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Module 2

The document discusses digital signal processing, focusing on the conversion of analog signals to digital form using A/D converters and the importance of frequency domain analysis. It covers concepts such as the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), its properties, and applications in linear filtering and convolution. Additionally, it explores the relationship between time and frequency domains, including sampling and reconstruction of discrete signals.

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9 views130 pages

Module 2

The document discusses digital signal processing, focusing on the conversion of analog signals to digital form using A/D converters and the importance of frequency domain analysis. It covers concepts such as the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), its properties, and applications in linear filtering and convolution. Additionally, it explores the relationship between time and frequency domains, including sampling and reconstruction of discrete signals.

Uploaded by

sannidhchandavar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Titoduution 9 In digttal Stqual Prowuing, al the Si ane discadé. when analog Stquals such af, Speech, music ete. are procmel by SP Syston , than, Here Signals ase Commtted ts deccrdte fom using A[D Convert tevs. Aftes Preceating Signals ate Converted to anelog foro by watog Bla Gmerters . DIA r Frnolo: ) wa comost [2 F ~[ stn ae sia output st Fig t Digital Stgpol Processing Systena Many Applications demand the pronting of signals im Seqperey domain. Ext Petiodidty, Enevay and pour con be beter onalyzed tx frequen domain. Hone the st one transformed. from 4irne domoin to frequency domain. Such a. ‘taneformadion Con be obtained with 4he help of Foutter transform and diserdt fourter trom form- > Por diserde Stqnals DFT is usd, tts also used for Linear Filtering and covtelotion > wa th ‘eqptrad onalipts and precatting gs porformad ta Preqpeny domatu, stanols ane’ Aransfosmad. bads kts time domain by Envervse outtes transfoi (TDFT). Praquancy domein Sarepling and Reconstruditen of diserata tiene Si Ned plequency Sarmpling—> ue fenog that, the -foutters transform of Signed Can be calculated of | x(a) = 5 xmet* —> w N=-% Hete x(n) ss the Atsorete time. Signol. , ‘o's A Gorthuowt fundten fiom o to arr, ie, even though unl es diserde, Hs specyum X(s) ss Scanned with CamScanner Continuous. Such a Continuoug function Cant be ovals ow digttoh procsor On dicftal. plows only disorde siqnols Con be tvoludtid Here we ned -freqpency Sampling Frequincy damafu. Sampling —> TS overtone the problem of digital. Strat Preewing. “tha Speckium, XLS) & Sarnpled. undfoiraly. Wk, x(s) is perbdZe WH peed arr, TR Samples axe talen from o fe at. Let 'N Samples ote taken from 0 fe ATT, hen Spot, Mo tke Successive Samples will be AT Thane fore ep Can be wititton og, ~32T Ku x (Stk) = See WY __5¢ay == Hete Kk =0,1,8,3_-.