Router on basic
Basic Router
© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will have
understanding on:
Hardware and software components of the
routers
Operation of the routers when it boots up
Different ways to access and configure the
routers
Function and operation of IOS
Establishing session and log into router
CLI help features
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Router Basic
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Router Basic – ROM & Flash
ROM
Contains bootstrap program for power-on diagnostics
Subset of operating system software
Software upgrades in ROM require replacing
pluggable chips on the CPU
Flash
Erasable, re-programmable ROM
Holds the operating system image
Allows you to update software without removing and
replacing chips on the processor
content remains when you power down or restart
multiple versions of IOS software can be stored in
Flash memory
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Router Basic – RAM/DRAM
RAM/DRAM
Stores
Router’s active configuration
routing tables
ARP cache
fast-switching cache
packet buffering (shared RAM)
packet hold queues
Content is lost when power down or restart
NVRAM
Nonvolatile RAM
Stores
router’s backup/startup configuration file
Content remains when you power down or restart
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Internal Components of a 2600 Router
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Router Basic - Interfaces
Network connection through which packets enter
and exit a router
Can be built-in on motherboard: Fixed Card
or
Separate interface module: Module Card
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Router’s interfaces
Console port:
Configure the router by terminal (RJ-45).
Auxiliary port:
Configure the router via modem (RJ-45).
LAN ports:
LAN interfaces.
WAN ports:
WAN interfaces.
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LAN interfaces
Ethernet:
Ethernet: AUI, RJ-45, Hub group.
Fast Ethernet: RJ-45.
Token Ring:
RJ-45, DB-9
FDDI:
Multi-mode: MIC, SC
Single-mode: ST
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WAN interfaces
Synch/Asynch:
Serial DB-60, …
Asynchronous:
DB-68 with octal cable, RJ-45.
T1, E1:
DB-15, RJ-45 with CSU/DSU built-in.
ISDN:
BRI: RJ-45 , PRI: same as T1, E1 interface.
POTS:
RJ-45 with Modem build-in.
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External Components of a 2600 Router
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Router Startup
Initialize and
check hardware
Finds and loads
IOS
Finds and loads
configuration
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Startup sequence
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Managing Configuration Files
IOS on a router uses a configuration file for the initial
configuration at router startup and the active,
running configuration file.
The startup configuration file is in NVRAM.
The running configuration file, which is in RAM, is
used during operation.
When the router first comes up, the router copies the
stored configuration file from NVRAM into RAM.
To display the content the configuration files, you use
the show command.
Configured Register is next
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Configuration register
The configuration register is a 16-bit register in NVRAM.
16-bit register
0x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit: 15 6 3 2 1 0
0 – 3: Boot field
6: Ignore NVRAM contents
8: Break disabled
11-12: Console line speed
13: Boot ROM if network boot fails
15: Diagnostic and ignore NVRAM
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Configuration register: Boot field (1)
16-bit register
0x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit: 15 3 2 1 0
Boot field
0x - - - 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
F 1 1 1 1
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* Register Calculator, Refer to IPMAC CD or WEB SITE
Common Config. register values
0x2100 : System bootstrap prompt
0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0x2101 : Boot system from ROM
0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0x2102 : Boot system from flash
0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
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Reasons to modify configuration Reg.
Recovering a lost password
Changing the console baud rate
Enabling or disabling Break
Forcing the router to boot automatically from the system bootstrap
software OR from its system image in Flash memory, OR to read
any boot system commands that are stored in the configuration file
in NVRAM.
Router(config)# config-register 0x2102
Router(config)# exit
Router# show version
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show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-J1S3-M), Version 12.2(15)T14, RELEASE SOFTWARE
(fc4)
Technical Support: [Link]
Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sat 28-Aug-04 06:47 by cmong
Image text-base: 0x80008098, data-base: 0x819608A4
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
ROM: C2600 Software (C2600-J1S3-M), Version 12.2(15)T14, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc4)
IPMAC-2600 uptime is 11 minutes
System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is "flash:[Link]"
cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 61440K/4096K bytes of
memory.
Processor board ID JAD05030HG4 (3143568490)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
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Command-Line Interface
Cisco routers run Cisco IOS Software.
IOS supplies several features:
Basic connectivity for a variety of protocols.
Security features for those protocols.
Reliable and scalable network services.
This chapter focusses in three main features of Cisco
IOS Software:
Cisco IOS Software command-line interface (CLI)
How to configure a router
How to upgrade Cisco IOS Software in a router, and what
happens during the boot process.
Next … CLI & Accessing router
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Establishing a HyperTerminal session
Router
Console port
Terminal or a
PC with
Rollover cable
terminal
emulation
software
Com1 or Com2 serial port
To access the CLI, use one of three methods.
The cable from the console to a PC requires a rollover cable.
The console port is intended for local administrative access.
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Establishing a HyperTerminal session
Important: A console connection is not the same as a network
connection!
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Access to the CLI
The console port is intended for local administrative
access.
Aux is intended for remote administrative access
Router / Switch can be accessed via remote telnet
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Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)
Setup mode leads a router administrator to a basic router
configuration by using questions that prompt the administrator
for basic configuration parameters.
Setup mode is used most frequently when the router boots, and
it has no configuration in NVRAM.
