PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Module 5, Lecture 4
Types of Cement, Admixtures, Geopolymers (Part 2)
NIKHIL SABOO
CIVIL ENGINEERING
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WHAT ARE WE GOING TO LEARN?
• PRODUCTION OF CEMENT
• THEORY OF HYDRATION
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
• TYPES OF CEMENT
• POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
• GEOPOLYMERIC MATERIALS
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Other Admixtures
• Plasticizers
• Workability of concrete is a desirable property for easy production, placement and
compaction
• One easy method to improve workability is to increase the water content. This may
affect strength and durability
• Organic or inorganic substances which allow a reduction in water content for a given
workability or give higher workability at the same water content are termed a
plasticizing admixtures
• Anionic surfactants such as lignosulphonate, their modifications and derivatives
• Salts of sulphonate hydrocarbons
• Non ionic surfactants, such as polyglycol esters, acid of
hydroxylated carboxylic acids, their modifications and
derivatives
• Other products such as carbohydrates, etc.
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Other Admixtures
• Plasticizers
• Calcium, sodium and ammonium lignosulphonates are most used
• Use @ 0.1-0.4% by weight of cement. Upto 1% as per IRC 44
• 5-15% reduction in mixing water
• Slump increases from approximately 30 mm to 150 mm depending on several
parameters
• Mechanism: Gets adsorbed on the surface of cement particle, creates repulsive
forces and prevents flocculation. Thus entrapped air is available for facilitating
workability
• They may have a retarding effect as the sheath around
cement particles inhibits hydration. With time the
polymers gets entrapped in the hydration products and
the effect of plasticizer reduces
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Other Admixtures
• Superplasticizers
• Permits upto 30% reduction in water
• They have powerful dispersing
capability than plasticizers and are
also called as high range water
reducers
• Use of superplasticizers in
conjunction with SCMs can produced
high strength concrete (as high as
120 MPa at 0.25 w-c ratio)
• Various types of polymers can be
used for producing superplasticizers
• Used upto 2% by weight of cement.
Should be added after mixing
ingredients (after 3 minutes approx.)
MS Shetty
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Other Admixtures
• Air Entraining Admixtures
• Air entraining admixture refers to the admixture that entrains a large number of uniform,
stable and closed tiny bubbles in the process of mixing concrete
• They reduce segregation of concrete mixture, improve the workability, and also enhance
anti-freeze ability and durability of concrete
• Air entrainment will reduce concrete strength. As a general rule, a 1% increase in the
concrete air content will decrease the 28-day compressive strength by about 3 to 5%
• In cold weather climates, water within the concrete capillary pores will freeze and expand
when the temperature drops below freezing. The expansion of ice exerts pressure within
the hardened concrete and will cause cracking if the tensile strength of the concrete is
exceeded
• Entrained air voids spaced within the concrete provide a place for the freezing / expanding
water to move into, which relieves the pressure and thereby prevents cracking
• They are typically used in an amount of about 0.001–0.1 wt%, based on the weight of dry
cement. The size of bubbles created are about 0.01-1 mm
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Other Admixtures
• Air Entraining Admixtures
• Air-entraining admixtures are surface-active chemicals (surfactants) that consist of a water-
repelling chain (nonpolar hydrocarbon) with a water-attractive chain (anionic polar)
Wood-Derived Acid Salts Synthetic Resins
• Develop good bubble structures • Can be detergents, fatty acids,
• Used for more than 60 years gum resins, and tall oils
• Work well with low water- • Have been in the marketplace
cementitious mixtures. since the mid-1980’s
• Tend to lose air with time/haul • Can produce smaller bubbles
distance that are spaced closer together
• Due to supply issues, wood relative to bubbles formed by
rosins have replaced vinsol vinsol resins and wood rosins;
resins in most markets thus, offering greater durability
under freeze/thaw conditions
• Can lead to increased air
contents with delayed additions
of water
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Other Admixtures
• Retarders
• Used to delay the initial setting time of the concrete upto an hour
• They are generally used in the hot weather condition to counter the rapid hardening due to
high temperature, thus allowing the time for mixing, transporting and placing
• Adding a retarder, dissolved in the mixing water or sprayed on the surface of the concrete,
temporarily interrupts the hydration reactions, which creates a longer dormant period
• After a predictable period, the effects of the mechanisms disappear and the hydration
continues
• Possible mechanisms
• Retarders adsorbs on the surface of cement particles and thus hinders the movement of
water to unhydrated cement
• Retarding mixture is adsorbed by the surface of Ca(OH)2 nuclei and prevents its growth
• It increases the concentration of calcium and hydroxyl ions which delays formation of
Ca(OH)2
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Other Admixtures
• Retarders
• Types
• Organic: Lignosulphonates, Hydroxycarboxylic acids, and their salts
Phosphonates, Sugars
• Inorganic and Chemical Retarders: Phosphonates, Borates, Salts of Pb, Zn, Cu,
As, Sb
• Dosage: About 0.5% by weight of cementitious materials
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Alternate Cement: Geopolymeric cement Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments, Singh et al. 2015
• Use of Portland cement has increased the use of natural resources and leads to emission of CO2 gases
• Increase in demand of construction and concerning environmental issues have prompted researchers
and industries to look for alternate binding materials for construction
• Search for several alternatives such as alkali-activated cement, calcium sulphoaluminate cement,
magnesium oxy carbonate cement (carbon negative cement), supersulphated cement etc. are being
made
• Use of Geopolymer has recently attracted attention due to several advantages such as early
compressive strength, low permeability, good chemical resistance and excellent fire resistance behavior
• Geopolymer is an amorphous alkali aluminosilicate which is a type of inorganic polymer
• It consists of a repeating unit of sialate monomer (–Si–O–Al–O–)
• The source materials should be highly amorphous and possess sufficient reactive glassy content, low
water demand and be able to release aluminium easily
• The alkaline activators such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium silicate
(Na2SiO3) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3) are used to activate aluminosilicate materials
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[Link]
m/science/article/pii/S13598
36819315070
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Alternate Cement: Geopolymeric cement
• Geopolymers are synthesized by the reaction of a solid aluminosilicate powder with alkali
hydroxide/alkali silicate
• Polymerisation takes place when reactive aluminosilicates are rapidly dissolved and free [SiO4]− and
[AlO4]− tetrahedral units are released in solution. The tetrahedral units are alternatively linked to
polymeric precursor by sharing oxygen atom, thus forming polymeric Si–O–Al–O bonds
• Expelled water provides workability and is used in dissolution process
• Sources of Aluminosilicates: Flyash, GGBFS, Metakaolin, Rice Husk Ash, etc.
• Alkali Activators: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and
potassium silicate (K2SiO3) are incorporated in GPC for dissolving Al and Si oxides
• The most important factors affecting the properties of geopolymer paste are: SiO2/Al2O3 ratio,
R2O/Al2O3 ratio, SiO2/R2O ratio (R = Na+ or K+) and liquid–solid ratio
• Curing range: 40 °C to 85 °C for 24 hours
• Selection of molarity of NaOH and ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH is critical
• A standard mix design procedure is yet to be developed
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[Link]
e/pii/S0959652619345494#bib101
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Thank You
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