-. N-1 gS an inde. for Sompks . ros Tw se sm 2 of 4 OB & ey SS & x(u) a Cobcalatid only ot diserde Volucs - Ex: N=8 Samples am token over the petted ATT Hen X(o) will be Goleubdlid of w= 0 Ms My, MYT, TH, Hs AY, where kK=0,,a----F. Scanned with CamScanner Diserde Fourtes Tansfot Carr) and Inverse Disord @ Fountes Tons form CIpet) Bens Definition of DFT and IDET one een os, X(k) = Fame! af kw W=0 This equation epiesents te DET equation . xc) = x(aa kK), bweecamse , Volua of x(k) one addtened by ‘k' only Here ‘k' ss tuden of frequency. wa _. aT x(k) = Samer =o kn DET: Now Consider tht egy, ist _ T jain pen) = Aw Gabe N Tp wt evolucte tis equ W=0,1,8,3---- Net, then p(n) = x(n) o val Then, aw) = Dow eke K=0 That fore, Ipet; | x(n) = a DAK K=0 Wt 48 while Wobking with DET ond IDET, te ts Curtomar, te introduce ar a Compler qpanttty 1 Wy = ON EROOK of "Trtddle factor” —fan y= ON = cos SE = 3 sin aT Find also fb 8S Very Common te vyruent te pep operation fot Seqpona 2609 of engi N by perf xen and IDET operation a Tort f XW « Nxt “ X(k) = Der f xtart = Sx(n) ok , OS KEN AZO Wy “en Xe) = TETEX(Oh = + SXWuN Bsus Scanned with CamScanner DFT 03 a Linear Teans-formation ( Matte dation) Der of a firtte longi Seapine afo) 8 given bye nel xk) = Sori”, — Keot--.w- v=o + x0 + Or yKO) 4 xa y -.--- + x(n ft het us evolushe x(K) fe detterent Values of k inthe Yang. Co, N-i) 08 apyen below . Xk) = XC) XG) = toy 2c) + WY 4 — ~ - - + Wy UlW-0) XO) = wy UG) + wy 10g + ---- +a Cn X(@) = Wa tel + a ah + -==-- $89 oer) 1 : : 1 r+ ¢ 7 ' : ' ' ! 7 : ! , e: vi (wD) Ke) = Xo) Ha A—DE—-- tO ACN) ‘Patting tee N-DET equctions tn Ny uninoWwnt fn tha mocktie form , We ae KA SWy te Here x and 2 ote (Nx) matites and tay te an Cwxn) sqpote mablix called the DeT watiix . The full mats form ts darctibed by) XC) Ow os *4a) x) wat x0) *@] = ys ad x(a) mort ‘ Pb | Popo: agen) steep ‘ Tra demerts uy" of toy oe Called complet batts funihioy oF botddle Scanned with CamScanner Mahit tdatter Computing IDET - We know that, x= Wy xu Multighjng both the Sides of the above equ by Gy, we gt The Tre first set Of N IDET aguationg fn ny unknotons may be expired ta ten mocks fom og, =a wohane af danates tha Complex conjugate, of Wy. Comparison of equs (4) and. (a) beads ts Condludt that, wa = ay “Ws Vet enpattaat: vault ahous That uj! ‘seis only conjugation Of ty rwulkiplied by 71 A obVtoug Computattenal advantage The motte tdstion X=Wyt and xa wy x together defies DET of a Linear transformation. Scanned with CamScanner “Properties of DFT © Lemma, N-! =o Say = N§ (x) = “i — se 0, ko Best , uel l-a we KNOW thot D> w= ; aed ‘nao \-0 wey TR above Yault te The ste hand gide af eqp(y ae qt fou MY AT ky Susy" = ——y- = ——— 3; ks#o w=0 Tauag Stop = 1 isntema] | Kro0 av t-gi* nt Yo" = o k#o zo toh k=0, tee left site of equ becomes Sta" Cai)" = Sug = & wW=0 oan = N § Ck) —wahn k=0 Hen we may Latite, OSkK XK) = 5 xn) a M=0 Nol x (ean) = Soxtayea (8 h=o N-t X(ktn) = > xn) we ah te w=: Eo a: xtc+n) = F x(noh® wz0 > ut -k xO) = ES xt Kzo ( net K(n+n x(n+n) = 2 So xlk) 4, ) N kso wl KR -EN -KN X(n4n) = > 2 xk ay We ~ y= 0 unten) =F XtK wa" Scanned with CamScanner @) Lineasty orrf ax,(W) +hXaV} = AXi(k) + bxaCkK) KeO te. No Wilk xi(e) amd Xa (Kk) ore the DET's of the Sequenus in) and Xg(n) Tespecivey, botk of dengtis N. Proof ~» ~ N-L Ki der fat = 5 xine, =o Lek, XO) = xin) tran) , We get Net = Y Lanta roratn]ing” Azo perf axa) +bxtnh eo woe ku Sad AalWy” + bd XaCn) Wy Azo Mz0 = & Xilk) + b Xalk) ; OSk Ax: + bxaCk) cH) Syraraetyy : geoh -Valued Sequences fs veal, then tts DET Ty the Sequence X(n), W=O1---N- is Such that, Xtk) = x*(n-k) , KS 0---NI Prof we knows that, x(k) = det fxenrf net x(k) = 5 xing", Ko, 2. N-1 w=0 Toking Conjugate su both tm Stdes, we get Net x*(k) = 5 Voy ay" v=o Scanned with CamScanner Sina x) fs Teal, we hove x) = x(n. AS ao Consapena, © of ths, ARR above ee deduce « uh xe) = Ea wi S* *, KM x(k) = Fao “Sy Wy a [ sina wi" =I =o x*(K) = parte) ale) Mo Hen, x*e) = XCw-k) TRe above equ Conveys Rh westoge tRat tq DET ofa Yeah SCHEMA possesses Conjugate Symmetry about the midpoint . TEN ts add, the Confugate Sypemety fs about N . The inden w ‘ k= x ts Called the folding tadex. Conjugate Symmetty 2 xa) = Cw) or XC) = X* CNHI) Scanned with CamScanner (5) Spoatig DET of gral even and teal odd Sequenis Let xn) be Length - Weal Seqnene Wott au Nepaint DET ation by ACB). Tf x(n) = AeCn) +hoCm) » Where X3Cn) fs the eVeM. part cued AaGn)_ fs the odd patt of the seqmene x60), then DET f xeof is purely steal aud perf ao(wt &s perely twaginary Ref > Wt knows that, xel = E[ 26) +x0y] Hea, der f xml = der f xtm} tL Derfrcmyt DET faemb = A xl) + xCKD, [xo + XG] = £[*W + x*c0] Lee xk) = A4pe Than xX*(k) = Pp -38 Hoa = DET § xem} = + [etie+8-j9] per f xewfo= & “Thug We have proved thot the DET of o Yeal even Sequenco purely Teall « is By definition, — elm) = [ tn) - 2G] Xol) = $f xQK- x04] Xo(k) = + [ +}0- A436] Xe (kk) = je Thus we ted Hot I DET of a heal odd Sequenu ts p | iwaaginayy . Scanned with CamScanner BG) DET 4% Complex Conjugate Sequence Let x(q) be oo Complex ‘Sequences waite Det fam} = xtk), skew! Tes per foot = x*ww) = x Gry Rigef> By definition, te DET of x(q) ts wa RO) = FT xcnag, ofke-t ase N-t x*k) = Srey, @ a) Changing K te -k, gives wt X"GN) = Yad KY wee Sins th Flding