RxeweÁvb -1 cÎ

Dw™¢` cªRbb-10g Aa¨vq

cªRbb
msÁv: †h kvixiZvwË¡K cªwµqvq Rxe Zvi Abyiƒc AcZ¨ eskai m„wó K‡i †mB cªwµqv‡K
cªRbb ejv nq|
Dw™¢‡`i f&iƒY m„wó I weKv‡ki ˆeÁvwbK Av‡jvPbv‡K Dw™¢` f&iƒYweÁvb ev Plant
embryology e‡j| QÎvK, mvqv‡bvi Ges e¨v‡Uwiqvq †R‡bwUK WvBfviwmwU ˆZwii Rb¨
†hŠb Rbb e¨ZxZ wfbœ †KŠkj Av‡Q, hv‡K c¨viv‡m·yqvwjwU, UªvÝ UªvÝdi‡gkb ejv nq |
cªKvi‡f`:

cªRbb

‡hŠb A‡hŠb
cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm/AcysRwb

†hŠb cªRb‡bi avc mg~n:

1. cysM¨v‡gU I m&ÎxM¨v‡gU m„wó
2. civMvqb
3. wb‡lK
4. exR m„wó
‡hŠb-Rbbavix Dw™¢‡`B RxebPµ Z_v mywbw`©ó Rbyµg (alternation of generation)
we`¨gvb |

GKbR‡i Ave„ZKvix Dw™¢‡`i ‡hŠb cÖRbb

‡hŠb cÖRbb

civM‡iYyi cwiùzUb wW¤^‡Ki

cwiùzUb

cys M¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui weKvk ¯¿x

M¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui weKvk

ïµvYy wW¤^vYy

wb‡lK

åæ‡Yi cwiùzUb → mm¨ → exR→ dj

Must know....
* civM‡iYyi cwiùyUb
civMavbx: cy‡®úi cysRbbv½‡K ejv nq cys‡Kki (stamen)| Gi `ywU Ask _v‡K j¤^v
cys`Ð ( filament) Ges wcÐvK„wZ civMavbx (anther)| civMavbx `ywU L‡Ði gv‡S GKwU
†hvRbx _v‡K| GwU Pvi‡KvY wewkó n‡q _v‡K ৷ civMavbxi cªvPxi †Niv G Ask‡K civM_wj
(Pollen sac) e‡j| †`qvj †Kvl 3-5 ¯Íi wewkó|
‡Kvl ¯Íi: GKwU cwiYZ civMavbxi cªwZwU cys‡iYy¯’jx‡Z 5-7wU †Kvl ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv
n‡”Q-
 me©ewnt¯’ GwcWvwg©m→ GK¯Íi wewkó
Gici G‡Ûv‡_wmqvg → GK¯Íi wewkó
ga¨ j¨v‡gjv → 3-5 ¯Íi wewkó
me‡P‡q †fZ‡i U¨v‡cUvg → GK¯Íi wewkó

U¨v‡cUvg: cªvPx‡ii me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii ¯Íi n‡jv U¨v‡cUvg| U¨v‡cUvg weMwjZ n‡q
cwiùywUZ civM‡iYyi cywó mvab K‡i| cªwZ †Kv‡Y †fZ‡ii w`‡K Nb mvB‡UvcøvRg Ges
eo wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †Kvl‡K AvwK©‡¤úvwiq¨vj †Kvl ejv nq| AvwK©‡¤úvwiq¨vj †Kvl
wefvwRZ n‡q cwiwai w`‡K †`qvj †Kvl Ges †K‡›`ªi w`‡K cªv_wgK Rbb‡Kv‡l (Primary
sporogenous cell) cwiYZ
nq|
civM_wj (Pollen sac / Microsporangia): civMavbxi cªvPxi †Niv Ask‡K civM_wj e‡j| AwaKvsk
Ave„ZexRx‡Z 4wU civM_wj _v‡K|

Must Know....
civM‡iYy/gvB‡µv‡¯úvi
civM‡iYy (Pollen grain) m„wói cªwµqv‡K gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡iv‡R‡bwmm (Microsporogenesis) ejv
nq| GwU n¨vcø‡qW †Kvl, Gi e¨vm 10-200 μ m [Aveyj nvmvb] / 0.025-0.25 mm [MvRx
AvRgj],

‡`qvj †Kvl (2n) → cªvPxi MVb

civMavbxi
AvwK©‡¤úvwiq¨vj †Kvl (2n),
gv‡qvwmm
cªv_wgK Rbb → civMgvZ„ †Kvl → civM‡iYy (n)
(4wU)
†Kvl (2n) †Kvl (2n)

civM‡iYy mvaviYZ †MvjvKvi, j¤^vKvi, wW¤^vKvi I wÎfyRvKvi/w·KvYvKvi nq| cªwZwU

civM‡iYy GK‡Kvlx GK wbDwK¬qvmwewkó I n¨vcø‡qW| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB civM‡iYy
mvaviYZ njy` e‡Y©i nq|
Must Know....
civM‡iYyi cªvPx‡ii ¯Íi 2wU
1. B›UvBb (AšÍtZ¡K) ● GwU †fZ‡ii AveiY, †ek cvZjv Ges †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z |
●e„w× cªvß n‡q civMbvwjKv ev †cv‡jb wUDe ˆZwi K‡i |

2. G·vBb (ewntZ¡K) ●evB‡ii AveiY, , wKDwUb hy³, cyiæ, k³ Ges AjsK„Z

(Ab©v‡g‡›UW)|
● †¯úv‡iv‡cv‡jwbb G·vBb Gi cªavb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb|
●G·vB‡bi ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b AZ¨šÍ cvZjv wQ‡`ªi b¨vq Ask‡K Rvg©‡cvi,
RbbwQ`ª ev Rbbiܪ e‡j |
●AwaKvsk †¶‡Î 3-4wU †iYyiܪ _v‡K| Z‡e 20wU ch©šÍ _vK‡Z cv‡i |
● civM‡iYyi B›UvBb ¯Íi e„w× †c‡q Rvg©‡cvi (Germ pore) w`‡q bjvKv‡i
†ei n‡q Av‡m|
 ● civM‡iYyi mvB‡UvcøvRg Nb _v‡K Ges cª_g ch©v‡q
wbDwK¬qvmwU gvSLv‡b _v‡K|
Note
Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae Gme †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡`i civM‡iYy c„_K bv n‡q GKmv‡_ _v‡K |
GKmv‡_ _vKv civM‡iYy¸‡jvi G we‡kl MVb‡K cwjwbqvg (Pollinium) e‡j|
← civM‡iYy (n) Dw™¢‡`i M¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui cª_g †Kvl |
← civM gvZ„‡Kvl n‡Z m„ó PviwU civM‡iYy wewfbœ cªRvwZ‡Z wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡bv
_v‡K, PviwU civM‡iYy GKmv‡_ nvjKvfv‡e jvMv‡bv Ae¯’vq _vK‡j Zv‡K civM PZyóq ev
†cv‡jb †UUªvW (Pollen tetrad) e‡j |
cysM¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui weKvk ev cwiùyUb
● civM‡iYy n‡jv cysM¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui cª_g †Kvl
● civM‡iYy wbDwK¬qvmwU wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU Amg wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i| eowU‡K
ejv nq bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm Ges †QvUwU‡K ejv nq Rbb wbDwK¬qvm| civMavbxi
cªvPxi †d‡U †M‡j mvaviYZ GB wØ-wbDwK¬qvm Ae¯’vq civM‡iYy †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges
civMvqb msNwUZ nq| Dw™¢‡` civMvq‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_© (cvwb) QvovB
wbwl³KiY m¤úbœ nq|
● civMvq‡bi gva¨‡g m&Îx‡Kk‡ii Mf©gy‡Ð cwZZ nq Ges A¼ywiZ nq A_©vr, B›UvBb
e„w× †c‡q Rvg©‡cvi w`‡q bvwjKvi AvKvi evo‡Z _v‡K| G bvwjKv‡K †cv‡jb wUDe e‡j |
● Rbb wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm cªwµqvq wef³ n‡q `ywU cysM¨vwgU ev ïµvYy
m„wó K‡i |
civM‡iYy, bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm, Rbb wbDwK¬qvm, civM bvwjKv,
cysM¨vwgU-G¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡jv cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU|
GK bR‡i cysM¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui cwiùzUb :

