[Link].
PUBLIC SCHOOL ,BHANJANAGAR
CHAPTER –PROBABILITY, CLASS-10 MATHS
Definition of Probability
The measurement of the possibility of an event is called probability. Since
many events cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, probability helps to
predict the likelihood of an event to occur. It is the ratio of the number of
favorable events to the total number of events in an experiment.
Tips and Tricks
1. Probabilities are expressed in fractions,
decimals, percentages.
2. Probabilities cannot have negative values.
3. Probability of 1 refers to a sure event and a probability of 0
refers to an impossible event.
4. Probabilities can be found only for clearly defined events.
[Link] P(E) = 1, then it is called a ‘Certain Event’.
[Link] P(E) = 0, then it is called an ‘Impossible Event’.
[Link] probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that: 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
[Link] event having only one outcome is called an elementary event.
The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment
is 1.
[Link] any event E, P(E) + P(𝐸 ̅ ) = 1, where 𝐸̅ stands for ‘not E’. E and 𝐸̅
is called complementary [Link] probability is always is 1.
[Link] outcomes are those outcomes in the sample space that are
favourable to the occurrence of an event.
8. Sample Space
A collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment is known as sample
space. It is denoted by ‘S’ and represented in curly brackets.
(i) Example
A fair coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes, namely head (H) &
Tail (T). Sample space S = { H, T } = 2
(ii) In unbaised dice is thrown; S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6) = 6
(iii) When two coins are tossed ; S = HH, HT, TH,TT} = 4
[Link] a coin is tossed n-times or n – coins are tossed
simultaneously, then the number of total outcomes = 2𝑛
10. If a dice is thrown for n – times or n – dice are thrown
simultaneously then the number of total outcomes = 6𝑛
[Link] likely Outcomes: An experiment in which each of the
outcomes has an equal probability, such outcomes are referred to as
equally likely outcomes. In the process of rolling a six-faced dice, the
probability of getting any number is equal.
P(any number)=1/6
[Link] Exclusive Events: Two events such that the happening of
one event prevents the happening of another event are referred to as
mutually exclusive events. In other words, two events are said to be
mutually exclusive events, if they cannot occur at the same time. For
example, tossing a coin can result in either heads or tails. Both cannot be
seen at the same time.
14. Empirical probability
The experimental probability of occurring of an event is the ratio of the
number of trials in which the event occurred to the total number of trials.
The If in a random experiment, n trials are carried out and the favourable
outcome for the event appears f times, the ratio of approaches a particular
value p and n becomes very [Link] number p is known as the empirical
probability .
1. A bag contains 5 red balls, 8 white balls, 4 green balls and 7 black balls. If one ball is
drawn at random, find the probability that it is
(i) Black (ii) Red (iii) Not green.
Total number of balls in the bag = 5 + 8 + 4 + 7 = 24
∴ Total number of elementary events = 24
So Sample space =24
(i) There are 7 black balls in the bag.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 7
Hence, P (Getting a black ball) = 7/24 .
(ii) There are 5 red balls in the bag.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 5
Hence, P (Getting a red ball) =5/24 .
(iii) There are 5 + 8 + 7 = 20 balls which are not green. ∴ Favourable number of elementary
events = 20 Hence, P (No getting a green ball) = 20/24=56
In a pack or deck of 52 playing cards, they are divided into 4 suits of 13
cards each
i.e. spades ♠ hearts ♥
Cards of Spades and clubs are black cards.
, diamonds ♦ ♣ , clubs .
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
The card in each suit, are Ace, King, Queen, Jack and 10, 9, 8, 7,
6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.
King, Queen and Jack (or Knaves) are face cards.
So, there are 12 face cards in the deck of 52 playing cards.
[Link]
A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of:
(i) ‘2’ of spades (ii) a jack
(iii) a king of red colour (iv) a card of diamond
(v) a king or a queen (vi) a non-face card
(vii) a black face card (viii) a black card
(ix) a non-ace (x) non-face card of black colour
(xi) neither a spade nor a jack
(xii) neither a heart nor a red king
ACE CARDS
The probability of the event occurring into infinity is either 0 or 1 depending on
whether the probability function converges or diverges towards infinity.
i) Set of all points in a plane is an infinite set.
ii) Set of all points in a line segment is an infinite set.
iii) Set of all positive integers which is multiple of 3 is an infinite set.
iv) W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ……..} i.e. set of all whole numbers is an infinite set.
v) N = {1, 2, 3, ……….} ...
