ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL.6, NO.

1, MAR 2022 11

ISSN (e) 2520-7393

Computer Aided Coal Seam Modeling for ISSN (p) 2521-5027
[Link]
Resource Estimation
Kanwal Nahiyoon1*, Fahad Irfan Siddiqui1
1
Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Abstract: The Badin Coal Field (BCF) is well-known for the availability of considerable coal resources. The estimation of coal resource
by Bore Hole Influence Method (BHIM) is an old technique which needs to be replaced by computer aided approach for reliable estimation
of natural commodity. The computer aided modeling for the quantification of coal resource has not been conducted yet, particularly for
BCF, block-I. The major limitation of conventional resource estimation technique (i.e. BHIM) is a high level of uncertainty due to the
ignorance of spatial continuity of the seam thickness and estimation of coal resource into tonnages instead of volume. In this study, an
interpolation method named as the Inverse Distance Weighting Method (IDWM) has been used to estimate the coal resource in volume
(m3) and to generate spatial distribution maps for various coal quality parameters using basic drill-hole database into the computer aided
software Geovia-Surpac. The 3-Dimensional coal seam model has an estimated volume of 18.689 million m3. The spatial distribution
maps of coal seam show the increase in moisture content from north-east (35-37%) toward south-west (38-39%) with a negligible variation
in moisture content of coal seam. The Gross Calorific Value (GCV) is homogeneously distributed with an average GCV (3750 k. Cal/kg),
except in southern block. The sulfur content of coal seam located in the south-west is less than the sulfur content from north-east. This
study provides an insight for the policy makers to consider the spatial maps of coal seam for the mine-plan and operation.

Keywords: Resource Estimation, 3-D Geological modeling, Coal Quality Parameters, Inverse Distance Weighting Method

generating spatial maps using geostatistical analysis and GIS

1 Introduction [14]. Liu et al. (2021) suggested a new Inverse Distance
Weighting (IDW) approach after comparing the results of

R esource estimation techniques play an important role to

decide the economic worth of a mineral deposit during
the development and exploitation phases of mine [1]. The
adoptive IDW with classical IDW and improved IDW for
enhancing the accuracy of large-scale 3D geological models
[15]. Bargawa and Tobing (2020), estimated the grade of an
overestimation and underestimation of mineral deposit could iron ore mine by means of ordinary kriging, inverse distance
lead to create the problems during mine operation-plan [2-4]. weighting, and nearest neighbor polygon method in order to
Reliable resource and grade estimation helps in economic evaluate the reliability of each method in iron ore resource
evaluation of the mineral deposits [5]. The appropriate estimation [16]. 3D geological modeling of Tongshan Cu
knowledge of resources increases the confidence level in mine, China, was performed to calculate the mineral resources
defining potential coal reserves [1, 6]. 3-D modeling is a [8]. Sonda-Jherruck coalfield of Pakistan was modeled by
modern technology for estimating mineral resources and Jiskani et al. (2018) to estimate the coal resources and develop
determining surface and sub-surface properties of the deposit spatial distribution map of seam thickness map using Surpac
both quantitatively and qualitatively. The 3-D coal seam software [10]. Huang and An [17] performed geostatistical
models shows that how the 3D geological figures and maps modeling using Surpac software to calculate the ore volume
can be used to understand that how the coal seam thickness and generated grade-tonnage curves for future mining
and structures are changing on a small scale [7]. Such kinds activity. Sahoo and Pal [18] built a Bauxite ore model
of model are mostly constructed using drilling data, geologic geologically using Surpac software, and grades of different
mapping, and survey records of structural data [8-10]. The constituents were determined by the Inverse Square Distance
coal quality parameters (calorific value, ash, moisture Method (ISDM). Siddiqui, et al. [19] calculated the coal
contents, volatile matter, and sulfur) must be estimated in the resource of the main coal seam at Thar by section method and
block model if a consistent seam model is generated [11]. generated spatial maps of various coal quality attributes using
Computer aided modeling is faster and more reliable. The the ordinary kriging approach. Moharaj and Wangmo [20]
updating of data and adding the new information is simple computed the ore reserves of an iron ore mine in India by
and quicker [12]. Reliable resource estimation can only be means of 3 approaches (nearest neighbor method, inverse
obtained using specific interpolation techniques that will distance weighted power 2 and 3 approach, and ordinary
increase the accuracy [13]. kriging method). Tercan, et al. [21] constructed a 3D coal
seam model of Eynez Soma and Omerler Tuncbilek coalfields
To generate solid model and estimate resources various
to determine the coal resources. Ertunç, et al. [22] estimated
studies have been carried out for comprehensive mining and
different coal quality parameters of a lignite deposit subjected
financial decisions. Qu et al. (2022), modeled different
to severe tectonic movement using different geostatistics
geological features of uranium mine and predicted the
approaches. The iron ore mine at Barsua was modeled b [23]
reserves-related parameters using eight different interpolation
and ore reserves were estimated using Surpac software.
methods in order to know the accuracy of different
Huang, et al. [24] established a Surface model, ore body
interpolation approaches [5]. Lignite reserves were
model, development system model, and block model of lead
determined and modeled by Uyan and Dursun (2021) for