‡`qvj †Kvl (2 n ) cÖvPxi †Kvl

civMavbxi
AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj †Kvl (2 n gv‡qvwmm
) cÖv_wgK Rbb †Kvl(2 n ) civMgvZ… †Kvl(2 n )
civM‡iYy (n) (4wU)

bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm cysM¨vwgU (n)-1

civM‡iYy wbDwK¬qvm (n
) Rbb wbDwK¬qvm cysM¨vwgU (n)-2

wW¤^K
● mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i m&ÎxRbbv½ ej‡Z m&Îx¯Íe‡Ki Mf©‡Kki ev Mf©c·K eySvq | cªwZ
Mf©vkq wZbwU As‡k wef³|
K. Mf©gyÐ L. Mf©`Ð M. wW¤^vkq |
● wW¤^K m„wó nq Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i Agiv n‡Z| wW¤^Ki‡Üªi KvQvKvwQ A‡c¶vK„Z eo
wbDwK¬qvm I Nb mvB‡UvcøvRghy³ †Kvl cªvBgvwi AvwK©‡¤úvwiq¨vj †Kvl e‡j| GwU
wef³ n‡q GKwU †`qvj‡Kvl Ges GKwU cªv_wgK Rbb‡Kvl m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ mivmwi
m&Îx‡iYy gvZ„‡Kvl (Megaspore mother cell) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i |
● wWcø‡qW m&Îx‡iYy gvZ„‡KvlwU gv‡qvwmm cªwµqvq wef³ n‡q PviwU n¨vcø‡qW
m&Îx‡iYy ˆZwi K‡i |
● PviwU m&Îx‡iYyi g‡a¨ AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB wZbwU bó n‡q hvq Ges GKwU Kvh©Ki _v‡K |
`qvj †Kvl (2n)
wW¤^K
AvwK©‡¤úvwiq¨vj †Kvl (2n) cªv_wgK Rbb †Kvl (2n)→ m&Îx‡iYy gvZ„‡Kvl (2n)
gv‡qvwmm, m&Îx‡iYy (n) 4wU (1wU Kg©¶g)

wW¤^‡Ki MVb:
1. wW¤^Kbvox (Funiculus) : wW¤^‡Ki †evUvi b¨vq Ask| G †evUvi mvnv‡h¨
wW¤^K Agivi mv‡_ hy³
_v‡K | †Kvb †Kvb cªRvwZ‡Z wW¤^Kbvox wW¤^KZ¡‡Ki
mv‡_ AvswkKfv‡e hy³ _v‡K| G‡K h©vwd e‡j
2. wW¤^Kbvfx (Hilum) : wW¤^‡Ki †h As‡ki mv‡_ wW¤^Kbvox mshy³
_v‡K |
3. wbD‡mjvm (Nucellus) / f&iƒY‡cvlK wUm¨y :Z¡K w`‡q †Niv cªavb c¨v‡ibKvBgv
wUm¨y| Gi g‡a¨ f&iæY_wj Ae¯’vb K‡i |
4. wW¤^KZ¡K (Integument) : wbD‡mjv‡mi `yB ¯Íi wewkó evB‡ii AveiYx |
5. wW¤^Kiܪ (Micropyle) : wW¤^‡Ki AMªcªv‡šÍi Z¡‡Ki wQ`ª|
6. wW¤^Kg~j (Chalaza) : wW¤^‡Ki †Mvovi Ask| GwU †_‡K Z¡‡Ki m~Pbv
nq |
7. f&iæY_wj (Embryo sac)
K. Mf©hš¿ (Egg apparatus ) → ZbwU †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ, me‡P‡q eo †KvlwU‡K
wW¤^vYy/Ifvg/GM/Dwùqvi; Gi evB‡ii
‡Kvl `ywU‡K mnKvwi †Kvl (Synergid) ejv nq |
L. cªwZcv` †Kvl (Antipodal cell) → wW¤^Kg~‡ji w`‡K Aew¯’Z wZbwU †Kvl |
M. †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm (Secondary Neucleus) → f&iæY_wji `y †giæ †_‡K AvMZ `ywU
wbDwK¬qvm wgwjZ n‡q †h
wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i|

Must know...
* wW¤^‡Ki cªKvi‡f`: GwU 4 cªKvi
i. A‡avgyLx/wbgœgyLx → gUi, †Qvjv, wkg, †iwo|
(Anatropous)
ii. DaŸ©gyLx (Orthotropous / → ‡Mvj gwiP, welKvUvjx (cvwb gwiP), cvb|
Atropous)
iii. eK&ৰ gyLx (Campylotropous) → mwilv, KvjKvmy›`v |
iv. cvk¦©gyLx (Amphitropous) → ¶yw`cvbv, cwc (Avwdg)|