A number is chosen at random from the first ten natural numbers. The probability
that number is odd and perfect square is
Sample space =10
The odd and perfect square numbers in between first ten natural numbers are 1and 9.
E={1,9} =2 So probability =2/10 =1/5
PROBABILITY OF CARDS
In a playing card there are 52 cards.
Therefore the total number of possible outcomes = S=52
(i) ‘2’ of spades:
Number of favourable outcomes i.e. ‘2’ of spades is 1 out of 52 cards.
Therefore, probability of getting ‘2’ of spade = 1/52
(ii) a jack
Number of favourable outcomes i.e. ‘a jack’ is 4 out of 52 cards.
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a jack’ = 4/52 = 1/13
(iii) a king of red colour
Number of favourable outcomes i.e. ‘a king of red colour’ is 2 out of 52 cards.
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a king of red colour. = 2/52 = 1/26
(iv) a card of diamond
Number of favourable outcomes i.e. ‘a card of diamond’ is 13 out of 52 cards.
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a card of diamond.= 13/52 = 1/4
(v) a king or a queen
Total number of king is 4 out of 52 cards.
Total number of queen is 4 out of 52 cards
Number of favourable outcomes i.e. ‘a king or a queen’ is 4 + 4 = 8 out of 52
[Link], probability of getting ‘a king or a queen = 8/52 = 2/13
(vi) a non-face card
Total number of face card out of 52 cards = 3 times 4 = 12
Total number of non-face card out of 52 cards = 52 - 12 = 40
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a non-face card = 40/52 = 10/13
(vii) a black face card:
Cards of Spades and Clubs are black cards.
Number of face card in spades (king, queen and jack or knaves) = 3
Number of face card in clubs (king, queen and jack or knaves) = 3
Therefore, total number of black face card out of 52 cards = 3 + 3 = 6
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a black face card = 6/52 = 3/26
(viii) a black card:
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Number of spades = 13
Number of clubs = 13
Therefore, total number of black card out of 52 cards = 13 + 13 = 26
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a black card’ = 26/52 = 1/2
(ix) a non-ace:
Number of ace cards in each of four suits namely spades, hearts, diamonds
and clubs = 1
Therefore, total number of ace cards out of 52 cards = 4
Thus, total number of non-ace cards out of 52 cards = 52 − 4= 48
Therefore, probability of getting ‘a non-ace’ =48/52 = 12/13
x) non-face card of black colour:
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Number of spades = 13 , Number of clubs = 13
Therefore, total number of black card out of 52 cards = 13 + 13 = 26
Number of face cards in each suits namely spades and clubs = 3 + 3 = 6
Total number of non-face card of black colour out of 52 cards = 26 - 6 = 20
So probability of getting ‘non-face card of black colour = 20/52 = 5/13
(xi) neither a spade nor a jack
Number of spades = 13
Total number of non-spades out of 52 cards = 52 − 13 = 39
Number of jack out of 52 cards = 4
Number of jack in each of three suits namely hearts, diamonds and clubs = 3
[Since, 1 jack is already included in the 13 spades so, here we will take
number of jacks is 3]
Neither a spade nor a jack = 39 − 3 = 36
Therefore, probability of getting ‘neither a spade nor a jack= 36/52 = 9/13
xii) neither a heart nor a red king
Number of hearts = 13
Total number of non-hearts out of 52 cards = 52 − 13 = 39
Therefore, spades, clubs and diamonds are the 39 cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
Number of red kings in red cards = 2
Therefore, neither a heart nor a red king = 39 − 1 = 38
[Since, 1 red king is already included in the 13 hearts so, here we will
take number of red kings is 1]
so probability of getting ‘neither a heart nor a red king = 38/52 = 19/26
WORK SHEET ON PROBABILITY
Write your answer as a fraction if A DICE ROLLED ONCE
1. What is the probability of rolling a 3 ? _________ 1/6
2. What is the probability of rolling more than 4 ? _________ 1/3
3. What is the probability of rolling less than 5 ? _________ 2/3
4. What is the probability of rolling an even number ? _________ 1/2
5. What is the probability of rolling an odd number ? _________1/2
6. What is the probability of rolling a prime number ? _________1/2
7. What is the probability of rolling a 3 or a 6 ? _________1/3
8. What is the probability of rolling an even prime---------- 1/6
. COIN TOSSED MATHS PROBLEMS
1..A coin is tossed twice at random. What is the probability of getting
(i) at least one head (ii) the same face?