Corresponding author Email address: kanwaln444@[Link]

KANWAL N [Link]: (2022) COMPUTER AIDED COAL SEAM MODELING FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION 12

and zinc mine of Arhada to calculate the reserves and evaluate 1.1 Inverse Distance Weighting Method
the grade of lead, zinc, and silver using Distance Power (IDWM)
Inverse Ratio Method (DPIRM). 3D geological model which
includes fault wireframe model, terrain model & coal and IDWM is an interpolation technique used for estimating the
rock-solid model was built and compared with traditional unknown value by known values. The unknown values are
methods. A block model was also built to calculate the mining more or less influenced by the values which are closer to them.
and stripping quantities [13]. Modeling of coal deposit in N- The IDWM takes the known points and create the surface by
W Greece was conducted to evaluate the lignite resources estimating unknown points. IDWM relies on the inverse of
[25]. Coal quality parameters of a multi-layer coal resources distance raised to a mathematical power. The higher the power
were evaluated with 3 geostatistics approaches (ordinary the more influence on nearest point [33]. The mathematical
kriging, co-kriging, and functional-kriging) by [26, 27]. 3D formula of IDW is shown in Equation 1.
geological modeling of surface, ore deposit, cavity, fault, and
underground openings were constructed. The volume of ore Wi
∑n
i=1 p
d
body and grades of lead, Zinc, and tin were estimated using Wp = 1
i
(1)
ordinary kriging method and their grades were compared to ∑n
i=1 p
d
i
original prospecting results [28]. 3D subsurface modeling was
done at Handeresi metal mine using Inverse Distance where, Wp is estimated weight at unknown point, Wi is the
Weighted (IDW) interpolation for ore grade estimation and weight of known point (measured location) and d i is the
kriging for surface modeling. An intense vegetated area with distance between the location of known value and unknown
irregularly and insufficient boreholes was targeted. Three ore value, p is the power value.
zones were seen intensively [29]. A simple approach called
the horizons method was presented for generating a Solid 1.1.1 Considerable Parameters of IDWM
model [30]. Coal zones of heterogeneous formations were
interpolated and simulated for evaluating the coal resources  Power Value: The power in IDWM play a significant role
and reserves [31]. Geostatistical modeling of High for predicting the values at unknown locations. With the
Phosphorous (HP) stockpile at iron mine of Iran was increase of power value, the influence of nearest value
performed to evaluate the reserves and grades using ordinary increases on predicted location and the influence of
kriging method [32]. known value which are far from unknown value
The coal resource of BCF, block-I were estimated using decreases [33]. By increasing the power, the maps
Bore Hole Influence Method (BHIM) of USGS coal resource become so detailed and values are assigned in polygonal
classification standard. Computer aided modeling for way that is the established power for geological deposits.
quantification of coal resources has not been conducted yet.  Search radius: By specifying the search radius only those
The major limitation of previous resource estimation points will be used by the interpolation which lie within
technique is a high level of uncertainty due to ignorance of the search radius. With the increase of search radius,
spatial continuity of seam thickness. This study aims to more points are included for predicting the unknown
generate solid model and block model to estimate the coal values.
resource of coal seam using drill-hole database in the
computer-aided software Geovia-Surpac and to develop 1.2 Badin Coal Field (BCF)
spatial distribution maps for various coal quality parameters
using an interpolation method, Inverse Distance Weighted BCF was discovered by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP)
Method (IDWM). in 2005. Almost 850 million tons of coal resources in the BCF