AS Gecular fe nadlute, tk above tgy may be written as, ‘ x*(Ck)y = DET Exton} —7e) Changing kK te Nek fn equ ques. net Xx* (WR) = Se Feay 1g, OM hoo * wt -N x (te) = SFE wy ahh cord XF Qe = Fate (: wy" = 1) We0 Der f akwh = x*Gek) 9G) Fiom equ (a) and (3) > Gur atte ver f ook = «(Dy = x* (wr) Scanned with CamScanner NN _ _ _—~_— @) Cireulos tiene Shh Tf Det Put = x(k) Then, DET S xcen-mIyh = Wy XC, of SW Proof -» From the definttton of fnvevse Der, we have N-I =| Xn) = + > x (ay eo at . xtKr ay Flan) 0 Sioa the time Shift ts cfyeular, We Can wttte The above equ as % (n-m) = + 7ME Nel AG-w), =+ 2 [ xt ap” a,“ Ko wet = XCHMe = OS xc vay a ke Ko x(Cn-m)), = Ider [ xc] a6 DFT EP xcenmy b= Wn XK) Tatexmy of the transform palt, We Cam witty th above eq a8, XCCH=wY),, ED wa XC) @ Ctreubax freqpeney Shige Tp derf xin} = x(ie) , then oer § gt Xorh = X(CK-Wy Pyest> using the defining equ, We have wa x(k) = Derg xf = Sama" — oskewe Yto . XC = FR gg y CDM Wso N Sina the shite tn {npeny fs Clrealas, we May tite te aor eg 04, Scanned with CamScanner Net = X (Ck = Frey] aS tro Henw, -t oer f LCA) Wy "t = X(CK-IDy '@) Ctreulas folding ( Time reversal) et Tg Derg aml = x(k) Ten Yor) = xGoy = Unew) AS GU = KEY = XK) Best» SEQ) = Der fay} = Der Sxcemy} = Der f xCwendt wet Yk) = S aCweny ws KM co Put Ma N-n TR Biits ave ging te change ag follows ; when nso => Wan Whin n= N-l =? Ma Nene] St mel S808) = Sema O90) EN N ~ $C) = >” Gmyoygs ci Buk way =1 N ~kw Nel = SOV = Suemag Satna mal mse ut yk) = Seem a es en ol coy = Net * 4k) = Sra!" am Koso M(k) = X(H-k) Peo, Ye) = X(CK))v. Scanned with CamScanner (lo) Parseval theoterm Constdes the Complex Valued. Seqpences Him) and 4a) Then ¢f vet fxm} = xt) and DET Eye = 30D, the N-I 1 va * ZS un* yo = Ww LT xk) Ck) Le) Kero “tea above eA becomes N-| = xual” Ko wohen yor) = 200), n-l a rm" = + Pal N Bes From th, definition of IDET, we have jt =| x) = LS xtra Ne Talking Conugale on otk the sides, We ge N-l ku. xen) = 7 x *Cic) Ww k=0 u : N-t N- not Saxo yo = STE Zx*oaus™) * yoo Ko ws0 W=0 Net n-t ‘ 2 x . eo x*to [ Trova ] Ks0 eo Low = x *Ck) YC) N kro Aso, when Ytnl = x(n) N-I N-I Shots LS [xtot N kzo h>o Scanned with CamScanner QD Ctreular Convolution, Ths prepesty States thot, it N—+ DET x(k) h(n) BEL CK) TRA, Yin) = X6nd MAU) VETS, Yee) = CK) HE) Here, 160) @ ew) teptesents We ett |—> ¥in) = x(n) Oa YCk) = x(k) HK) nO perf } ‘Pasof > We Con witfi, Ylk) = X%(k) Hk) Taking IDET on beth Sides, tperf ster} = per $ x(x) HK N-I Yor = Dx) He we" ko Net . where, Xt) = Deed! ond HK) = Sheu = re iN Noto net WHat =[ Yang! * Shomagm Jo ~ kn kro ~ tro On mee the onder of summastion, we get Aw = # Lx re Sat ot arta M=0 k= LP Scanned with CamScanner The Summation over K equal te N, wkin g=n-m and zero for all atkes