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UNIT-1

undamentals of Electrical Laws, Semiconductor Devices, and i

Applications

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Electrical
Circuit
 Charge and
Current
• Charge: Charge is an electrical
property of the atomic particles of a
matter.
S.I Unit: Coulomb (C)
Symbol: Q
• Current: Rate of change of charge.
OR
Continuous flow of
electrons in an electrical circuit.
S.I Unit: Ampere (A)
Symbol: I
 Charge and
Current
• Mathematically,

0
Or, in simple terms:

So, 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.

 QUICK QUIZ
(Poll 1)
1 Coulomb is same as:
A. Watt /sec
B. Ampere/sec
C. Joule-sec
D. Ampere-sec
 QUICK QUIZ (Poll
2)
The total charge entering the terminal is Calculate current
at t= 0.5 sec.:
A. 31.2 A
B. 31.2 mA
C. 62.8 mA
D. 62.8 A
 Voltag
e
• It is the energy (Work) required
to move a unit charge through a
wire in closed path.
S.I Unit: Volt (V)
Symbol: V
 Power and
Energy
• Power: Rate at which the work is done.
OR
Time rate of absorbing or supplying energy
S.I Unit: Watts (W)
Symbol: P
Mathematically,
=

Implies,
 Power and
Energy
• Energy: Capacity of doing work.
S.I Unit: Joules(J)
Symbol: E
 QUICK QUIZ
(Poll 3)
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
A. Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
B. Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
C. Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
D. Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A
 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 4)
From the previous question, it can be inferred that:
A. LED consumes 5 times more current than Bulb.
B. Bulb consumes 5 times more current than LED..
C. LED consumes 6.6 times more current than Bulb.
D. Bulb consumes 6.6 times more current than LED.
 Network
Components

Active Passive

Battery
Resistance (R)
Capacitance (C)
Transistor,
Inductance (L)
Op-amp,
Transformers
Diode
VS and CS
Generators
 Resistance
esistance: It is an opposition to the flow of current.
S.I Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Symbol: R
 Ohm’s Law
ol which is used for analysis of circuits: Ohm law, KVL and
CL
Given by Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854), a German physicist
Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current i flowing through the
resistor.
Mathematically,
Electrical Circuit
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. To find unknown Voltage (V)
2. To Find unknown Resistance (R)
3. To Find unknown Current (I)
4. Can be used to find Unknown Conductance
(G)=1/R
5. Can be used to find unknown Power (P)=VI
6. Can be used to find unknown conductivity or
Resistivity
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 Limitations of Ohm’s
Law
• Ohm’s law holds true only for a conductor
at a constant temperature. Resistivity
changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to
analyze circuits.
• It is NOT applicable to non linear
elements, For example, Diodes,
Transistors, Thyristors, etc.
• This law cannot be applied to unilateral
networks.
Applications of Ohm’s Law
 Poll
• Q.1 An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find its resistance.

• Q.2 The essential component of a toaster is an electrical element (a

resistor) that converts electrical energy to heat energy. How much
current is drawn by a toaster with resistance 15 ohm at 110 V?

a. 40 ohms, 2 Ampere
b. 60 ohms, 7.33 Ampere
c. 20 ohms 8 Ampere
d. 100 ohms 10 Ampere
Solution:

Solution: I=V/R=110/15=7.333A
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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary)
is zero.
 Sign Convention for KCL:
Entering Current: Taken as +ve
Leaving Current: Taken as -ve

he sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents
aving the node.
Example for KCL
 Poll
. Relation between currents according to KCL is

a) i1=i2=i3=i4=i5
b) i1+i4+i3=i5+i2
c) i1-i5=i2-i3-i4
d) i1+i5=i2+i3+i4
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.
• mathematically,
Example
 Example

Sum of voltage rises=Sum of voltage drops Equivalent Circuit

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
Find voltages and in the given circuit:
Note: Resistors in series behave as a single resistor whose resistance is equal to the sum of the
resistances of the individual resistors.
Resistors in
Parallel
.
How to find Equivalent
Resistance for Series-Parallel
Combinations
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35
Note: This rule can be generalized for any number of resistors in series 36
Example for Voltage Division Rule

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Simulation based Implementation
 POLL

A.I1 = 13.33 A
B.I1 = 23.33 A
C.I1 = 6.666 A
D.I1 = 8.666 A
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• Simulation based Implementation

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Simulation based Implementation
 Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• They can be used to analyze any electrical circuit.
• Computation of current and voltage of complex circuits.
 Limitations of Kirchhoff’s Laws
The limitation of Kirchhoff’s both laws is that it works under the assumpti
hat there is no fluctuating magnetic field in the closed loop and the curr
lows only through conductors and wires.
 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
branch represents a single element such as a
ltage source or a resistor.
node is the point of connection between
o or more branches.
oop is any closed path in a circuit

E:
o or more elements are in series if they
clusively share a single node and consequently
rry the same current.
o or more elements are in parallel if they are
nnected to the same two nodes and
nsequently have the same voltage across them.
 QUICK QUIZ
(Poll 4)
How many branches, nodes and
independent loops are present in
the given circuit?
A. b=3, n=5, l=6
B. b=5, n=3, l=6
C. b=5, n=3, l=3
D. b=3, n=5, l=3
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