TOPOWORD E.I.R.L.

ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

INDEX
INTRODUCTION

I. GENERALITIES...................................................................................................................... 4

II. LEVELING............................. 5

TOPOGRAPHIC LEVELING.................................................................................. 5

III. ELEMENTS OF A LEVELING….............................................................................. 7

a. ENGINEER LEVEL (EQUIPMENT)........................................................................ 7

b. TOPOGRAPHIC METER OR STADIA....................................................................................... 7

c. REAR VIEW L(+).................................................................................................................. 9

d. VIEW AHEAD(-).............................................................................................................. 9

e. HEIGHT OF THE INSTRUMENT......................................................................................... 10

IV. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY WITH ENGINEER'S LEVEL........................... 10

a. INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS.................................................................................... 10

b. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY.................................................................................. 13

V. CHECKING A GEOMETRIC LEVELING............................................ 17

a. VERIFICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION OF THE FIELD NOTEBOOK…. 17

b. CHECKING OF THE LEVELLING PROPERLY SAID....................................... 17

c. COMPENSATION OF ERRORS IN A LEVELING............................................... 18

d. ADJUSTMENT AND CORRECTION OF THE LEVEL................................................................................. 21

VI. STAGES OF A LEVELING.......................................................................................... 22

a. LAND RECOGNITION ................................................................................... 22

b. FIELD WORK.......................................................................................................... 22

[Link] WORK ………............................................................................. 23

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

VII. TEMPLATE...................................................................................................................... 25

a. TEMPLATE IN BUILDINGS............................................................................... 27

b. PATTERNING ON ROADS................................................................................... 42

c. TEMPLATE IN SANITATION WORKS............................................................ 58

d. TEMPLATE IN IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

e. TEMPLATE ON PAVEMENTS................................................................................... 78
f. EARTH MOVEMENT.................................................................................................. 84

VIII. APPLICATION EXERCISES........................................................................................ 92

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................... 94

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................ 95
 TOPOWORD E.I.R.L.
ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

INTRODUCTION
In topography, control points are established: polygons, baseline lines, etc. The
Topographic surveys and maps provide information about location.
horizontal and about the altitudes, necessary for designing structures such as buildings, channels,
roads, bridges, etc.
With the needs and demands of construction companies and our students,
I prepare this ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO WORKS OF
ENGINEERING; since it is of utmost importance in engineering work, and
construction, will help us for horizontal and vertical works, with it
we can take elevations from two points, we can calculate the distance, we can also carry
pending, both in roads, canals, sanitation works or we can also carry out
earthworks for dams, reservoirs, etc.
The level of engineer is very necessary for use in any type of work related to the
construction, for that reason we present this manual, which is aimed at students,
professionals and the general public linked to construction.
Therefore, we must be clear that the topographic study is extremely important in the
engineering, in our case when we work at the level of an engineer, we can carry out a
topographic survey and its subsequent graphic representation of the terrain.
If we meet during the execution of a project, whether it is for sanitation works,
We need to pave or build roads correctly to facilitate all this work.
We present a template chart that will be very helpful during execution.
and inspection of the work to be carried out.

It is an honor to capture all that I have learned during my fieldwork, to take on the challenge and
empower at the same time to provide training, solving doubts and concerns and the most
important perfecting in this area of managing the level of engineer to all my
colleagues and students who motivate me every day to keep progressing to improve quality
of teaching.
This document contains important aspects of the exclusive use of the level of
engineer in engineering works, these topics range from the recognition of the
parts and elements that make it up for a work at the engineer level.
You will find everything from simple leveling to double station leveling, reading
from the view, calculations and adjustments made before the start of fieldwork, find
unevenness, slopes, and leveling verification.
It also shows us the process and stages of a topographic survey and its respective
profile representation, so that you can correctly carry out your work.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Once you have all this knowledge, you can continue with the topics of templating, which is about
it is of great importance when you are involved in the execution of any type of work, for that
you will be able to see step by step the templates in: building, roads, sanitation works,
irrigation canal, earthworks; at the end we have application exercises for
that you can improve what you have learned. We also provide you with job recommendations.
Therefore, the objective of this manual is to understand leveling, to carry out a
topographic survey correctly and finally template the different works of
various sizes.
Hoping to clear all doubts in the area of leveling, we wish to be part of
each one of you, and thus correctly carry out the work related to this topic, in the
different works from our country.
Thank my parents, siblings, engineers, who were the accomplices to continue
contributing knowledge in the field of engineering to our country.