values of ¢. N-I He = 1 x(nem) D Alm) ov Ma, YON = oy =O No Yor = Sox(n-m) hom) Wso Tht shift ts tseulas , so wa Gan sauite te abou eqn as, for of feng ca Convolution § L 4 4 ha) L+1 zere's nM t Length~m padding Figs Lines Convolution by Ciyeular Convolution ‘Scanned with CamScanner Comparison between Ltneax Convolution ©) Convolutton operation performed, Uneasy. @ Length of te ta Seqnena Can be Unequal. Ca) TR Length of the vesuttin Sequence = Langth of ASt gequence + lengtt of gnd Sugpenu - 4 G) Linear convolution esult con be Obtained om Ctyculay Convolution by Op pending Oppropsiata eres fo the Suypencs . DET for Lneas fiterng of Long & tong duration Sequence ott convolukton 28 Computed using fneax Convolution f Circular Convolution Cireulax Convolution © Convolution operation performed Cireulosty. C9) Langth of tha tio Sequence must be equal (3) Te Length of the wesulling Sequene fs same og tho of the Sequene - (4) Ctreuler Convolution result Cant be obtained -fvom Linear Convolution . duration Seqpioncas FIR filter tn which the Maees DFT, We expetienee some pradteal problema. we will Compute tho DET of long input Sequence which ts generally Remproctical Long duvation deta, Sequena occur 0% Sperch, ECG ete. Here we havete ¢ Soquena ists moll bleks, take fs Called block Convolution. “Tao methods axe Comeno tong duration. g Overlap ~ Sowa method Ct) Ovetlop- add. tmetied. al uged Lo: ad in the teal time Signal Suth cgment the eng dundtion DET of each blocks , thts preaduse SF blok Convolution operation of Scanned with CamScanner ()_overtap- save metiod Let the feagts Of te input sequerne x(n) toa FIR fitter ts Lord the dength of the fmpulse response h(a) of the filtes ts mM. In this method, the input sequene ts divided nl block of Samples of Size nN = LtmM-!- Each blak Consists Of CM-I) Samples of previous block follased b LL Hey Samples af the Snput Sequenta te form the engin N=L4M-1. For first block of Samples the fivst (mi) Samples are astumed to be Zexo. Thus thy blocks of samples are, T block : itn) = $00.0 y= 0, xO), XO), XG), ---- xCL-of CE M-1 zeros T block > xa) = $F xCeman,---- (ee), x0, x(LH),---* (au-0f es Last (m-i) samples L new sareples TL bok: X60) = f= Game, --- XGL-1), GU, HGL-TD.--x(aL-of a > dast (m=1) Samples Lng samples fiom %g(n) and So on. Now Ki fmpulse Yesponse of Re Fre filter ts also increased te Length N=L+mM-t by appending CL-1) zeves and the N-potot ctwular Conveution of x4(n) with hin) fs collated. fe, Yr = X11 © hoo) Jn tke obtained yr(q) , TRL ivst (1-1) Sarmples well not agtea wotth the Lineas Convolution of x(n) and h(n) because of altasia whereas the “amatning Samples ara identical te the Lineas Convoluitter Hen war discard tha frat Cm-i) Samples Of Yn) ~The Yering L Sormples then