wW¤^‡Ki D`vniY KL‡bv&B fzj‡ev bv—

●EaŸ©gyLx wW¤^K: E‡aŸ© cv‡Mvj|
E‡aŸ© cv‡Mvj

cvwbgwiP cvb †MvjgwiP

● eµgyLx wW¤^K: eµ mKvj|
eµ mKvj|

mwilv KvjKvmy›`v
● cvk^©gyLx wW¤^K : cv‡k^© ÿz‡` cwc Wv‡K|
cv‡k^© ÿz‡` cwc Wv‡K

ÿzw`cvbv cwc (Avwdg) Wvqvš’vm

● A‡avgyLx wW¤^K: wbwk‡i †Qv|

wb wk †i †Qv

wb¤œgyLx wkg †iwo †Qvjv

● Aa©gyLx wW¤^K: Avcv Aa©gyLx
Avcv Aa©gyLx

Avwds cvwjK

Note
* Av`k© wW¤^K → A‡avgyLx wW¤^K | AwaKvsk Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡` (75%) G ai‡bi
wW¤^K cvIqv hvq |
Must know...
* m&Îx M¨vwg‡UvdvBU/Ggeªv‡qvm¨vK/f&iæY_wj
‡gMv‡¯úvi / m&Îx‡iYy n‡jv m&ÎxM¨vwg‡UvdvBU-Gi cª_g †Kvl| wW¤^‡Ki g‡a¨ m&Îx
M¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui DrcwË N‡U|
m&ÎxM¨vwg‡UvdvBU Ggeªv‡qvm¨vK ev f&iƒY_wj bv‡g cwiwPZ|
f&iæY_wj Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨| f&iæY_wji †gvU wbDwK¬qvm msL¨v
8wU|
Askt 1. wW¤^vYy hš¿ (Egg A¨vcv‡iUvm/Mf©hš¿) → wW¤^vYy+mnKvix †Kvl
(Synergids) = wZbwU wbDwK¬qvm |
2. wW¤^vYy (Egg/Ifvg ev Dwùqvi) → wW¤^vYy h‡š¿i gv‡Si
wbDwK¬qvm|
3. wmbviwRW (mvnvh¨Kvix wbDwK¬qvm/‡Kvl) → wW¤^vYyi `y'cv‡ki `ywU
wbDwK¬qvm |
4. cªwZcv` †Kvl (A¨vw›U‡cvWvj) → wW¤^Kg~‡ji w`‡K GK‡Î Aew¯’Z
f&iæY_wji wZbwU wbDwK¬qvm| Bold
5. †MŠY wbDwK¬qvm (‡m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm) → `yB †giæ n‡Z AvMZ Ges
f&iæY_wji †K›`ª¯’‡j Aew¯’Z `ywU wbDwK¬qvm |
f&iæY_wji MVb: wZb ai‡bi|
1. g‡bv‡¯úvwiK → GKwU m&Îx‡iYy f&iæY_wj MVb K‡i| 75% Dw™¢‡` g‡bv‡¯úvwiK
cªwµqvq f&iæY_wj m„wó nq| GwU Polygonum (80% cªRvwZ) bv‡g cwiwPZ| AwaKvsk
g‡bv‡¯úvwiK 8 wbDwK¬qvmwewkó f&iæY_wj MVb K‡i| e¨wZµg: Oenothera type hv 4-
wbDwK¬qvmwewkó| me©cª_g ÷ªvmevM©vi 1879 mv‡j g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cªwµqvi wek`
eY©bv †`b| D`vniY: cvwb gwiP, Polygonum divaricatum
2. evB‡¯úvwiK →`ywU m&Îx‡iYy f&iæY_wj MV‡b AskMªnY K‡i| D`vniY: wcuqvR
(Allium)|
3. †UUªv‡¤úvwiK → PviwU m&Îx‡iYy f&iæY_wj MV‡b AskMªnY K‡i| †UUªv‡¯úvwiK
mvZ cªKv‡ii nq| cªavb Peperomia type hv 16 wbDwK¬qvm wewkó nq| Fritiliaria type 8
wbDwK¬qvmwewkó| D`vniY: †ccv‡ivwgqv |
f&iƒY_wj Ges G‡Z Aew¯’Z wW¤^vYy, mvnvh¨Kvix wbDwK¬qvm, cªwZcv`
wbDwK¬qvm Ges †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm‡K wgwjZfv‡e m&ÎxM¨vwg‡UvdvBU ejv
nq| weKwkZ f&iæY_wj n‡jv AvU wbDwK¬qvm I mvZ †Kv‡li GKwU MVb|

Must Know....

wb‡lK / Mf©vavb
msÁv ● A‡c¶vK„Z eo I wbðj m&Îx M¨v‡g‡Ui mv‡_ †QvU I mPj cysM¨v‡g‡Ui
†hŠb wgjb‡K dvwU©jvB‡Rkb ev wb‡lK e‡j| G mgq Mf©vkq I wW¤^K
wbtm„Z c`v‡_© Cah Avqb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K |
● mKj Ave„ZexRx I e¨³exRx Dw™¢‡` civMvqb N‡U| (2,50,000 cy®úK
Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 85 fv‡Mi Dci Dw™¢`B civMvq‡bi Rb¨ cZ½,
cvwb, evZvm ev Ab¨vb¨ cªvYxi Dci wbf©ikxj)

wb‡l‡Ki 1. civM‡iYyi A¼y‡iv`Mg ¯^cªRvwZ kbv³KiY (we‡kl †cªvwU‡bi gva¨‡g)

avcmg~n civMbvwjKvi Mf©vkqgyLx hvÎv I ïµvYy m„wó → †mjy‡jR, †cKwU‡bR,
K¨vjwmqvg (Ca2+) Avqb AMªmigvb civM
bvwjKvi Mgbc_ m„wó K‡i |

3. civMbvwjKvi f&iæY_wj‡Z cª‡ek I ïµvYy wbw¶ß Kiv|

4. wW¤^vYy I ïµvYyi wgjb → G ai‡bi wgjb‡K wmbM¨vwg e‡j |
wb‡l‡Ki 1. f&iƒ‡Yi cwiùyUb → n¨vcø‡qW ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi (GM/Ifvg/Dwùqvi)
cwiYwZ wgj‡b wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU (E‡¯úvi)
[Must know] ‰Zwi nq | wbwl³ wW¤^vYy Z_v RvB‡MvUB n‡jv †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui cª_g
†Kvl | cª_‡g w؇Kvlx Avw`f&iæY m„wó nq, c‡i Zv c~Y©v½ f&iæ‡Y
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
2. m‡m¨i DrcwË→ wUªcø‡qW G‡fv¤úvg© ˆZwi nq| mm¨wUm¨y cªPyi
cwigv‡Y ÷vP©, †cªvwUb I wjwcW Rgv K‡i, †mB
3. dj m„wó: wb‡l‡Ki d‡j Mf©vkq DÏxß n‡q d‡j cwiYZ nq| dj exR‡K
cywó `vb K‡i Ges wemi‡Y Møy‡KvR mÂq K‡i wewfbœfv‡e mvnvh¨
K‡i|
4. exR m„wó → ex‡Ri Z„Zxq ¯Íi‡K Gwij (Aril) e‡j | wjPy, KvVwjPy,
Avukdj, Rvqdj, kvcjv ex‡R Gwij ev exR Dcv½ cvIqv hvq wjPy I
KvVwjPyi Gwij n‡jv †fvR¨ Ask|
5. exR 2 ai‡bi nq| h_v:
K. Amm¨j exR (Non endospermic) : gUi, †Qvjv, Avg |
L. mm¨j exR (Endospermic): avb, Mg, †iwo, fyÆv I Zyjv |
f&iƒ‡Yi Ask 3wU | h_v: 1. exRcÎ, 2. f&iƒYKvÐ Ges 3. f&iƒYg~j | f&iæY
 cwiùyU‡bi mgq f&iƒY‡cvlK wUm¨y f&iƒY‡K cywó `vb K‡i

‡cv‡ivM¨vwgK (Porogamy) civMbvwjKv wW¤^Kiܪ w`‡q wW¤^‡K

wb‡l‡Ki wb‡lK cª‡ek K‡i| †hgb: AwaKvsk Dw™¢` (Avg,
cªKvi‡f` Rvg BZ¨vw`)|
[Must know]
K¨vjv‡RvM¨vwgK civMbvwjKv wW¤^Kg~j/K¨vjvRv w`‡q
(Chalazogamy) wb‡lK wW¤^‡K cª‡ek K‡i| †hgb: SvD (Casuarina) |

‡g‡mvM¨vwgK civMbvwjKv wW¤^KZ¡K †f` K‡i wW¤^‡K

(Mesogamy)wb‡lK cª‡ek K‡i| †hgb:jvD, Kygov |

cªRb‡bi K. civMvqb L. wbwl³KiY M. ex‡Ri we¯Ív‡ii Dci|

mdjZv
wbf©i K‡i

Must know....
* wØ-wb‡lK wµqv/wØMf©vavb (Double Fertilization)
GKB mg‡q wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ GKwU cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb I †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi
mv‡_ Aci cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb cªwµqv‡K wØwb‡lK wµqv e‡j ●1898 mv‡j bvIqvwmb
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i wØwb‡lK Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wØwb‡lK Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i we‡kl
ˆewkó¨| (e¨wZµg: bMœexRx Dw™¢` Ephedra nevadensis-‡Z wØwb‡lK Avwe®‹…Z nq
1990 mv‡j)|
● wÎwgjbt †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ GKwU cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb‡K wÎwgjb (Triple
fusion) e‡j| Gi d‡j mm¨ Kjvi (Endosperm) m„wó nq|
Nice to know.......
wb‡lK I wØ-wb‡lK Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨.
wb‡lK wØ-wb‡lK
1. wb‡lK Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` QvovI 1.wØwb‡lK †KejgvÎ Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i
Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î n‡q _v‡K| nq| e¨wZµg: bMœexRx Dw™¢` Ephedra.

