.
3. Reparation, i.e., compensation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.
(c) The advisory procedure of the International Court of Justice is open solely to international organisations.
1. The only bodies at present authorised to request advisory opinions of the Court are five organs of the United
Nations and 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations family.
2. Since 1946 the Court has given 24 Advisory Opinions, concerning reparation for injuries suffered in the
service of the United Nations, territorial status of South-West Africa and Western Sahara, etc.