Networking - English Notes (Part 1: Pages 045-050)
Page 045 - Networking Basics & ARPANet History
- A network is when two or more computers are connected to exchange information.
- First network: ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
- History: Developed in the 1960s by DARP (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
- First connection: October 2, 1969. First use of email.
- NSF created NSFNET in 1970. BITNET and CSNET were developed.
- ARPANET retired in 1990.
- In India, internet started in 1986 with ERNet (Education and Research Network).
- Types of Networks: PAN (10m range).
Page 046 - LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN
- LAN: Local Area Network (100m range, max 1km, cables: Coaxial, Twisted Pair, WLAN).
- CAN: Campus/Cluster/Controller Area Network (range: 1km).
- MAN: Metropolitan Area Network (50km range).
- WAN: Wide Area Network (global coverage, Internet, GSWAN).
Page 047 - Network Topologies
- Bus: Single cable, failure affects all.
- Ring: Circular, token ring, failure breaks communication.
- Star: Hub-based, hub failure stops network.
- Mesh: High security, costly, formula n(n-1)/2 connections.
- Tree: Hierarchical star networks.
- Hybrid: Combination of topologies.
Page 048 - Topology Q&A
(Q&A content in English form).
Page 049 - Network Media (Wired)
- Types: Coaxial, Twisted Pair, Optical Fiber, Ethernet.
- Twisted Pair: RJ-11 (phones), RJ-45 (LAN), types: UTP, STP.
- Coaxial: Shielded copper, used in TV, CCTV, long distances, BNC connectors.
Page 050 - Network Media (Wireless)
- Optical Fiber: Plastic/glass, LED/laser, LAN/WAN, SC/ST connectors.
- Ethernet: LAN/MAN.
- Wireless: Infrared (short range), Radio Wave (AM/FM), Micro Wave (3-300 GHz), Satellite
Communication (C-band, KU-band, GPS, VSAT).