2. wb‡lK I wØwb‡lK GKB m‡½ N‡U| 2. wb‡lK e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ wØwb‡lK NU‡Z
cv‡i bv|

[Link]‡l‡K GKwU cysM¨vwg‡Ui cª‡qvRb 3.wØwb‡l‡K `ywU cysM¨vwg‡Ui cª‡qvRb

nq| nq |

4. wb‡l‡Ki d‡j †Kej f&iƒ‡Yi m„wó nq| 4. wØ-wb‡l‡Ki d‡j GKw`‡K f&iƒY I Aciw`‡K
mm¨Kjvi m„wó nq

5.G‡Z wmbM¨vwg N‡U| 5.G‡Z wmbM¨vwg I wÎwgjb N‡U|

6. G cªwµqvq †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm 6.G cªwµqvq †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm

RwoZ bq | RwoZ|

7. f&iæ‡Yi Rb¨ cywó m&ÎxM¨vwg‡U _v‡K| 7. f&iƒ‡Yi cwiùyU‡b cywó †RvMvq

 G‡Ûv¯úvg©|

Must Know....
* wb‡lKwµqvi ci Mf©vkq (wW¤^vkq) Ges wW¤^‡Ki wewfbœ cwieZ©b
wb‡lK c~e©eZ©x Ae¯’v wb‡lK cieZ©x Ae¯’v
1. Mf©vkq 1. dj

2. Mf©vkq cªvPxi 2. djZ¡K

3. wW¤^K 3. exR

4. wW¤^K ewntZ¡K (Exine) 4. †U÷v (exR ewntZ¡K)

5. wW¤^K AšÍtZ¡K (Intine) 5. †UM‡gb (exR AšÍtZ¡K)

6. wbD‡mjvm (f&iæY‡cvlK 6. AwaKvsk †¶‡Î wbt‡kl n‡q hvq, wKwÂr _vK‡j Zv

wUm¨y) †cwi¯úvg© (cwif&iƒY) nq

7. wW¤^vYy ev GM 7. f&iƒY (embryo)

8. †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm 8. G‡Ûv¤úvg© ev mm¨

9. mnKvix †Kvl ev 9. bó n‡q hvq

wmbviwRW

10.A¨vw›U‡cvWvj/ 10.bó n‡q hvq

cªwZcv`‡Kvl

11. gvB‡µvcvBj 11. ex‡Ri gvB‡µvcvBj (exRiܪ)

(wW¤^Kiܪ)

[Link] (wW¤^Kbvfx) [Link] (exRbvfx)

[Link] [Link]‡Ri †evuUv (exRe„šÍ)

(wW¤^Kbvox)

14. K¨vjvRv (wW¤^Kg~j 14. bó n‡q hvq (exRg~j

* wb‡l‡Ki Zvrch©t
1. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi fvimvg¨ i¶v| 2. dj, exR I bZyb cªRvwZi m„wó |
3. weeZ©b I Dw™¢‡`i esk i¶v| 4. AwaK djbkxj I mnbkxj dmj m„wó|
5. Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb I †R‡bwUK WvBfviwmwU m„wó|
* A‡hŠb c&ৰ Rbb
wbgœ‡kªwYi Dw™¢‡` †¯úvivwÄqvg †_‡K A‡hŠb †¯úvi m„wói gva¨‡g Ges Ave„ZexRx
Dw™¢‡` †`n A‡½i gva¨‡g A‡hŠb Rbb n‡q _v‡K|
ˆkevj, QÎvK, eªv‡qvdvBUv, †Uwi‡WvdvBUvq A‡hŠb †¯úvi ˆZwi n‡Z †`Lv
hvq|
1. QÎvK
A‡hŠb †¯úvi Penicillium→ KwbwWqv / KwbwWI‡àvi
m„wói Mucor→ ‡¯úvivbwRI‡àvi / MwbwWqv
gva¨‡g Agaricus→ †ewmwWI‡àvi|
2. ˆkevj
Chlamydomonas → Ry‡¯úvi, †iw÷s‡¯úvi, GKvBwbwU
Ab¨vb¨ ˆkevj → cªvPxie× A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi
mg AvK„wZi †¯úvi / †nv‡gv‡¯úvivm dvb©, jvB‡Kv‡cvwWqvg
(Lycopodium)
Amg AvK„wZi †¯úvi / †nUv‡iv‡¯úvivm → †mjvwR‡bjv (Selaginella), Jlwb
kvK (Marselia)

LÛvqb → ‰kevj, QÎvK, eªv‡qvdvBUv, Spirogyra, Oscillatoria,

i. Ulothrix, Oedogonium.
¯^vfvw g~j Øviv→ wgwó Avjy, Wvwjqv, kZg~jx, KuvK‡ivj, cUj, g~jv,
eK Wvwjg, AwK©W, iv½v Avjy
A½R 1. ¯^vfvweK KvÐ → cvb, AvL
cªRbb 2. cY©KvÐ → dwYgbmv
[VVI] 3. f~wbgœ¯’ KvÐ/g„`MZ KvÐ → Av`v, njy`, wcuqvR, mwU,
IjKPy, †MvjAvjy
4. Aa©evqexq KvÛ → _vbKywb, ÷ª‡ewi, KPywicvbv,

‡`n A‡½i †Uvcvcvbv,P›`ªgwjøKv,KPy, Avgiæj, ïlwb, Kjwg kvK

gva¨‡g 5. mvKv‡ii Øviv → Kjv, cyw`bv, Avbvim,
P›`ªgwjøKv, euvk
evwWs/gyKy‡jv`Mg → e¨v‡±wiqv, C÷
mÂqx gyKy‡ji mvnv‡h¨ →MvQ Avjy
cvZvi gva¨‡g →cv_iKzwP, bvBUKzBb
eyjwe‡ji/K¶gyKy‡ji gva¨‡g → Pycwi Avjy
†÷vjb/Aa© evqexq KvÐ → KPyi jwZ, KPywicvbv, Avgiæj
kvK, _vbKywb, Kjwg
wØ-wefvRb → e¨vK‡Uwiqv, GK‡Kvlx wKQy
ˆkevj I QÎvK
kvLv Kjg/KvwUs/ wjc→ Rev, AvL, †Mvjvc, †µvUb, Av‡cj,
ii. Kgjv‡jey, cvZvevnvi, mwRbv, nvmbv‡nbv, gv`viwRMv|
¯^vfvw `vev Kjg ev †jqvwis→ †jey, RyuB, Av½yi, Av‡cj, wjPy,
eK m‡d`v, nvmbv‡nbv, ÷ª‡ewi, P›`ªgwjøKv, †cqviv, Wvwjg |
A½R ‡RvoKjg ev MªvdwUs→ Avg, Rvg, Kyj (eiB), Puvcv, wjPy,
cªRbb †cqviv, g¨vM‡bvwjqv |
[Nice to ¸wUKjg→ †jey, Avg, †Mvjvc, MÜivR, wjPy, Rvg, †cqviv,
know] Rvgiæj, Kgjv‡jey|
‡PvL Kjg / Kyuwo ms‡hvRb / evwWs → Kyj (eiB), †Mvjvc|
wUm¨y KvjPvi → mm¨`vbv, djR, Kvô Drcv`bKvix, AwK©W,
dyj, cªf„wZ| RxešÍ †Kvl e¨envi K‡i K„wÎg Avev` Kiv nq
Rvi‡eiv, Avjyi |

