Classical Literary Criticism: Plato,
Aristotle, Horace, and Longinus
Criticism and Literary Studies Course
Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism
Definition and Scope
Classical literary criticism refers to the theoretical
frameworks developed in ancient Greece and Rome,
which laid the foundation for literary theory and
aesthetics. These early critics—Plato, Aristotle,
Horace, and Longinus—offered diverse perspectives
on literature's role in society. They established key
concepts that continue to shape modern critical
thought.
Historical Context
- Classical criticism sought to define literature’s
function, assess artistic merit, and establish normative
aesthetic principles.
- These critics engaged in debates
concerning mimesis (imitation), aesthetic
value, moral responsibility, and emotional impact.
Plato (427–347 BCE): Mimesis and the Moral
Imperative
Mimesis as Deception:
In The Republic, Plato argues that art is a
mere Mimesis (imitation) of the material
world, which itself is an imperfect reflection
of the ideal forms. Thus, literature distances
individuals from ultimate truth.
Moral and Political Critique:
Plato contends that poetry, particularly epic
and dramatic literature, has a potentially
corrupting influence on individuals, especially
the youth.
The Role of the Poet:
Poets are seen as irrational figures who
propagate illusions rather than knowledge.
As a result, Plato controversially suggests
their exclusion from his ideal state.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Poetics and the
Defense of Literature
Refinement of Mimesis:
Unlike Plato, Aristotle argues in Poetics, which
is a direct response to Plato’s condemnation of
poetry, that artistic imitation is not deceptive but
an essential means of understanding reality.
Humans learn through imitation, making poetry
an educational tool rather than a corrupting
influence.
Elements of Tragedy
Aristotle’s Poetics is primarily a study of
tragedy, which he defines as:
"An imitation of an action that is serious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude… through
pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of
these emotions."
Tragedy is composed of six key elements:
Plot (mythos) – The most important element, dealing with the structure of
events.
Character (ethos) – The moral character and development of figures in the
story.
Thought (dianoia) – The themes, arguments, and intellectual ideas
conveyed.
Diction (lexis) – The choice and style of language.
Melody (melos) – The use of music in dramatic compositions.
Spectacle (opsis) – The visual aspects of performance, the least important
element.
Catharsis: The Emotional Purification
- One of Aristotle’s most influential contributions is his concept of catharsis,
which describes the purging of emotions through engagement with tragedy.
- He argues that experiencing pity and fear through drama allows the audience
to achieve an emotional and psychological balance.
Aristotle’s Influence
- His ideas laid the groundwork for narrative theory, drama, and literary
criticism, influencing Renaissance and Neoclassical thought.
- His emphasis on structured storytelling and character
development remains central in literary and film studies today.
Horace (65–8 BCE): Ars Poetica and the Principles of
Literary Composition
The Didactic Function of Poetry:
Horace, a Roman poet and critic, asserts in Ars Poetica (The
Art of Poetry): that literature must both instruct (docere) and
delight (delectare).
Principle of Decorum:
- Horace stresses the importance of decorum, or the
appropriate relationship between subject matter, style, and
genre.
- Writers should match their tone and diction to the themes
they address.
- He advises poets to maintain unity in their works, ensuring
coherence in form and content.
Horace’s Influence:
- His ideas profoundly influenced Renaissance and
Neoclassical literature, particularly in dramatic
theory and poetic composition.
- The principle of decorum was foundational to French
Classicism and 18th-century aesthetic debates.
Longinus (1st Century CE?): The Sublime and
Aesthetic Experience
Concept of the Sublime: The Sublime is a mode of
writing that elevates the human spirit, surpassing
mere beauty. In On the Sublime, Longinus argues
that great literature transcends ordinary experience,
evoking awe and elevating the human spirit.
Sources of the Sublime:
• Grandeur of Thought: Profound ideas
elevate writing.
• Intense Emotion: Passionate expression
generates aesthetic power.
• Effective Use of Figures of Speech:
Rhetorical techniques enhance meaning.
• Noble Diction: Elevated language
contributes to sublimity.
• Harmonious Composition: Aesthetic
arrangement of words creates lasting impact.
Impact on Later Criticism:
Longinus’ ideas influenced Romantic aesthetics,
particularly theories of the sublime.
Comparison of Classical Literary Critics
Critic View on Mimesis Function of Key Contribution
Literature
Plato Imitation as Morally dangerous Ethical critique of
deception art
Aristotle Imitation as Provides catharsis Theory of tragedy
learning
Horace Blend of imitation Should instruct and Poetic decorum
and form entertain
Longinus Sublime transcends Elevates the human Aesthetic theory of
mere imitation soul the Sublime