Constitule the dostsed “aponge po - Scanned with CamScanner Ci) over Lap - add method Let ma Length of the Input Sequin x(n) te a FIR friter ts L and the Langih of the tmpulse response hin} ts M - Tr this method, ta tnput Seqiene ts dtuided 4We blocs of Sequences havta; Aungft Land M-l zeros o1a added to fe to ake tha total Aengtt. NeL4M-l- Thug the bloke generafid Moy be wostten ag, AH) = {xo, x), Ua) ----- ¥G-0, O0---- of (M-!) zet0s appended XO) = { ACL), ACLAD, (LD ~~ -- X(aL-, 0,0 (#0 zeros appended 4300) = £ x(a), xCartn, x (ardad---.0(BL-, %O--- of (ani) zeres appended and So on. Now L-1 zefes are appended to the Stnpulse -yesporta h(n! “fo increase tes Length also to become N= L+M-t and th N-potet circular convalutte ts performed with each block Hn) to get yitnd- Sioa each block of sequen. 4s ended with CM-) zeros, tha Last Cm) Samples yom cach block must be overlapped and added to the first Co-i) Samples of fhe work block. Therefore this meted ts Giled overlap~ add methed. eee Scanned with CamScanner PROBLEMS UD Find the four point DET of x(n) =f 1,1, 0, of Given i= N=4 x(9) = 1,1, 0, of x(0) =1, x(0 =1, Xa) =0, xC3) =0 Tre analysis eq & given by, nl Kn KCK) = & A(m)Ky | OSK EWI nzo 3 kn x(k) = Eth), , OSKSB n=0 re k(o) KO) K(a) (3) KORY = 20) Wy Cid way + x(a) Wy + x(a Uy! _ . kK ak CK) = Te Wy + 1. Wy + 0. Wy +o.n,* X(K) = \ + nf fos 0S k <3. XO) = [+e = a XC1) = [+ We! T find Wy Wy = cos(E)—j sin (Ma) y= =i xO) = Inj Scanned with CamScanner eee Sr ee a Xa) = 1+ Wy twoherve, 3 “(arya we = Wy = Cos rj sin we = -1-0 we = ot x(a) l=o x) = | +hy Wye = j x3) = 14) (i) ={ a, h.& 4} (a) Find out the fous point DFT of the Sequence x(n)= Suit Given 3- xe) HEU Nao (eo) =), xQ) =1, X@)=!, xls) =1 Analyges eq is aiven by, X 4 xbey = S.zCOn98" | OSR ENA! Scanned with CamScanner Xk) = xi W" ek <3 nee (0) kW x(k) = xC0o) Wy +x Wy + xan” 4 x(3) wi) ak X(K) = leg tw +t, rag K ak X(k) = L+Wy thy +e fos 02 KS3 ° alo) ° Ko) = 1+Wy $y Hag XC) = 1 titiri Xo) = & -§ (8%) $x ° wy =e ( e* 1 a Wy! = Cos Ty -} Sin Ma. KO) = b4My ty te eee wd = 7d AQ) = fajrits x0) = 0 a 4 ‘ RAV = 14+ Wy + Wy + Wy x(a) = I-l+t-! x(a) = 0 6 x) = VENE thy +to,! 3 . + wes i x@) = Itjr-l-j 4 ms xa) = 9 7 an wat = Cos amr - j sin at "a ACK) = § 4,0, 0, of k= I-0 =1 ees eee ae ous 2 TOBE. Wwe6 = cog arr-j Sin air we 1~() —w,! = eil@B) =@™ lad = CocSM —§ sin amy, = © Sy Scanned with CamScanner @) Compute eight Point DFT of the Sequence Cn) Fen below x(n) =f, 1,1, 1, 0,0, 0, of Guiven = N=3 xo =t, LO=t, XCadat, C3) =F, XG) =0, x(s)=0 x(s)=0, x(+) =0 We Icnow tKat, nel kK X(k) = SF Uh) Wy for 02k SN-1 u=0 q kn Xk) = Sx") Mg tow, OS RSF n=0 ko) kO) KCK) = 1@W, + XCD HR + x) ae xa xe) on) (5104 4 2c (6) 06d ae) wah x(k) = I- wg lag + wee +1 we + or We to. wok y owe +0.104"* XO) S L4mgtog tog = (eee = y XO) = |+Wg tug geod = life ayitCe-ié xo = T= ayaa j x(a) = lag eustno,s = 1+G3)-l4) = X(3) = I+ bg tag tit = CEO Hi )u+(e- -34) XZ) = a gyasy . Scanned with CamScanner 3 Ia XG) = [4tog! tug tHE = 14 HI-E = 0 xCS) = 1+ boe tu? Hogs = LL eG py yy Ly nisi i+E tg x(s) = b+[Link] \a is, 7 x@) = lug +e +g = 14f-l-j =0 = F414 al ea Bt bho et x(7) = |4Wy thy tue = aota +i- br XQ) = 1ta4lay “x CK) =fs | rawiay 0, I o-blay , 0, L0-4taj, 0, tag (4) Find out tte five point DFT of the Sequence, x(n) = $1,0,1, 0,0} Gin t- Nas xoy =1, £(1) <0, x(a) =!, x03) =0, xq) =0 We knoug Rat, nl kn ACk) = S x(n) Wy OSkEenN-] n=0 7 u ki x(k) = & x(n) Ws % o} 3amq san -i(aT) ja xG) = 5 xe 3 = xexCde > +xXG)e +x(3) oR no | =a (co 3 -§ stn 332) + 3( cos 37 -] Sin 37) +4 (Cos E-5 snd x3) = x3) = 1a) 43GCN t4C) x(3) = “8-6 1) xf) = Sin SE, and Wey Xo) = Stoo) Ler us Adak L=m=4 2 X01) = SiaCTe x(a) = sin(it)= 0 x(3) = sin (29) =- WC Knows that, wd ~iannk HIE, - Scanned with CamScanner Nay, 3 =i xe) = AOE neo , TKN “3 k20,1,a,3 ) = 5 x(0) e = x0) +XCO + x(a) x63) n=0 X(0 lo) = o +4071 X(e) = 0 3 - ino -iM x) = SXMC® _ ey game -tr -J3m = x(a) Meine PM XO) = O41 (Cos Mg-JSi0™) Fo + 1) (CoM -J soma) xM = 1 (-3) -1(5) KG) = -3 3 -jTn 3 3 x) = DAM = x)4x019 oT 4@ OT x(3) i397 N=0 8A) =o +1 (costr-Fsinn) o~ 1 (co 37-5 sina) Xa) = 1 (-1) -1(-19 x(a) = 0 3 5 S x¢ yet 531 x(D) = Dane a an 3 ey =o = x40 L x¢Qy oe") oh *@) = o +1 (coat ~iS8 2) 40-1 ( cos UE —5 sin) a a xG) = 109) =1(-3) x3) = aj H XK) t 8, 10,35) Scanned with CamScanner (3) Find w-point DFT of DT signal fen below x(n) = t hs OSnsa © , OSewhare n-! or k Kk = > xm e@ ian fs x Oj eens Ket * ‘ Hato) my 8 kn xe = S (Des Neo X(n) exists betwen, ofnSa at > (iw) Delesrnine DFT of Sequence Xn) =$ fox oSnsa. Plot magnitude and phase Spectrum fos cach Case (i) N=4 ,GUNe6 Gi) Nee - Tunt-Tuly an (com) oen x09) . * X(0) + x(er+x(Q) on rong x@ = £[ 1-141] x = |, [x@] 2033 L@=o 3 -3T3n poy _t KO = SxS = x~axWe Mpace™ no xQ) = a [iti- x= ig [xb = oa [A zt rt ) Isto] =f ee RA %y, Ssh | x@] = th Myo My ‘et engl [x¢e) = bo, Taf Scanned with CamScanner 5 . XK) = 5 x¢n) oS nz x(o) = Exo) a4 Pr gtoroto =| azo xo) = F xq) oo eee IT, -jamy, = xl Is jam, a oe exe +x(aye xa) = + [! + (o-5-j0-866) + (a. 30: 866)] x) = 1-5 Ba 3 ~s XO) = 06.333 ~j 0.5995 XC) = 0:66 L-60" S -j ath x(a) = Sate & n=0 5 ~p ay 4 xa) = XC x0e) By xy Gt” x(a) = aes (0-5—j 0-866) +4 Co-5+0.866;) xy = 9 X(3) = = x6) am X(g) = x(o) $100 Fg S*™ xa = Feten+d@ X(3) = ele Scanned with CamScanner = = jar Ay) = Sx(ne'a” x(4) = fo) +X Sala) ee 4% xlu) = yt COS +} 9-866) +5 (-0'5 -j0-266) x(4) = 0 5 ‘ K(s)= S x(n) e neo -} ott ~5 lor Hs) = Xo + TC) e's +X(a)-e. 3 x) =F +4 (0.545 016) +3 CoS +joaee) X(s) = 443 08448 ¥(s) = 0-66 Lec