[Nice to know]
●‡Rvo Kj‡g dj I dy‡ji PwiÎ wbf©i K‡i mvBq‡bi Dci, ÷‡Ki Dci bq | Must Know
gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡
Mkbt AmsL¨
Pviv m„wó
●wew”Qbœ AskwU‡K mvBqb Ges mvBqb‡K †h Mv‡Qi m‡½ †Rvov †`Iqv nq Zv‡K ÷K
e‡j| AwZ ¶y`ª wUmv †_‡K
● A½R cªRbb Øviv ˆZwi eskai‡K †K¬vb (Clone) ejv nq|
● evwYwR¨K Pvwn`vm¤úbœ dyj I dj Drcv`bKvix A‡bK Dw™¢` (‡hgb- †Mvjvc) eܨv
n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
● gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡MBkb : AwZ ¶y`ª GKwU wUm¨y †_‡K AmsL¨ Pviv m„wói cªwµqv‡K
gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡MBkb e‡j |
● mvBqb n‡jv Kjg Kivi R‡b¨ Mv‡Qi wew”Qbœ Ask Ges ÷K n‡jv mvBqb‡K †h Dw™¢‡`i
mv‡_ †Rvov †`Iqv nq|
Must know...
cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm/AcysRwb
msÁv wW¤^vYy wbwl³ bv n‡qB ewa©Z I weKwkZ n‡q bZyb Dw™¢` Rb¥
†`Iqvi cªwµqv‡K cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm ev AcysRwb e‡j| (wMªK
Parthenos = virgin Ges genesis = origin). Winkler me©cª_g wb‡lK wenxb
f&iæY Drcv`b cªwµqv j¶ K‡ib|
msMVb¯’j ‡evjZv, †gŠgvwQ, iwUdvi cªvYx‡`‡n Ges Spirogyra, Zignema, Diatom,
Mucor, dvb© Dw™¢‡`|
Avwe®‹viK Winkler (1908)
K) n¨vcø‡qW/‡Rbv‡iwUf AcysRwb: Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy (n) †_‡K f&iæY
m„wó n‡q bZyb Dw™¢‡`i Rb¥ wb‡j †mB cªwµqv‡K n¨vcø‡qW
AcysRwb e‡j| D`vniY: Solanum nigrum (wZZ‡e¸b), Orchis maculata
cªKvi‡f` (2 (KvKgvwQ), †gŠgvwQ, †evjZv‡Z, Zvgv‡K n¨vcø‡qW Awbwl³
cªKvi) wW¤^vYy n‡Z cyiæl cªvYx m„wó nq| G c×wZ‡K A¨v‡Ûªv‡R‡bwmm
e‡j |

L) wWcø‡qW AcysRwb: hLb ¯^vfvweK wg‡qvwmm cªwµqvi e`‡j

gvB‡Uvwmm cªwµqvq wW¤^vYy (2n) m„wó nq c‡i f&iæ‡Y cwiYZ nq
Zv‡K wWcø‡qW cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm e‡j|
D`vniY: Taraxacum albidum, Parthenium argentatum [Aveyj nvmvb],
Antennaria, Alchemilla [MvRx AvRgj]

* Nice to know........
K„wÎg cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm NUv‡bvi cªwµqv
→ G·-‡i cª‡qv‡M |
→ Ab¨ Dw™¢‡`i civM w`‡q civMvqb K‡i |
→Bgv¯‹y‡jk‡bi ci civMvqb wejw¤^Z K‡i|
→†ejwfUvb bvgK c`v_© cª‡qvM K‡i |
Must know....
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cªwµqvmg~n
cv‡_©‡bvKvwc ni‡gvb cª‡qv‡M exRnxb dj Drcv`b cªwµqv| †hgb: †jey, Kgjv‡jey|
©

A¨v‡cv‡¤úvwi W¤^‡Ki †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m„ó wWcø‡qW f&iæY_wji wWcø‡qW

wW¤^vYywU n‡Z wb‡lK Qvov f&iæY m„wói cªwµqv| GB cªwµqvq
m„ó Dw™¢` wWcø‡qW Ges gvZ„ Dw™¢‡`i mg¸Ym¤úbœ| †hgb:
 Hieracium mn wewfbœ cªKvi dvb© |
A¨v‡cvM¨vwg wwW¤^vYy Qvov f&iæY_wji Ab¨ †Kvb †Kvl †_‡K (mnKvix †Kvl,
cªwZcv` †Kvl) f&iæY m„wói gva¨‡g Kg©¶g exR Drcbœ nIqv|
†hgb: Allium mn wewfbœ cªKvi dvb©|
A¨vMv‡gv¯úv wb‡lKwµqv Qvov wW¤^vYy, f&iæY_wj ev wW¤^‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ †Kvl
wg© †_‡K f&iæY ˆZwii cªwµqv|
wmD‡WvM¨vw A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© cªwµqvq Aby‡cªiYv m„wói Rb¨ civMvqb
g Avek¨Kxq n‡j Zv‡K wmD‡WvM¨vwg ejv nq |
GW‡fbwUwUf wW¤^‡Ki wW¤^K Z¡K ev wbD‡mjv‡mi †h‡Kvb †Kvl n‡Z f&iæY_wj
Ggeªv‡qvwb MVb QvovB f&iæY m„wói cªwµqv|
A¨v‡Ûªv‡R‡bw Awbwl³ ïµvYy n‡Z f&iƒY m„wói c×wZ| Zvgv‡K (Nicotiana tabacum) G
mm [VVI] c×wZ †`Lv hvq|

Note ......
kuvm ˆZwii Rb¨B civMvq‡bi cª‡qvRb nq, f&iƒY ˆZwii Rb¨ bq |
weMZ eQ‡ii cªkœmg~n.....
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z Kyuwo m„wó (budding) nq? [M: 20-21]
A. Homie B. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis C. Rose D. Lemon Ans: C
cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm I †hŠb Rbb Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
welq cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm ‡hŠb Rbb
1. cysM¨vwg‡Ui cª‡qvRb nq bv | cys I m&Îx Dfq M¨vwg‡Ui cª‡qvRb
M¨v‡gU nq|