I. GENERALITIES
The topographic leveling; which belongs to a part of the topography that is altimetry,
and has its application in different engineering projects. It is of utmost importance in the
world of construction of different jobs that belong to the field of engineering.

DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

To work in the field of surveying, it is necessary to define the following terms:
❖ To raise
It is the set of operations to determine the position of points on the ground and
subsequently draw them on a plan for their study and project.
❖ Reframe:
It is the operation of marking the lines and slopes of a project on the ground.

❖ Coordinates:
They are the lines or angles that allow determining the position of a point in the plane or in the
space. The axes or planes to which these refer are also called coordinates.
lines.
❖ Quota:
It is the height of a point with respect to a reference plane.
When this reference plane is sea level, the elevation is called absolute elevation.
those not referred to sea level are called relative heights.
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ENGINEER'S LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

❖ B.M:
(Bench Mark) is a more or less fixed point that has elevation and coordinates, but
B.M. is generally called the level reference.
❖ S.M:
(Station Mark) is a point whose two coordinates are known.

❖ Date:
It is the reference plane from which the elevations are measured.

❖ Level:
It is a precision device used to measure or determine the elevations or heights of a
point on the ground, is made up of lenses and reticle.
❖
Graduated rule of 4 m. that is used to determine distances by tachymetry, also it
use it for leveling readings.

II. LEVELING
It is called leveling with an engineer's level or equialtimeter, the determination of the altitude of
a point relative to a horizontal reference plane. It is the procedure we use in
field to determine the height difference or elevation between two or more points over the
natural land.

Table 1. Limits of the planimetric topographic field

direct leveling

GEOMETRIC LEVELING TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING

INDIRECT LEVELING

method to determine the elevation difference between two points. In this manual we will use this
method. method where the theodolite and the sight are used; today it is used with
total station. method where the barometer is used, taking advantage of the particularity of the
variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude.

Figure 1. Simple geometric leveling

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

Figure 2. Trigonometric leveling.

SIMPLE

TYPE OF GEOMETRIC LEVELING

RECIPROCAL

COMPOSITE LEVELING

It helps us find the elevation of one or more points but only with one station means without
move the equipment. It is used when it is impossible to place the equipment in a location.
intermediate between two sights. it is used when we have many obstacles and it is necessary
many changes of season

Figure 3. Composite geometric leveling.

III. ELEMENTS OF A LEVELING

[Link] level (Equal altimeter)

It is a topographic instrument, whose purpose is to obtain horizontal plans;

thus allowing us to know the difference in height between two points; it also helps us to
to wear defined earrings.

b. Topographic view or stay

It is a ruler graduated in centimeters grouped in 5 cm increments and marked.

from 10cm to 10cm, which has a length of 4m.
Correct reading of the topographic sight.

In the image we were able to visualize, it shows us the correct reading of the topographic sight.
What happened, greater dominance? We just need a bit of practice in the field.
VISUALIZATION OF THE THREADS

NOTE: when working at the engineer level, we should only read the medium thread.

c. View back L(+)

It is the reading of the sight at the known elevation point.

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

Figure 4. View back.

d. View forward L(-)

It is the reading of the sight corresponding to the point of the unknown elevation, and for
determining the backward view is carried out by performing the following operation.

(−) = −

Figure 5. Forward View

e. Height of the instrument:

It is the length at which the engineer's level is found in the natural terrain, which must be
calculated in the field, and at each change of season.