PAKISTAN

Figure 1. Location, boreholes and boundary of BCF, block-I

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KANWAL N [Link]: (2022) COMPUTER AIDED COAL SEAM MODELING FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION
13

with coal thickness ranging between 0.55 to 3.1 meters were Table 1 Lithology of BCF, block-I
informed by GSP [34]. The review of data of holes drilled by Formation Thickness
GSP, Sindh Coal Authority, and drilling by Al-Abbas Group Lithology
and age (m)
indicated the presence of six shallow coal beds on the western Alluvium
side of BCF. The detailed exploration of about 50% of 100 sq. 50-95 Silt, clay, and sand.
(recent)
km granted to Roadways Pakistan (Pvt) limited as
Sub-recent Sandstone, siltstone,
reconnaissance license has been carried out by Al-Abbas 20-50
formation and claystone.
group in august 2007. Table 1 shows the lithology of BCF,
block-I and Figure 1 shows location map presenting boreholes Bara Sandstone,
and boundary of BCF, block-I. formation >230.30 carbonaceous
(Paleocene) claystone, and coal
2 Materials and Methods
Table 2 Summary of drill--hole information
2.1 Exploratory data analysis Depth of drillhole
Average (m)
No. of drillholes
The exploratory data of thirty-three boreholes drilled by Al- DS1 (m)
Min2 Max3 Avg4
Abaas group in 2007 was collected and examined in order to
create a high-quality database. The obtained data includes 33 1200 109.72 251.76 180.74
collar information, lithological data, and coal quality Note: Drillhole Spacing, Minimum, Maximum, 4Average
1 2 3

attributes. The average, minimum, and maximum recorded

depth of boreholes was 109.72 m, 251.76 m, and 180.74 m Table 3 Summary of coal seam
respectively. The average borehole spacing was calculated as Presence in
Thickness (meters)
1200 m. The summary of drill-hole information is shown in BH1 out of 33
Table 2. The collected coal quality data includes Moisture Min2 Max3 Avg4
Content (MC), Ash, Gross Calorific Value (GCV), and Sulfur
05 0.3 6.2 2.09
on as received basis. Six coal beds have been encountered in
the boreholes. In this study, the coal resources of only one coal Note: 1Borehole Spacing, 2Minimum, 3Maximum, 4Average
seam have been estimated because of the availability of
limited data. The coal seam data is shown in Table 3. After Table 4 Tables and fields used in Surpac
initial assessment of digital data, the entire dataset including Table Collar Survey Lithology
collar co-ordinates, drill-holes depth, survey records and hole Id hole Id hole Id
lithology codes were reviewed and validated in the database. Northing Depth sample start points
After reviewing the data, a complete digital database that Easting northing sample end point
includes all geological data and quality parameters was Fields
Elevation easting rock type
generated for generating solid and block model.
Depth elevation seam code
2.2 Geological Modeling procedure n/a Dip n/a
n/a azimuth n/a
3-D geological models are the picture-based view of sub-
surface formations and the features related to them [35]. The resource evaluating standards. Two models (solid and block
geological model presents a base for evaluating, estimating model) are generated for this study.
and calculating the coal reserves according to established

Figure 2. Process used to generate solid model through Surpac

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KANWAL N [Link]: (2022) COMPUTER AIDED COAL SEAM MODELING FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION
14