2. wb‡lK wb‡l‡Ki cª‡qvRb nq bv| wb‡l‡Ki cª‡qvRb nq |

3. AcZ¨ Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy †_‡K mivmwi wb‡l‡Ki d‡j wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU

m„wó c~Y©v½ AcZ¨ Rxe m„wó nq| †_‡K cwiYZ AcZ¨ Rxe m„wó nq|

4. Ac‡Z¨i g‡a¨ †Kej gvZvi PvwiwÎK Ac‡Z¨i g‡a¨ wcZv-gvZv Df‡qi

PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj cwijw¶Z nq| PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj cwijw¶Z nq|

* Nice to know.......
* A‡hŠb I †hŠb Rb‡bb g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
welq A‡hŠb ‡hŠb Rbb
1. M¨vwgU I M¨vwg‡Ui cª‡qvRb nq bv, ZvB `ywU wecixZag©x M¨vwg‡Ui
wb‡lK M¨v‡gU m„wó nq bv I wb‡lK wgjb N‡U, ZvB M¨vwgU m„wó nq
N‡U bv| I wb‡lK N‡U|

2. †Kvl gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi

wefvRb cª‡qvRb nq bv| cª‡qvRb nq

3. ˆewPZª¨Zv m„ó bZyb Dw™¢‡` ˆewPZª¨Zv m„ó bZyb Dw™¢‡` ˆewPZª¨Zv

m„wó nq bv| m„wó nq |
4. Awf‡hvRb m„ó Dw™¢` Kg Awf‡hvRb¶g nq m„ó Dw™¢` Kg Awf‡hvRb¶g nq
Ges wRbcyj †QvU| Ges wRbcyj eo|

5. †Kv_vq mvaviYZ wbgœ‡kªwYi Dw™¢‡` wb¤œ I D”P †kÖwYi Dw™¢‡` N‡U|

N‡U N‡U|

6. wb‡lK wb‡lK N‡U bv| wb‡lK N‡U |

Nice to know........
A½R Rbb I A‡hŠb Rb‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
A½R Rbb A‡hŠb Rbb
GB cªwµqvq RwbZ †`‡ni †Kv‡bv Ask RwbZ Rxe cªavbZ †iYy Drcv`‡bi
wew”Qbœ n‡q AcZ¨ Rx‡ei „wó K‡i | gva¨‡g AcZ¨ Rxe m„wó K‡i|
GB Rb‡b ïay gvB‡Uvwmm cªwµqvi cª‡qvRb nq cªavbZ gvB‡Uvwmm cªwµqvi
| gva¨‡g n‡jI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
cªRvwZ‡Z gv‡qvwmm cªwµqvi
gva¨‡g gv‡qv‡¯úvi MVb K‡i
(A¨vm‡Kv‡¯úvi, e¨vwmwWI‡¯úvi),
hv A¼ywiZ n‡q mivmwi AcZ¨ Dw™
¢` m„wó K‡i|
Rbyµg N‡U bv| gv‡qv‡¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g Rbb n‡j Rbyµg
j¶ Kiv hvq|

K„wÎg c×wZ‡Z A½R Rbb NUv‡bv hvq, †hgb- K„wÎg Dcv‡q NUv‡bv hvq bv Z‡e
Kjg ˆZwii gva¨‡g| cwi‡ek AbyK~j n‡j A‡hŠb Rb‡bi
nviev‡o|
Note.......
●evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq dyj mv`v kvcjvi gyL¨ cªRbb cªwµqv A‡hŠb, hv wUDevi (kvjyK)
m„wói gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq |
●RvZxq dj KuvVv‡ji cªRbb cªwµqv †hŠb cªwµqv ev exR m„wói gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|
●RvZxq e„¶ Avg- Gi ¯^vfvweK cªwµqv †hŠb cªwµqv, hv exR m„wói gva¨‡g m¤úbœ
nq|
●RjR Dw™¢` cÙ- Gi A‡hŠb cªRbb Amxg e„w×m¤úbœ ivbvi (ivB‡Rvg KvÐ) Kv‡Ði
gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|
* Dw™¢‡`i K„wÎg cªRbb / msKivqb
> DbœZ km¨ RvZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ mPivPi e¨eüZ c×wZ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h¸‡jv
¸iæZ¡c~Y©-
(1) wbe©vPb (Selction)
(2) msKivqb ev K„wÎg cªRbb (Hybridization)
(3) Dw™¢` cªeZ©b I
(4) wgD‡Ukb (Mutation)
> cªvPxbKv‡j †LRyi Mv‡Q K„wÎg msKivqb c×wZ Pvjy wQj |
> wfbœZi †R‡bwUK ˆewkó¨gwÐZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ µm (Cross) Kiv‡bvi
cªwµqv‡K ejv nq K„wÎg nvBweªWvB‡Rkb (Artificial hybridization)|
Dw™¢` K…wÎg cÖRbb:
weÁvbx ● koeloruter me©cÖ_g msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` Dbœqb ïiæ K‡ib|
● D”Pdjbkxj Mg D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvb weÁvbx Norman Earnan
Earnest Borlaug †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i|
● Av‡gwiKvi weÁvbx G.H, Shull fzÆvi msKi Dw™¢` m„wói gva¨‡g
fzÆvi `vbv Drcv‡bi `viYfv‡e mdj nb|
av‡bi RvZ ●evsjv‡`k avb M‡elbv ‡K‡›`ª (BRRI-Bangladesh Rice REsearch Institute) D™
¢vweZ DP&Pdjbkxj avb Pvw›`bv, wewikvBj, BwikvBj|
●esjv‡`k avb M‡elbv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K D™¢vweZ PviwU Ddkx Rv‡Zi
bvg n‡iv Pvw›`bv (weAvi f ) ,gvjv (weAvi 2) , kvnx evjvg (we Avi-15)
Ges kÖveYx (we Avi -26)
●BRRI D™¢vweZ gy³v(BR-10) MvRx (BR-14). ‡gvwnbx (BR-15), kvnx
evjvg (BR-16) G¸‡jv av‡bi †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ|
we‡kl Z_¨ ●msKivq‡bi cÖ_g avc Parent Selection
● K…wÎg msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g dm‡ji Avev`Kvi 20-30W `b chšÍ© Kgv‡bv
m¤¢e\
●MZ 40 eQ‡i Gwkqvq av‡bi Dr`vb Pvi¸b e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
●msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g DbœZ bZzb RvZ D™¢veb 7-10 eQi mgq jv‡M|
●evwwbwR¨Kfv‡e Dw™¢` cÖRb‡bi me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ K…
wÎg Rbb|
●D”Pdjbkxj avb B-10 K…wÎg msKivqb c×wZ‡Z Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
●fzÆvi Liv mwnòz RvZ D™¢ve‡bi e¨eüZ wRb cspB
● K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi cÖavb D‡Ï‡k¨ DbœZgv‡bi RvZ D™¢veK|
* K„wÎg msKivqb †KŠkj:
1. c¨v‡i›U wbe©vPb (Selection of parents)
2. c¨v‡i‡›Ui K„wÎg ¯^civMvqb (Selfing of parents)
3. c¨v‡i›U Dw™¢‡`i Bgv¯‹y‡jkb (Emasculation) : cwic° nevi Av‡MB cy®ú †_‡K cys‡Kki
†g‡i †djv ev mwi‡q †djv‡K ejv nq Bgv¯‹y‡jkb | dy‡ji AvKvi Lye †QvU n‡j (45-50)° †m.
ZvcgvÎvq Mig cvwb‡Z (1-10) wgwbU Wywe‡q ivL‡j dy‡ji cys‡Kki bó nq wKš‘
m&Îx‡Kki A¶Z _v‡K | avb, Mg cªf„wZ‡Z Gfv‡e Mig cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡j Wywe‡q GKK
dyj ev m¤ú~Y© cy®úgÄwi cyswenxb Kiv hvq 4. e¨vwMs (Bagging)
5. µwms (Crossing)
6. †j‡ewjs (Labelling)
7. exR msMªn (Harvesting of seeds)
8. exR ecb I F1 Dw™¢‡`i D™¢e (Raising of F1 generation)
9. F1 eska‡ii e¨envi I bZyb cªKiY m„wó ( Handling of F1 generation & raising of new variety)
Note
IRRI → International Rice Research Institute (g¨vwbjv, wdwjcvBb)
BRRI→ Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (Rq‡`ecyi, MvRxcyi)
* Nice to know........
* K„wÎg cªRb‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡t
D”P djbkxj RvZ K. D”P djbkxj avbt av‡bi RvZ¸‡jv n‡jv: Bwi-5, Bwi-8, Bwi-20, Bwi-
 28 Ges Bwi-29|
Bwi-8→B‡›`v‡bwkqvb †cUvavb +[Link]. D‡Rb (Dee-gee-woo-gen)
Bwi -5 → B‡›`v‡bwkqvb †cUv avb + †UvsKvB avb
BwikvBj →>> B‡›`v‡bwkqvb †cUvavb+fvi‡Zi wU.‡[Link]-6 avb +
ZvBIqv‡bi UvBPy-1
wewikvBj → we. Avi 20+[Link]-03
‡ivM cªwZ‡ivax RvZ → gy³v (BR-10), MvRx (BR-14), †gvwnbx (BR-
15), kvnx evjvg (BR-16)
L. DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mg
‡hgb: ejvKv, KvÂb, AvKei, Avb›`, eiKZ, mIMvZ| Av‡gwiKvb
weÁvbx Norman Earnest Borlaug †gw·Kvb D”P djbkxj Mg D™¢veb
K‡ib Ges 1970 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb|
M. fyÆv: Av‡gwiKvi weÁvbx G.H. Shull (1908) fyÆvi msKi Dw™¢`
m„wói gva¨‡g fyÆvi `vbv Drcv`‡b `viæYfv‡e mdj nb|
msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g av‡bi djb 3 ¸Y, fyÆvi djb 3.5 ¸Y, Avjyi djb 2 ¸Y
e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡

■ ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dbœqb: K‡ivjvi wZ³Zv nªvm |
■mgKvjxb cwic°Zv jvf: gyMWvj
■ cwic°Zv Kv‡ji cwieZ©bt Mªx®§Kvjxb U‡g‡Uv, wPwPOv cªf„wZ |
■Dw™¢` weeZ©b: Mg I ivB Gi msKivq‡b wUªwU‡mj D™¢veb|
■DbœZ Rv‡Zi dyj I AwK©W Drcv`bt †Mvjv‡ci nvBweªW-wU, †d¬vwievÛv, †gwi‡Mvì,
Mø&hvwWIjvm, iRbxMÜv BZ¨vw`| Avev`Kvj ■msw¶ßKiY: K„wÎg msKivq‡bi d‡j dm‡ji
Avev`Kvj 20-30 w`b ch©šÍ Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|
■cxob mnbkxj RvZ D™¢vebt jeYv³Zv mnbkxj we-47
Must To Remember :
‡ejwfUvb RvZxq ivmvqwbK c`v_© cÖ‡qvM K‡i K…wÎg Dcv‡q cvi‡_‡bv‡R‡bwmm
NUv‡bv m¤¢e|
cwic° nevi Av‡MB cy®ú †_‡K cys‡Kki †g‡i †djv ev mwi‡q †djv‡K ejv nq Bgv¯‹z‡jkb|
K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi mwVK µg: ¯^civMq‡b→ Bgv¯‹z‡jkb→ e¨vwMs → µwms|
AvšÍR©vwZK avb M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU wdwjcvB‡b Aew¯’Z|
GK‡Î me D‡jøL‡hvM¨ weÁvbx t
Norman Earnest Borlaug D”Pdbkxjb Mg D™¢ve‡`i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
G.H. Shull fzÆvi msKi Dw™¢` mw„ó‡Z mÿg nb|
Koelreuter me©cÖ_g msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` Dbœqb ïiæ K‡ib|
Winkler me©cÖ_g wb‡lKwenxb åæY Drcv`b cÖwµqv jÿ¨ K‡ib|
÷ªvmevM©vi me©cÖ_g Polygonum divaricatum Dw™¢‡` g‡bv‡¯úvwiK
cÖwµqvq åæY_wj MV‡bi eY©bv †`b|
bvIqvwmb Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡` wØwb‡lK Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|

GK‡Î me Aci bvgt

bvg Aci bvg bvg Aci bvg
Rbb wQ`ª ‡iYyiÜ8 Rvg©‡cvi wW¤^vYy GM / Ifvg/ Dwùqvi
‡m‡KÛvwi wdDkb mvnvh¨Kvix wmbviwRW/ mvnvh¨Kvix
wbDwK¬qvm wbDwK¬qvm wbDwK¬qvm †Kvl
wW¤^vYy hš¿ GM A¨vcv‡iUvm/ wb‡lK wµqv dvwU©jvB‡Rkb/ wb‡lK /
Mf©hš¿ Mf©aviY
weMZ eQ‡ii cªkœmg~n.....
1. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wb‡lK QvovB f&iæY m„wó nq? [M: 21-22]
A. Cytogenesis B. Apogamy C. Oogenesis D. Sporogenesis Ans: B
2. D”P djbkxj avb B-10 †Kvb c×wZ‡Z Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q? [D: 21-22]
A) K„wÎg µwms B) cv‡_©v‡R‡bwmm C) wUm¨y KvjPvi
D) K„wÎg ksKivqb Ans: D
3. wb‡l‡Ki d‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq bv? [M: 18-19]
A. exR B. RvB‡Mv‡¯úvi C. mm¨Kjv D. f&iæY
Ans: B
4. civM‡iYyi evB‡ii cyiæ, k³ I wKDwUbhy³ Z¡K‡K Kx e‡j? [M: 17-18]
A. B›UvBb B. G·vBb C. †iYyiܪ D. cwjwbqvg
Ans: B
5. DaŸ©gyLx wW¤^‡Ki D`vniY †KvbwU? [D: 17-18]
A. wkg B. †Qvjv C. mwilv D. cvb
Ans: D

[Link]‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^K wK‡m cwiYZ nq? [M: 17-18]

A. åæY B. exR C. dj D. †U÷v
Ans: B
7. P›`ªgwjøKv eskwe¯Ívi K‡i wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨? [M: 15-16]
A. cvZvi B. g~‡ji C. Aa©evqexq Kv‡Ði D. f~wbgœ¯’
Kv‡Ði Ans: C
9. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Dw™¢` cªRb‡bi me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ †KvbwU? [M:
14-15]
A. Mf©`Û B. wW¤^K bvwo C. wW¤^K i›`ª D. Rbb iÜ«z
Ans: D
10. Dw™¢‡` wW¤^‡Ki wb‡lK cieZ©x `kv †KvbwU? [M: 13-14]
A. dj B.åæY C. exR D. B›UviBb
Ans: C
11. wb‡gœi †KvbwU m&ÎxM¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui Ask bq? [M: 09-10]
A. cªwZcv` †Kvl B. civMbvwjKv C. Mf©hšÍ&ৰ D.
wW¤^vYy Ans: B
12. wb‡gœi †KvbwU ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq? [M: 09-10]
A. wW¤^vYy → exR B. Mf©vkq → dj C. wW¤^K bvjx←cø¨v‡m›Uv
D. G·vBb Ans: A