= (+) +

NOTE: If I want to know one or more LIMITS, I will just have to do the following
way = − (−) We will also only do the calculation for the Forward view.
next mathematical operation (−) = −

IV. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY WITH ENGINEER'S LEVEL

A. INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS

❖ Engineer level:

To start a topographic survey with an engineer's level, we must have:

Figure 6. Engineer Level

❖ Topographic map:
It is used to determine the readings of the terrain relief to be leveled. Reading of the target.
Topographic Through it we can determine a distance for this we will do the following
operation.

D=(hs-hi)x 100

To be able to have more precision in the readings, take into account very short distances.
long. Since the greater distance we have, the greater the reading error will be. And we recommend it.
If you are at a distance where you can see 4m in height; make a change of station.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
To have less error in the readings.

NOTE. For our case, we will only have to correctly read the middle thread.

❖ GPS:
used to mark a BM and start a lifting.

Figure 7. Marking of Bm.

❖ Field notebook:

Used for the respective notes in the field, the way to record a survey.
topographic is the following

L(+)

DISTANCE

Table 2. Way of noting in the field notebook.

Below we present an example of how to have our notes in the field.

❖ Measuring tape (Tape measure)

Used to measure total and partial distances of a horizontal alignment, whether that is the case.
on the road.

We have to take the following into consideration:

Table 3. Errors of the measuring tape.

❖ Tape measure
used for short distances.
❖ Stakes:
used to mark progressions, it can also serve as a template for any point in the
case of buildings.
❖ Painting:
Used to mark the BMs and the reference points according to the project's requirements in
that we are carrying out.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

❖ Gypsum:
used to mark the land, in cases of construction and sanitation works or any
type of project in execution.
❖ Flat stone:
It is generally used when laying out any type of work, serving as a reference point.
What help to carry out the required project tasks.

B. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

to be able to carry out a topographic survey with an engineer's level it is necessary to have
take into account the steps and procedures to be followed to do it correctly.

ENGINEER LEVEL PARKING

1.- Once you have the tripod in hand, loosen the tripod screws and extend the legs.
make it equidistant, then firmly fix one of the legs, we must ensure that
the platform is level with simple inspection.
2.- Install the equipment on the tripod platform with the help of the securing screw.
3.- Approximately center the spherical level with the help of the tripod legs.
4.- The centering of the spherical level is completed with the help of the leveling screws.

Once that step is done, the level is ready to carry out any fieldwork.
It is important to practice parking and to do it in less time since that helps us
will help to carry out the fieldwork in less time.

BM MARKING
As we already mentioned the definition of the BM, when starting with a lift
topographic with engineering level and we want to carry out the terrain profile it will be very
It is important to start from a known benchmark or an already established BM. And if we cannot mark it
a starting point with the help of a GPS navigator. Depending on the project's case in
may we meet.

Figure 8. How to establish a Bm at a given point.

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTANCE

In order to level a section of linear works, it is always necessary to measure the
progressive ones where there will be changes in slopes, for this measurement will always be necessary.
corresponding to every 5m, 10m, 20m as required by the project.

Figure 9. Measurement of distance between progressives.

CALCULATION OF THE SLOPE

In a linear works survey, we always have to maintain a slope.
determined by the project we are in, for this it is necessary to know how
calculate the slope of a land. The slope is calculated as follows:

=∆ ∗ 100%

NOTE:
The unit slopes are used in the channels. (s=0.001)
The slopes in % are used on roads. (p=2%)
the gradients in %o in sewers and urban developments. (p=3 %o)
When the slope rises, the sign (+) is placed before it, and when the slope falls, it is placed
prefix the sign (-) according to the increasing sense of the progressive

Calculation of the elevation difference knowing two levels is done as follows:

Figure 10.
Establishing the elevation difference between two points.

Example 01.
Given the points on the ground, calculate the slope of the line that connects them.

✓ To do this, we proceed to calculate the slope with the help of our formula previously.
mentioned.

We can also find the difference in both heights, for that we just need to subtract.
both quotas. −

[Link] OF A GEOMETRIC LEVELLING

a. CHECKING THE MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION OF THE FIELD NOTEBOOK
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Once we have completed our fieldwork, we must check if the work is correct, in order to
Hello, we need to perform the following mathematical operation.