Solution:
The possible outcomes are 22 =4 = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
So, total number of outcomes = 4. Sample space S =4
(i) Number of favourable outcomes for event E1
= Number of outcomes having at least one head = {HH, HT, TH }=3
So, P(E) = 3/4
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes for event E2
= Number of outcomes having the same face = { HH, TT }=2
So, P(E2) = 2/4=1/2.
Biased coin or unfair coin.: One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or
unfair coin.
Example : suppose the coin came up heads heads and then tails tails. The von Neumann
procedure would be to try yet again.
Conceptually in a unbiased or fair coin both the sides have the same probability of showing
up i.e. 1/2 =0.50 or 50 % probability exactly when experimented with both sides alternately
facing up before tossing the coin in air under identical conditions.
Unbiased coin :Unbiased coin means that the probability of heads is the same as the
probability of tails.
Where within a biased or unfair coin probabilities are unequal. That is any one side has
more than 50% probability of showing up and so the other side has lesser than 50% chances
of turning up.
Difference between biased and unbiased dice:
In a biased dice, the outcomes are not equally likely. So that the probability of coming
to each face is not equal.
An unbiased dice means that there is an equal probability of occurrence of any of the
faces when the dice is rolled.
So that, when we rolled an unbiased dice, the probability of coming to each face is
equal.
P(1)=P(2) =P(3)= P(4)= P(5)= P(6)=1/6
Hence, In the biased dice, the outcomes are not equally likely and in the unbiased die,
outcomes are equally likely.
[Link] three fair coins are tossed randomly 175 times and it is found that three heads appeared
21 times, two heads appeared 56 times, one head appeared 63 times and zero head
appeared 35 times.
What is the probability of getting
(i) three heads (ii) two heads (iii) one head (iv) 0 head.
Solution:
Total number of trials =S= 175.
Number of times three heads appeared = 21.
Number of times two heads appeared = 56.
Number of times one head appeared = 63.
Number of times zero head appeared = 35.
Let E1, E2, E3 and E4 be the events of getting three heads, two heads, one head and zero
head respectively.
(i) P(getting three heads)= P(E1 )=21/175== 0.12
(ii) P(getting two heads) == P(E2 )=56/175= 0.32
(iii) P(getting one head)=P( E3 )= 63/175= 0.36
(iv) P(getting zero head)= P( E4)= 35/175 = 0.20
3.. When 3 unbiased coins are tossed [Link] find the probability of:
(i) getting all tails (ii) getting two heads (iii) getting at least 1 head
(iv) getting one head v) Getting almost one head vi) getting at least 2 head
Solution:
When 3 coins are tossed
The sample space is S = { HHH, TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, THH, HTH, HHT}=8
(i) Let E1 denotes the event of getting all tails
E1 = {TTT} =1 ⟹P(E1) = 1/8
(ii) Let E2 denotes the event of getting two heads.
E2 = {HHT, HTH, THH}=3
P(E2) = (E2)/ (S)= 3/8
(iii) Let E3 denotes the event of getting atleast one head.
E3 = { HHH, HTT, THT, TTH, THH, HTH, HHT }= 7
P(E3 ) = (E3)/ (S) = 7/8
(iv) Let E4 denotes the event of getting one head = { HTT, THT, TTH}= 3
P(E4 ) = (E4)/ (S)= 3/8
v) Getting almost one head = E5
E5= { TTT, HTT, THT, TTH }=4
P(E5)=4/8=1/2
vi) Let E6 denotes the event of getting at least two heads.
E6 = { HHH, THH, HTH, HHT}=4
P(E6 )=4/8=1/2
4. A dice is thrown twice. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up at least once?
i) P(5 will not come up either time)=25/36
ii) P(5 will come up at least once)= 11/36
[Link] the probability of getting the same number when a die is thrown twice.
A dice is thrown twice S=36
The probability of getting same number is {11,22,33,44,55,66}=6
so . P(A)=6/36 =1/6.