xR = |, @aa—jo-ssay 0, My 19, @-2334jars4asy f 3 Lxceol = f 1 NeoasaF + cosa), 0, Vy, 0 ,YOr389) +Cosmy j [x1 = f 1, 0.666 , 0, 0-333, 0, 0.666 § (8s) Cay OB bw = 0, - 60, 0, 0,0, 60 [xl = {0,-7%4/9,2, 0, Ta} Coge Gin— N=8 xia f4,4,4 10,0,0,0, 0f + . x(k) = > xn) oY S » OSKSF 4 7 x(o) = Exe =o X(0) = tht t9t+0404040 =1 Scanned with CamScanner ‘ 1 - ; in \(u Y We F Ue hy X(0) ¢ NO atic: ey No MMS Lay | CoSMy HSIN | foc ~ isin | “| x(a) ek RO) S41 SL Ott jot] ef o- G1] X= FT l4oaor-jo tod =f] x) = sl (104 — 1104; | XO = 0-569 — 5 0'564 4 ~jMqW (Majo Ka = Swe OL = tae St as =o + x(aye lua) z x) = be bf om-jsine +t [cos tr-5 sin-n | xe = bette tL] x) = Lf 1-5-1] x@) =-03335 = 45 3 ~ itn -3(32)o _ x@) = Zor ¢ 4 =x)e +x 6 iG Gs a a 30 _ + Sin 3 4 BT +c, x@) = t+ f[ CosSe-isin 3] +4] coe B 5 sin 307] x(3) " + [\ = 0-404 -o-t07) 4045] at — 0.08 x3) = L] 0.383 0.8835] A(3) = 0.098 — 00985 -3Mn -jn(o 2 (0) , ; XH = FIMO = x—e 4x0 a0 aye ero x(q) = Let] Cost 3 Sinn] +4] copm—juin an] Scanned with CamScanner Fy Roe $[14eort] -J1 (4) = 3 _ se -3(SB)o 5 KG) = Ex t x (0) e xn > i(2 +x) € Gh x(s) = 44 s[ Cos 3B ~] Sin SEY + [cos S35 Sr] xs) = L[ 1-007 tototy] +g [o- 3 x(s) = + \— 0-404 +0:3035 —j] xs) = 4[ 0-843 — 00% 5] K(s) = 0+ 098- § 01098 + -j3(3T Ale) = 2 XO) BOL 3e(0) © ce sen 2) gyi?) » azo x() = + [ Gos 88 -fsin gt] +1 | cos a1~j sin sn x@) = 4[1 +0+5-1] XG) = 43 + -iGE)a =5(30)0 400) 0ek SN-1 N=o0 2 xes) = Sy an = mn Ea =— ~ ae Wn Whe, W i n= mn ky rn STM) b= sp. N xC 2 Wy Wy wy @ sen a pe were a k-m)n nw = > n=o WRT, hel \ df . = -——_ ¢ ZL a, ma és n=0 Nv Ken) wr cede (0%) W, k=m n=0 q x-m) 7 \~ Wy KN tan YA Cem \= Wy Wy \- 11 Wy a n= 1-1") i= wh " os Whun K=m, Fn < ce ged oom x(k) = 7 = age ge = 5h att kel -320G™9) or ew Hence N K=m gene atm X(kK) = , =N § («-n) oem ; + ake ~oswamr = I x | Scanned with CamScanner (i) Compute thi DFT of the Aequenet, X(n) = a oShSN-1 X(k) = Der f x(ooh N-l kn x(k) = 57 20) Wy n=0 N 9 n=0 N-1 N kT, a= \=o azo \-a K Wy 1 —@ty') Sox) = Paws) = z n=o \— Quy N KN N x(k) = tro Mn I7¢ my OSREN- \= quays I= any ku (Sa Kw Wy =e -jatk =e = (W® Compul The n-point DFT of th Auguena , 2(n) =1, OS NSN-1 Xk) = DETE aim \ _ ka X(K) = Dt) Nl azo nl Xe) = Fi x(o)" neo N oo, Bes Ef Scanned with CamScanner KyN Hl, _ x(k) =r = + 1-4) i=! X(k) = =o, Ko i+w ‘ N when kK=0, We get Net 6 Xl) = Six wy hizo N-\ Xo) = 1% N=0 Xo.) = N . x= v K=o , KO X(k) = N Sk) C19) Compute the N-point DET of the sequence : U(n) = CoS (hwo) Wo= AT ko , ofnSN-1 Given, ai hn) = Cos( no, ) (os) e°, 79 A . coog — & +e Wn) = oy 1 ging 73 a 2 1 sna, ~jnam — I Jn: X(0) 2 ewe te Ls ~ 4ST Grn) Ke) = -\. : aa (n) ze Scanned with CamScanner § Mon -j x(0) = 2 [ a F500) + cH) N-l k Xk) =D X(0) ty O

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