Σ (+) − Σ (−) = −

POINT A 1 2 3 B sum

L(+) 2.54 0.56 1.44 2.56

AI 102,54 101,68 100,59 102,61

7,10

L(-) 1.42 2.53 0.54 1.82 6.31

COTA 100,00 101,12 99,15 100,05 100,79

Table 4. Verification of the field notebook

••

Difference of quotas: 100.79 - 100.00 = 0.79 Applying the formula: Σ (+) − Σ (−) =
− Σ (7,10) - Σ (-6.31) = 100.79 - 100.00 , = ,

In the following table, we note that the difference between the readings and the limits is fulfilled.
This tells us that we are working correctly.

NOTE: It is very important to carry out this check while we are working on site to
determine if we are working well.

b. PROPER LEVELING CHECK

There are two ways

I. When only one limit is known It is used in order to know different limits.
starting from a known one. To verify with this form it is necessary to carry out a
leveling both for going and returning. Where we will find our closing error and if
we are correct it must comply that the closing error must be less than the error
maximum permissible.

= −

Therefore, the maximum tolerable error will be equal:

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

= ±0.02√ distance in kilometers

NOTE. If the following inequality is met, we will consider our leveling acceptable.
<

II. When two bounds are known

The goal is to determine the altimetric configuration of the terrain; once our knowledge is established
start and end elevation, only a one-way leveling will be done theoretically the final elevation
the calculated value must be equal to the known final limit, in reality there is always a difference
which is referred to as altimetric closure error.

c. ERROR COMPENSATION IN A LEVELING

The closing error compensation is done by distributing that error across all the bounds of
the intermediate points. BASED ON THE NUMBER OF STATIONS OF
INSTRUMENT

WHERE: CCi= compensation of the initial quota Ec= closing error Ne= Number of
stations

BASED ON THE DISTANCE TRAVELED

= DONDE: CCi= compensación de la cota inicial Ec=error de cierre L= Distancia total

Accumulated distance

IN SUMMARY. We will present a field application example in order to carry out everything.
the verification process correctly.

EXAMPLE

PTO A 1 2 3 B 1 2 3 A 1.

POSITION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

COTAS 100 98.594 97.211 95.809 94.527 95.951 97.351 98.703 99.996

CC
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
COMPENSATED COTA

Calculating the closing error

= − 99.996-100.00
tolerable maximum = 0.02√0.837=0.018 NOTE. In ordinary leveling, strictly
for roads, the maximum tolerable error is found with the following = ±0.02√ but yes
We need precise leveling for cadastral maps; the visuals can be...
up to 100m and is found with the following equation = ±0.01√ 3.

Checking Ec with Emax

< Ec=0.004 Emax=0.018 Then we can say that we are in the

correct.

4. Compensating

= ∗

In order to carry out the compensation, we need to have an important piece of information, which is the error.
the closing in our case is 0.004. We will find the compensated limits for each position
thinking the from the selection 0 to position 8 in the following way.

0= 1=

0.004∗0=0 8

0.004∗ 1 = 0.0005 8

2=

0.004∗ 2 = 0.0018

Similarly, up to position 8 and we complete our table.

compensated quotas = quotas + cc

PTO A 1 2 3 B 1 2 3 A

POSICION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

COTAS 100 98.594 97.211 95.809 94.527 95.951 97.351 98.703 99.996
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
CC 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004

COTA COMPENSADA 100 98.5945 97.212 95.8105 94.529 95.9535 97.354 98.7065 100

And when it comes to distances, we will only use the following equation, taking into account
our closing error.

= ∗

= 0.004∗0=0 837

1 = 0.004∗ 837

93.4 = 0.0004

And so on, we realize that as a constant we fear the EC and the distance.
total in M. And then we will fill in our chart to reach the same conclusion where
our starting elevation will be equal to our final elevation.

d. ADJUSTMENT AND CORRECTION OF THE LEVEL

We must keep in mind when working in the field that our equipment is functioning.
Well, before carrying out our assigned work, it therefore needs to be verified and
corrected.➢ ➢ ➢

The axis of the tubular level must be perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument. The thread
The horizontal of the reticle and the vertical axis must be perpendicular. Parallelism between the axis of
collimation of the telescope and the axis of the tubular level. STEP

DESCRIPTION

NOTE. Apply this method when we are on-site before starting with our
work.