13. wb‡gœi †KvbwU wb‡lK wµqv Qvov Kg©¶g exR Drcv`b Kivi cªwµqv? [D:
08-09]
A. cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm B. A¨v‡cv‡¤úvwi C. A¨v‡cvM¨vwg D.
A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© Ans: D
14. ¯^vfvweK A½R cªRb‡bi D`vniY bq †KvbwU? [D: 05-06]
A. Avjy B. njy` C. Av`v D.
QÎvK Ans: D
15. †KvbwUi bZyb Dw™¢‡`i Rb¥ KvÐ †_‡K nq bv? [D: 04-05]
A. Av`v B. njy` C. Avjy D. wgwó
Avjy Ans: D
16. g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cªwµqvq f&iæY_wj MwVZ nq- [M: 02-03]
A. kZKiv 50 fvM Dw™¢‡` C. kZKiv 75 fvM Dw™¢‡`
B. kZKiv 25 fvM Dw™¢‡` D. kZKiv 20 fvM Dw™¢‡`
Ans: C
Home Practice....
1 . civMavbxi cªvPx‡ii me‡P‡q C. eK&ৰ gyLx D. Aa©gyLx
†fZ‡ii ¯Íi‡K Kx e‡j? 9. wb‡l‡Ki ci Mf©vkq Kx‡m cwiYZ
A. G‡Ûv‡_wmqvg C. B›UvBb nq?
B. ga¨ j¨v‡gjv D. U¨v‡cUvg A. åæY B. dj
[Link] wW¤^KgyLx e„w× C. exR D. exRZ¡K
wbqš¿‡Y †Kvb Avq‡bi f~wgKv 10. G‡Ûv¯úvg© wbt‡kl n‡q Drcbœ
Av‡Q? nq-
A. Cu ++
B. Zn ++
A. mm¨j exR B. Amm¨j exR
++
C. Cat+ D. Mg T C. Gwij D. wbD‡mjvm
3. ïµvYyi mv‡_ †MŠY 11. Aa©evqexq Kv‡Ði mvnv‡h¨
wbDwK¬qv‡mi wgjb‡K Kx e‡j? eskwe¯Ívi K‡i †KvbwU?
A. wÎwgjb B. wØwb‡lK A. _vbKywb B. Zywj C. Kvj‡gN D. evmK
C. wb‡lK D. msKivqb 12. kvLv Kjg c×wZ‡Z A½R Rbb nq
4. wKQy wKQy Dw™¢‡`i civM‡iYy †KvbwUi?
c„_K bv n‡q GKmv‡_ _v‡K | A. †Mvjvc B. iRbxMÜv
civM‡iYyi G we‡kl MVb‡K Kx e‡j? C. wkDjx D. Kvwgbx
A. U¨v‡cUvg B. cwjwbqvg 13. gyKy‡jv`Mg †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq
C. AvwK©‡¤úvwiqvg D. Rvg©‡cvi †KvbwU‡Z?
5. g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cªwµqvq KZ kZvsk A. e¨vK‡Uwiqv B. dvb©
Dw™¢‡` f&iæY_wj MwVZ nq? C. gm D. bMœexRx
A. 25 B. 50 14. `vev Kjg c×wZ‡Z cªRbb N‡U
C. 75 D. 90 †KvbwUi?
6. f&iæY_wji Ask bq †KvbwU? A. Av‡cj B. Rvgiæj
A. Mf©hš B. cªwZcv` C. wjPy D. ZigyR
†Kvl 15. civM bvwjKv wW¤^K g~j w`‡q
C. wW¤^Kiܪ D. †m‡KÛvix cª‡ek K‡i ev K¨vjv‡RvM¨vwgK
wbDwK¬qvm wb‡lK nq †KvbwU‡Z?
7. wb‡l‡Ki ci †KvbwU ex‡R cwiYZ A. Avg B. Rvg
nq? C. Kygov D. SvD
A. Mf©vkq B. †m‡KÛvwi 16. wb‡Pi †Kvb d‡j Gwij †`Lv hvq?
wbDwK¬qvm A. Avg B. Rvg
C. wW¤^K D. wW¤^vYy C. wjPy D. KuvVvj
8. mwilv †Kvb wW¤^‡Ki D`vniY? 17. †KvbwU‡Z cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm
A. A‡avgyLx B. cvk¦©gyLx cwijw¶Z nq?
A. gkv B. †gŠgvwQ 24. wb‡lK wµqv Qvov ïµvYy †_‡K
C. †ikg‡cvKv D. nvwZ f&iƒY e„w×i cªwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
18. †Rvov Kjg c×wZ‡Z †h Mv‡Q A. A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© C.
mvBqb †Rvov jvMv‡bv nq Zv‡K Kx A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi
ejv nq? B. A¨v‡cvM¨vwg D.
A. mvBqb B. gyKyj A¨v‡Ûªv‡R‡bwmm
C. ÷K D. kvLv 25. civM wemi‡Yi Av‡M dy‡ji
19. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢`wU g~j Øviv cys‡Kki AcmviY cªwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
esk e„w× K‡i? A. µwms B. e¨vwMs
A. cv_iKywP B. Wvwjqv C. †j‡ewjs D. Bgv¯‹y‡jkb
C. _vbKywb D. dwYgbmv [Link]‡lK e¨ZxZ wW¤^vYy †_‡K
20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g f&iæY m„wói cªwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i? A. A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© B.
A. cv_iKywP B. Av`v cv‡_©v‡bv‡R‡bwmm
C. KvK‡ivj D. cUj C. A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi D. A¨v‡cvM¨vwg
21. †KvbwU‡Z A¨v‡cvM¨vwg †`Lv hvq? 27. evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv cªwZôvb
A. Allium-G C. Taraxacum- †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?
B. Hieracium-G D. Orchis maculata-G [Link]‡`ecyi C. †b·KvYv
22. Awbwl³ n¨vcø‡qW wW¤^vYy B. fvjyKv D. jvKmvg
n‡Z f&iæY Drcbœ nIqv‡K Kx e‡j? 28. mvKv‡ii gva¨‡g cªRbb N‡U
A. n¨vcø‡qW cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm B. †Kvb Dw™¢‡`i?
wWcø‡qW cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm A. Av`v B. njy`
C. wmbM¨vwg D. wØwb‡lK C. Kjv D. IjDuPy
23. cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwm‡mi †¶‡Î 29. MwbwWqv m„wói gva¨‡g
m&Îx‡iYy gvZ„‡Kvl wefvwRZ nq A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i wb‡Pi
†Kvb cªwµqvq? †KvbwU?
A. gvB‡Uvwmm C. A. †mjvwR‡bjv C.
A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm jvB‡Kv‡cvwWqvg
B. gv‡qvwmm D. wØwefvRb B. wgDKi D. †cwbwmwjqvg

DËigvjv
1 D 2 C 3 A,B 4 B 5 C
6 C 7 C 8 C 9 B 10 B
11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 D
16 C 17 B 18 C 19 B 20 B
21 A 22 A 23 B 24 D 25 D
26 B 27 A 28 C 29 B