Setup mode can be entered by using the setup command from
privileged mode.
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Setup Mode
Most networking personnel do not use setup at all, but new
users sometimes like to use setup mode.
You can abort the setup process before answering all the
questions by pressing CTRL+C.
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User Mode
From any of the three methods of accessing the router, you
enter user exec mode.
User exec mode, also called user mode, enables you to look
around but not break anything.
Passwords are required for Telnet access, but there
are no preconfigured passwords.
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Privileged Mode
The privileged mode allows user to execute the
commands.
The enable command is used to reach this mode, so it is
also called enable mode.
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User and Privileged Modes
Enable command:
from user-mode to
privileged-mode.
Disable command:
from privileged-
mode to user-mode.
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Password for enable mode
Not recommended, clear text
Use this command instead, password is md5 encryped
A password can be used to prevent the users move from user-mode to
enable-mode (privileged-mode).
The password set with enable password command can be seen in
configuration files.
The password set with enable secret command is encrypted and cannot be
decrypted.
If both are configured, the password is set by the enable secret command is
used.
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CLI Password Configuration
The login command tells the router to display a password
prompt.
The password command specify the text password to be
typed by the user to gain access.
Several concurrent Telnet connections to a router are
allowed.
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Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Be careful when you type in a configuration command!
The changes to the configuration occur immediately each time you press
the Enter key at the end of a command.
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Keyboard help in the router CLI
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Enhanced editing commands
Ctrl-Z is a command used to back out of
configuration mode. This will return the user to the
privileged EXEC mode prompt.
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Router command history
terminal history size: maximum number of
commands is 256
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Troubleshooting command line errors
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Hostname & message-of-the-day (MOTD)
Router(config)#hostname Gateway Prompt changes
Gateway(config)#
Gateway(config)#banner motd #
MOTD (Message Of The Day)
Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.
Warning!
Stay away! #
Gateway(config)#end
Gateway#exit
Press RETURN to get started.
Warning!
Stay away!
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Configuring interface description
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Configuring a serial interface
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show ip interface command
Router# show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Ethernet0 [Link] YES manual up up
Serial0 [Link] YES manual administratively down down
What is wrong here? The administrator has either done a
“shutdown” on the interface or has forgotten to do a “no shutdown”.
A serial interface will not show “up” and “up” unless
both ends are properly configured (mostly) and a the
no shutdown command is used.
If one router’s configuration looks okay, check the
other router’s configuration.
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Viewing the Configuration Files
show running-config: To display the currently used,
active, running configuration file.
show startup-config: to display the stored, startup
configuration file.
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The copy command
The most basic method for moving configuration files in
and out of a router is to use the copy command to copy
files between RAM and/or NVRAM on a router or/and a
TFTP server.
The copy command always replaces the existing file when
the file is copied into NVRAM or into a TFTP server.
When the copy command copies a configuration file into
RAM, the configuration file in RAM is not replaced.
It just merges the RAM configuration file and the newly
copied files.
If you change the running config and then decide that you
want to revert to what’s in the startup-config file, the only
way to guarantee that is to issue the reload command.
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Moving Configuration Files
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Upgrading Cisco IOS Software
Flash memory is rewriteable, permanent storage, which
is ideal for storing files that need to be retained when
the router loses power.
IOS files typically are stored in Flash memory.
IOS can be placed on an external TFTP server.
To upgrade an IOS image into Flash memory, you first
must obtain the IOS image from Cisco.
Then you must place the IOS image into the default
directory of a TFTP server.
Finally, you must issue the copy command from the
router, copying the file into Flash memory.
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Copy IOS Image into Flash Memory
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“copy tftp flash” command
During copying the IOS image into Flash memory, the
router needs to discover several importal facts:
1. What is the IP address or host name of the TFTP server?
2. What is the name of the file?
3. Is space available for this file in Flash memory?
4. Does the server actually have a file by that name?
5. Do you want the router to erase the old files?
The router will prompt you for answers, as necessary.
Afterward, the router erases Flash memory as needed,
copies the file, and verifies the checksum of the file.
Before the new IOS image is used, the router must be
reloaded.
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Backup IOS to a TFTP Server
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What does the IOS name means? *
[Link]
It is a good idea to keep the same filename when copying the
file into flash.
In particular, the first part of the name implies the router
hardware platform.
The second part identifies the feature set, with individual letters
identifying different options – for instance, “j” means the IOS
has the Enterprise feature set.
Finally, the last few digits tell us some information about the
run-time features – for instance, a “z” means that the file is
compressed, and need decompression when being loaded.
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* See [Link]/warp/customer/620/[Link]#image for more information
Summary
Cisco Router specifications
Purpose and operation of IOS in Cisco routers
How Router boots up ?
CLI: use EXEC and privileged EXEC mode
CLI help and editing command
Tweak the Router basic configuration
The Router show commands (show version)
Backup configuration files
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Prepare for the lab
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Task list
Giới thiệu thiết bị trên Rack:
Hình dạng Router, các loại cổng, khe cắm, flash.
Giới thiệu switch và Access Server.
Giới thiệu mô hình kết nối của RACK:
Mô hình kết nối, Access Server
Địa chỉ truy cập.
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Lab diagram
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