VI. STAGES OF A LEVELING

a. LAND RECOGNITION

The inspection of the work area is carried out if it is accessible to park our
engineer level and does not pose a danger to the surveyor or the level holder.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Figure 12. Recognition of the natural terrain of the project.

b. FIELD WORK

The different types of work done depend on the project we are in.
we find, in our case when we work with our engineer level it is always
indispensable our field notebook where we will note the important aspects of
our work depending on the context.

Figure 13. Topographic work

In the field, when we want to see the profile of our land with our survey.
we will carry out the topographic in the following way.

with the purpose of obtaining the elevation of ground points for the development of a profile
longitudinal.

LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

It is the intersection of the land with a vertical plane that contains the entire axis of the road;
and shows us the shape of the terrain along the axis, representing its heights at each
progressive. Whose profile we will carry out in our field notebook to see our correctness
data collection.

c. OFFICE WORK

They are the different calculations and adjustments made according to the field notebook, in our
We can create the profile of a terrain if we are in a leveling of linear works.
For this we will have to use the software AUTOCAD CIVIL3. Always so that we can provide ourselves
count if we are making a correct profile of the land, we have to check if we are
coinciding with the relief that we lifted in the field, or if we have a contour map
At the level, we need to verify to perform correctly.

Figure 14.
Preparation of the terrain profile in AUTOCAD CIVIL 3D

VII. LAYOUT
The process of establishing leveling points in the field, whether of concrete or stone, is called leveling.
stake. That helps us to properly carry the required slopes or also for the
verification of unevenness in vertical works.
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

Figure 15. placement of a template.

For the different types of works where it is necessary to template, we must perform the following
box in our field notebook so that we can work correctly.

[Link](+) slope to read [Link](-) Bound [Link].

When the slope goes up, the sign (+) is placed before it, and when the slope goes down, it is
place the sign (-) according to the increasing sense of the progressive

Example application. When we template, it is always necessary to start from a known level and
thus correctly carrying the slopes according to the project to be carried out.

p [Link](+) slope

A123456

3.25

2% 3% read [Link](-) Slot distance.

2500 3.25+0.02(10) = 3.450 3.450+0.02(10) = 3.650 3.650+0.02(10) = 3.850

3.850+0.03(5)=4.000 4.000+0.03(5)=4.150 4.150+0.03(2)=4.210 Table 5. Box for
stamping

10 10 10 5 5 2

For practice, when we use this important format, we can break it down as follows
way to find our views ahead at each partial distance.✓ Putting a
constant to the product of the slope and the partial distance, this will not help to fill.
our field notebook when we have the same partial distances as we note in
our table that is why this step is important. = ∗ = 0.02∗ 10 =
. ✓ Then we will simply add or subtract depending on whether we go up or down, to
our reading behind is constant and that is the reading I have to look for at 10m.
= (+)±k✓ In our case, we will sum: 1 = 3.250 + 0.2 = 3.450 2=
3.450 + 0.2 = 3.650 3 = 3.650 + 0.2 = 3.850 4 = 3.850 + 0.2 = 4.000 And so
we will fill our table in our field notebook NOTE. From the following formula
= (+)±k we will add when we go down a slope, we will subtract when we go up
a slope.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

Observation. - This same table is used to outline the different horizontal works that
They require carrying out works such as roads, sanitation works, pavements, channels.

a. TEMPLATE IN BUILDINGS

Figure 16. Template in buildings

To level the land, we need to have a point with a known elevation, that is, a benchmark (BM) that...
find near the area under study. For this we moved a known BM or from the IGN to
the place of the work, we build or monument our own BM and give it the level
corresponding.

Figure 17. Monumenting MBs

Figure 18. Length of the land Depending on the dimensions of the land, we can
relocate more than one BM and place them in strategic locations where they will not be moved.