2.2.1 Solid modeling average drill-hole spacing. Block model was created in the
computer aided software Geovia-Surpac. After generating the
Solid modeling is a computer-aided modeling of an objects in block model, a constrained coal seam model was created from
which data is triangulated using two methods known as top to solid seam model (.dtm). The constrained model was used to
bottom surface method and section method. In the section generate the spatial maps of coal seam. The constrained model
method, the vertical sections of the coal seam are created and was filled with coal quality parameters values using an
triangulated to produce a 3-D solid seam model whereas in the interpolation method IDWM for estimating the values in
top to bottom surface method, the model is generated by whole seam. After filling the block model properly, a
triangulating and interpolating the top and bottom of the seam. command Block Model Graphics Attribute Colour (BMGAC)
Finally, the top and bottom surface of seam is combined to was used to generate the spatial map.
produce a 3-D solid seam model [10, 11, 19]. In this study top
to bottom surface method was used to produce a 3-D solid 3 Results and discussion
seam model in the computer-aided software Geovia-Surpac
6.6.2. The structural simplicity of seam caused to use the top For estimating the coal resources available in coal seam, a
to bottom surface method for creating the solid model. non-conventional method that uses Surpac 6.6.2. was used.
Geovia-Surpac is a user-friendly and registered software in First of all, a digital geological database was generated which
the department of Mining Engineering. The software is the foundation of all geological modeling. After that the
contained multiple options for modeling. A digital geological coal resources were estimated by generating a solid seam
database is used to create a model. Two compulsory tables model. 3D solid seam model was used to generate a block
(collar and survey table) which contains various fields are the model in order to develop the spatial distribution maps. The
basic for modeling. Whereas, optional tables are also used for minimum depth of coal seam was found as 113 meters below
different purposes. In this study, two optional tables (geology the surface. The maximum thickness of coal seam is 6.2
and survey table) were used. Tables and fields used in meters which is encountered in only one borehole. The coal
Geovia-Surpac for generating 3D geological modeling are seam model estimated a volume of 18.689 million m3. Figure
shown in Table 4. After generating the solid model, the 3 a, b, c, and d shows the spatial distribution maps for
volume of coal seam model was calculated which is Moisture Content (MC), Ash, Gross Calorific Value (GCV),
automated in Geovia-Surpac by using OBJECT REPORT and Sulfur respectively. The spatial distribution maps of coal
(OBJREP) command. The command used will generate a file seam show the increase in moisture content from north-east
reporting the volume of coal seam. Figure 2 shows the process (35-37%) toward south-west (38-39%) with a negligible
used to generate a solid model through Surpac. variation in moisture content of coal seam. The ash content of
coal seam increase from west toward east. The Gross Calorific
2.2.2 Block modeling Value (GCV) is homogeneously distributed with an average
GCV (3750 k. Cal/kg), except in southern block. The sulfur
In this study, the constructed 3-D solid seam model was content of coal seam located in the south-west is less than the
divided into a series of blocks having dimension 250 m × 250 sulfur content from north-east.
m × 0.5 m keeping in view the thickness of coal seam and the

Figure 3. Spatial maps for various coal quality parameters

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KANWAL N [Link]: (2022) COMPUTER AIDED COAL SEAM MODELING FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION 15

Table 5 Coal quality parameters from block model

estimates

Parameter Moisture Content (%) Ash (%) Gross Calorifc Value (K. Cal/kg) Sulfur (%)
Minimum 36.8 33.2 3097 0.6
Maximum 40.7 35.5 3982 1.7
Average 37.90 33.72 3571.05 0.87

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About Authors
Surpac and its optimization," 2012.
[24] P. Huang, P. Yang, J. Liu, and Q. Meng, Kanwal Nahiyoon is working as Teaching Assistant in the
"Application of Surpac Vision Software in Arhada Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of
Lead and Zinc Mine," 2012. Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro. She has recently
completed his Bachelor of Engineering in Mining
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Engineering. His research area focuses on the Computer
resource estimation of a thin-layered lignite deposit,"
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APCOM 2009 Proceedings, Vancouver, Canada, pp.
95-103, 2009.
Dr. Fahad Irfan Siddiqui is working as Associate Professor in
[26] M. N. Heriawan and K. Koike, "Uncertainty the Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of
assessment of coal tonnage by spatial modeling of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro. He has recently
seam distribution and coal quality," International completed his PhD degree in Mining Engineering with prime
Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 76, pp. 217-226, emphasis on modeling and computational methods in Mining
2008/11/03/ 2008. Engineering. His research area focuses on the modeling of
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L. Wang-ping, "Deposit 3D modeling and Tsinghua University in 2020. His research area focuses on the
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