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Chapter 1 Solid State

The document discusses the properties and internal structure of solids, classifying them into crystalline and amorphous types. It highlights characteristics such as fixed shape, size, volume, and high intermolecular forces in solids. Additionally, it covers the differences between various solid types, including ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, along with their unique properties and behaviors.

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Agam Jhamb
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4 views64 pages

Chapter 1 Solid State

The document discusses the properties and internal structure of solids, classifying them into crystalline and amorphous types. It highlights characteristics such as fixed shape, size, volume, and high intermolecular forces in solids. Additionally, it covers the differences between various solid types, including ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, along with their unique properties and behaviors.

Uploaded by

Agam Jhamb
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Chopter- 1 The solid state (onus) the diffrent types of colids , their properlies and. internal structure. Solid? Te fs that state of matter which hag __ definite __shabe ize _and volome at -faabicles axe held together by some force (intermolecular force.) Properties of solids They have fixed’ shobe , size and volume _- at STP. + [Mey have very high _intesmolecular force of action. y They have high melting and___boiling pt- - Jerberatore- They hove very less intermalewlar Space: __~ hey are nok combresse able. SSS eer Brant Date. F © ey are rigid. 1 G “They have. high density + Sf0, tear seen” So Stltca. Culas. VYucrt7 Real solid) CPreudn salted) ate Solids are _clascified inta two dybes — @[Csystaltine solid @® Non = Crystalline alils or Amor bho solids. —— Fixed chemical formia “Gallas, Minchare Poly mer oH, » Nach, H.0, CO Hyp Og etc. Soil, Nylon, Plastic, Fubber etc. 4» [Cry alline solidg! “These Solids _ ughose Constivent _barlicle [atoms (_malecular / fons | rearranged in __fegular or reheating: Hem are called crystelline Solid. ¥* : Graphite _Diomand. | Properties of Crystalline solid 2- ® They have sha f if @_Ihey have _defintle _enthalby of fasion. @)_IMfiey are of long-range order. --- © © ® @® @----- Le gimilor “Shyctures gre aeheated, af o. long ange : @ ey are _anisotrable in nature. ‘ik _ means | 4 a sho iffe i i | \ike _reSractive index, electrical sthenmal conductivity etc. in. different + disxection - TTT TEE Brand Sica Page _——————— Date. teectfon recon @ + 2 $ ‘ v Are called __ amorphous solids SSS (Requlax otter of cry stelline olids) es (Srgilar pattern of —Ommiphovs solids) — saa Arnorphous” is ou. greet - means no Pov word which heated and ther — >] ohen quast2 (sfo,) is Cooled, ik is _converled Tinto glass. 8 Heat _ Coot iz Glass __(enystelline) ( fmosbhous) hey__do not have fixed enthalpy of Ifucion on ___vabouxfsatfon: why are solids rigid ? ESS tovel Solids on wigid_—beonvse of _theie Dean inte i i ine nce: That__{s when on extemal _fisce _is es applied to the solid _ matexfa) there tion’t be = a any Change in___+theis _shabe- 42 [why co solids hove a, dePinite volume? __ fing! Solids have bosticles er! within them are tightly by strong __{ntexrmolecular Porces « ls | Classify Cay stalline ox _Anosbhous ? Polyurethane i re Potassium nilrate , cellophane , Polyviny) chloride, fibre glass, Cobber . Aros phous ¢ Poly Arosphous ? Poly rethane , teflon, cellophane » Ta Polyvinyl chloride, Crbre glass Coystauine # Nophthalene , benzoic acid, fotassinm td _coppexs aE hy — glass conse 1 2 —Fos-lG consideaed Suber Cooled. —4 t hecavee itt fs an cold «4h can allawing them tp Plow ot Slowly __ovex__time- | . ° AB [Refractive fndex o__have the Jan__isntrobic solid + most Ifkely on cleavage lorobevty . ¥ » eo “fas —— (cian Poe ae Pe b- on the aon of. inter moleculase farce) _ = lise y——? They PL e ° g— Ol Tonic solfds y—O©imesailic_solids. Mole cular salfde ¥ ovalent and __ Metiuoxk Solids : ae onic _solfs 2° Those _sol?ds whieh ave f [made np of {no (Cations and anion? fon? salfads- , ; eo : aos Nact, Cuso KCL KeSOy , NasPOy fc. +——>+l Tn yy sang >on axe held eae electrostatic Rece : “Hawtin , 1 They _one fa the fran of__caystar formula units: f mula_vort_of Nocl = Nat 3 oo” F TRemolo_vnit_of No,Po,= ania £ Poy Date. Po —— |General _Staveduxe ? IN Boor = ok fonts | Bs See. t eed : (2=D) f (3-p) e= Nat = | e= ch ——* [Properties of tonic olfchs = . aad @ VThey ave tard hut brittle- fall Ihey Ore ff Soluble fn water al i 3 [thei ton one totionaxy in_solid) ; cnt ~~ electyichly In olf. State. ely molten State ox agveous sol” Consfsts of free fon s0 they oct ie good __conductess fn motion stato , or __aqueous a Ne [hefe __melifng bolling pt- tem p™ =» axe. very Bin. — |_| Force blw fons NS S| 1 | | ote aH 2 The ° f enexg at [[Melalitc solfds : “Those Ose paneer ined to A mole of any Jattice into ‘its individual * fons err Wottice energy - colfds «hose —__ meta) fons | constituent paztfale Surrounded thy. Cloud pf Sree ele dons, | c olids- 7 Ose casted Metall po Mg alt sieeke: = No, Al, Fe M a ot + crow Cloud of Tree e- mee ao ethe: Ce tre R Brant Date Page ids lax. whose y 2. 7 Abi london molecular molecules are eakest face _, ave Solfds. hela Van ~ der -waol called dipole=dipole intractton COS} _ SOO H— co Gx L vm > > bate Brank ) > Page > 2 i cop 2 o=c=0 azo, dian = poto . ok —* i > Cc : ss ne 7 , ca or or F , tHe 5 H= O%~H-0" b WW ot ; Hy 4 ) ¥ j trong h-boad. bye Covalent _/ mn rork solid [Those solid hich oe foxmed__by atnens __ which one __he|d __-tygether by Covalent laxe called ~ Covalent and __nelwoxk solid | I | s-__ Carbon lE\ectaicat mS + Bad conductor (exception 2 Carcobhite) | Havdness — Hardest ematestol (exception + Cnxaphise ) Date. Page Cae onit_cell Crystal _latice + “The _3-D ok of particles iq any coy talline lid rebeatiny _bettexn 15 in vequiax and called _coystol lattice - Theat tavesn Zs blasie as with different Parameters ame of onit | Relation bjra Relation b/w _ cell ab SC la ear ic) Q=b=c spey=oo_ CGletxagonal) Q=b#C =peP=ao' © (onthorhombic)| ost b # ¢ =p=y=a0 R (Rhombo A2h=C ~p=Y_# 90 hedwatl 7 a= P a9 AQ=beC =pe Z T re T gts ™_( Monoclinic) > o.# b # C =7= 40", B#¢ T (ikiclinis) AFbHFC Ax pey* 20" | S pau Brand —~ S ( a is a sp st | Hexagonal _paimitive unit cell Ss . . = comer + fac0e + bed S ‘: . = ext 4 ai + 3 © . eS z e _ ._5.. Ss e Zz G S E > © A Solid i made by -kwo different & A & _atem of A 5 sceupy at all -the coxners of cube » and atoms of Bare _ recent of __ o all__-the _-face _comtors -__find _the » ini fox my tf ° a B P eT>.G pb i : No: of atoms of A= #x 1. = 1 ' a : mo. of Atoms F @ = Yew lt = 3 - 2 formula = ABs yy Brand Date Page 2 ET e Roce = centred) unit ‘celle soho i8 : : the length ef o cide 92 the cell ? Ta 06 are 4 =¥g = 4¢ = Gx plug = 4x0. 1d = 0-574 vz SES Pyta eat 1-2.) Aluminium cay stallises Th =0-40O7nn packed otructue- 44's metallic acu bic clase = rcadius 1S. 125 ine Ox = 125 pm cc ume Olen N20 = ax PUNY x 125 = Q60x\-414 2am ab PM At eo PoP ree yepeps G5e5 x10 rem Volume of Unit cel = 0° = = ya x10 en es ee onik cell = Salvo 0h Al = Len” { 2" EEE = 996 x10" i Brant Date ———____— Page PE =[52-307,1 of A 2 S © ES » s- 38 ¥ er s— In bce unit cell s Z=2 a= Yr 5 Wa S = PE = Qe XK E? xine Ss 3 5 v3) & 7 > PE = x, of ienagiss = el ® eee 2 Veg 4 5 : i .E = Noo xX S3 = J i 2 28 25 0-6 2. so age of. emblyspaceIn_iaot_= 100 = 8% = 32 Yo "a 2.171 TT TTY © eee Tx 22 x 5% x 100 io Jz Se & eS } ee e- s { e e oe » formula 4h Coqiioe 4? any fous of them I A 8 A 2 typeof flekingy ARABAR --. be of facing CN= ‘N= 6 0/6/6068) o/6 Brant Page [ Weide in —slnsed packed —_stuctut Date vals Void _voiol combounds £ Anfons (ebbere) For __Jorfc Jattice stt- wohile lopnake =the pectfte Cations take shel x. blaces Sn __vofds. fi sotto Gur 4donie golids ae at +e te > | Evens Calfons Are Surrounded by Onion: — oes S if : 7 [oth es: Se ¥ 0-155 5% O- 236 CN = 3 * Tsfangu lox void Owen < xt < eeuiy one 4 4 Tetrabedra! void oui < xt 07.39 cN= ¢ L Octohed sal void Oe : p——4a__such —d ’ z gp ———ta__the _cxystal decreases: > v MD z=— Cosfon fe vacant Eyino. anions on - fntexclffol cite Since anions che % they cant Sifted fs the wih Meto) _defictency defoot due $n cabfont. vacant i TE _habbens 10 those caystals ohose metal — fons have. “yvaaxtable oxidation Stotes : : E ‘s ‘e Branck So date ———— ) © 7 sohen some | rede) fons of higher So »—— Poi etal fons of dourer > oxfdalion States» =then Some —_meta e fons of toner _ Or _3 re Vacant £x0m o- [they __besilon - the As a _weavlt _snetn) e2cctas defect tn Caystal -takes place ve to =thi. defeat i Sty of |__decweases- Y Wi @ y Blecduical conductivity is vlpbosed ts increased - > —oH + FO 0. Pee HH Oe 6 OOO 6 € & i alepect - An -the_ coy sdol of Fe o.g3— a God the “Io_age of Fe2* and Fe 008 ete = 100 ; a eon: of oO ions a / Zo No- of Fe - fon = 96 a 4 the no. of Pe ik » oo eu oS 96a. - jon S— ae —— ie \ é- Page ___[TTinpostlfes defect 8 when small amount —af _othey_ kayopal ts added _to the regular but different _cxysta ro this defect Ps Date: lcalled imbosily HE then gnall__amount_of sxc), + added i chloride _csystal then — conduc Lvtly of cxystal Sncreases: TNacl_+ Sze | =| CSmail > Nat - Not cl cu et iat Not cl” Or cle »Cotfank voto Oy ch nla? cl Nat - \echical chi a rober! i fes of sal eee, Page : Brant Date. Page a e © ° Cone +A) etc 29) : oclive es_are __ahove lo? sm"! are called Conductor - Eg 2 = Al, Fe Cu, Ag—stc- 4 | conductor 2 Some Substance have co _(zern}) resistance —ak extremely tour Hemberajure. ave_called oper conductor - S15 Als Hig Luk Azc(is ka 5 Niabium (oh. — oxide ett: Magnesium dtboride » Colppe Fneray band. nergy levels of electrons fa __an —atoms- nee band (vad? —It i the lower energy band which + alway Srled with chron $* i Gnome canducting 2002 ——[enndaeton rte nich ise tthex—partlalls — deve | filled or y: = Dteare _enn ducting —rone-—— —————————t—C~™ Brent Page ! Date {Ths .ul atnzg 2 Ihe _Substancee in _swhf'ch [the Valence band are called Tnsulators. AH —* max | Sem? - Canductoxs * The Substances’ fn which | she forbidden gab io _fatexrmed Pate bli Conductors and __‘insnlajows dre called Semi = Cconducinrs- Jan. <_AW somPeone! << 4H #45 agi LE empty ca tela “Conductor Semf-____Tnsulato Conductow Sem? — a i‘ £ 4 Pure Semf conductor Tnopure Semicbnduct (Totringic s+c ) Cextyinsic $-c_) ov Gre Ge ————_Dafpeol 8-0 PP eR he ie Major charge caxiey 2 67 Thexe fs __an facawase In the Conduotivity when temp! __in crease Minox 69 2 P-tybe ene dodoc when the hore $:¢ fe dobbed with 8 L, (no then x tab = 1% elements _te P= bye eC Soxmed- P-n Junction Brant Date———___— Page ————_—__— Antifermmagnelic substances Those Substances which shan _sitong __| 0 magnetic Lteld axe sebulsfon in a called anti femmmagneic Substances -____ Thefx maane}fe domains owe aarang ed! equally oo 7 both In the dfrecHon os well a3 in the obbosite dimection of the magnetic field. OD Oo als (4 out each _Othes. [sgt Moo (2ek) , feo (198 Cs NiO (below too ¢)) Eerstmaanett Substances ferimagnetic Substances — Those ubstance: which age weakly lotracte a 4 magnelic freld ave called Fearimagnelic Substances Their yaa P d i © ut {n___ both” dive ctfons. but unequally.

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