We can work with the actual dimensions or we can adjust to the dimensions of the plans.
references that facilitate the calculation of the elevations, and in this way locate in a fixed place
(painted or monumented) the zero level of the work; for example, on a nearby pole, the
We can obtain the reference from a nearby mailbox or from the sidewalk level if it is already there.
finished, something that indicates on the plan.

In the following image, we detail practically how to carry out this type of
work.

Level the ground to -1.40 m

Figure 19. land to be leveled.

NOTE. For this we will take a step back, placing the base of the sight at the height of
level zero, and then we can create several views ahead to know how much is needed to level out
the land.

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ENGINEERING

Figure 19. Land layout

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
POINTS

BACK

base 1 2 3 4 5

0.273

HI

GO AHEAD

COTAS

0.000 -1.400 -1.400 -1.400 -1.400 -1.400 Table 6. Chart for templating

Having the base with height 00 and the view back on it, we can calculate how much it should be
view ahead at any point so that the ground level is at -1.40 m

FORWARD

POINTS

BACK

HI

base

0.273

0.273

QUOTAS

(-)

0.000

1.673
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
-1.400

1.673

-1.400

1.673

-1.400

1.673

-1.400

1.673

-1.400

Table 7. Template layout table

This means that wherever I place the aim I must observe 1.673; if it is observed
a greater measurement means that the sight must rise until it reaches the required measurement; if
a lower measurement is observed meaning that the sight must be adjusted down until it reaches 1.673.

Figure 20. Land layout.

IMPORTANT. Let us remember that the views should be 1,673. We analyze point 1.
observe the measure 1.705 and we know that 1.673 is below, so we have
to raise the sight to reach 1.673. To know how much to raise the sight we will subtract
1.705 - 1.673 = 0.032 This means we must raise the sight by 0.032 m; we place a
base below the sight to raise it approximately that measurement; if we raise it more or
less, we will verify it with the level by following the same steps, in the same way the
analysis will be done for the remaining positions.❖

TRENCH EXCAVATION TEMPLATES

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ENGINEER'S LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
With the land already leveled, the trench excavation can be done quite
precision according to the depths or levels indicated in the plans.

Figure 21.
template for trench excavation. Levelled ground = - 1.40 Excavation depth for the
Foundation - 2.45 m This means that it is necessary to excavate - 1.40 - (- 2.45) = 1.05 m First
the axes of the plane are marked on the ground, this can be done with a theodolite or a station
total; having the axes, the edges of the foundation are marked and then it is carried out
excavation of the trenches, which can be done by hand or with machinery.

Figure 22. trench excavation.

Having the approximate excavation, the same templating process is carried out as in the
leveling the ground. We take a look back, placing the base of the sight at the height
from level zero, and then we can take several views ahead to know how much is left to
level the foundation bottom.

Figure 23. Layout in constructions.

POINTS

BACK

HI

base

0.258

0.258

to cement

FORWARD

QUOTAS

(-)

0.000
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
2.708

-2.450

Table 8. Chart for layout

NOTE. We add the zero level with the view back and obtain the height of the equipment, to this we
we subtract the height of the foundation and the result is the measurement we need to see
in the sights.

We analyze point 1. Measure 2.671 is observed, and we know that 2.708 is located below.
Up, then we have to lower our gaze until we reach 2.671. To know how much to lower it
Look, we will subtract 2.708 - 2.671 = 0.037. This means we need to lower the sight by 0.037 m.
we dug a little and placed a base underneath the sight to lower it
approximately that measurement; if we go lower or higher, we will verify it with the level
taking the same steps. After verifying the excavation level in the places
Necessary steps are taken to refine this excavation guided by the placed templates.❖

TEMPLATES FOR FOUNDATIONS EMPTYING

Having the trenches ready and compacted, with the rebar placed and the formwork if they are
necessary in some cases; it is necessary to place guides for the concrete pouring, since
This is controlled by volumes, and we cannot exceed the emptying levels.
We can observe and calculate the level of the foundation; the finished floor level is -1.25;
the false floor level is at -1.30 and the foundation level is 0.15 m higher
-1.30 - 0.15 = -1.45 m

-1.45m

Figure [Link] for foundation.

Knowing the pouring level makes it easy to place the levels, signs, or marks on the
excavations of the trenches. For this we perform the known leveling, making a
looking back and knowing the level of the emptying to know how much we should see on the ruler.
We know that the emptying level is -1.45 m, for example if we have the following
observations.

Figure 25. template for foundations.

POINTS

BACK
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
HI

GO AHEAD

COTAS

base

0.261

0.261

(-)

0.000

2.711

-2.450

emptying

Table 9. Template Layout Chart

With these calculations we know that the measurement in the sight must be 2.711 m, if we observe.
the more we raise the rule and if we observe less we will lower the rule.✓

We analyze the first rule where the measurement is 2.688 m

The measurement 2.688 is observed and we know that 2.711 is above it, so we have
to lower the target until reaching 2.688. To know how much to lower the target, we will subtract 2.711 -
2.688 = 0.023 This means we need to lower our aim by 0.023 m; we lower a little and
we put a nail or a mark; if we go down more or less, we will check it with the
level performing the same steps.

Figure 26. Template for foundation

Figure 27. placement of nails or metal rods.

NOTE. These marks or nails can be placed every 2m approximately to be able to

level the concrete in the pouring and we can place a string or mark the sides of the
trench cut. The same criterion will be used for the following steps.
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TEMPLATES FOR OVERLAY EMPTYING

Having the foundation set and the formworks ready for the superstructures, it is
It is necessary to place guides for the concrete pouring, as this is controlled by
volumes and we cannot exceed the draining levels.

We can observe and calculate the level of overfilling; the finished floor level is -1.25
and the level of the ground rises 0.30 m higher, that is: -1.25 + 0.30 = -0.95
m

Figure 28. template for overhangs.

Knowing the level of the emptying makes it easy to place the levels, signs, or marks in the
encryption for the overshoot. For this, we carry out the leveling already known, making
a look back and knowing the level of the emptying to know how much we must see on the rule.
We know that the drainage level is -0.95 m, for example if we have the following
observations.

Figure 28. template for emptying the foundation

POINTS

BACK

HI

FORWARD

COTAS

base

0.275

0.275

(-)

0.000

1.225

-0.950
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emptied

Table 10. Template layout table

With these calculations, we know that the measurement in the sight must be 1.225 m, if we observe
the more we raise the rule and if we observe less we will lower the rule.✓

We analyze the rule where the measurement is 1.192 m

The measurement of 1.192 is observed and we know that 1.225 is above it, so we have
to lower the aim until reaching 1.192 m. To know how much to lower the aim we will subtract 1.225 -
1.192 = 0.033 This means we must lower our aim 0.033 m; we lower it a bit and
we put a nail or a mark; if we lower more or less, we will verify it with the
level by following the same steps. These marks or nails can be placed every 2m
approximately in order to level the concrete in the pouring and we can place a string
to mark the sides of the trench cut.

Figure 29. Template for the emptying of the foundation

Figure 30. template for hollowing out the foundation

Figure 31. nails and the cord ready for pouring.

OF ENGINEERING

TEMPLATES FOR WALLS, SLABS, COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND FLOORS

LIGHTENED

For the vertical elements and the beams, a mark made with a chalk line is used instead of
templates; it is advisable for this brand to be in the same element as the one being
building to constantly verify the level.

Reference level

Figure 32. Template on walls and columns.

The level or height of this mark depends a lot on the surveyor; some use it as
reference the level of the finished floor and from there make a mark at one meter high;
In our case, remember that the finished floor level is at -1.25; this means that if
we place the mark with a line strip one meter from the NPT, this will be at a level of -0.25 m and
it won't be very comfortable to control the finished levels of the walls, the columns, and the
tiles.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

We can conclude that a preferred level in our case is level zero, which is
find at 1.25 m from the NPT, and from there it will be much easier to control the levels
superior.

Then we will mark in two places on some wall or column, the respective levels for
to have them as a reference, in our case we will mark the zero level by looking back at
our reference level marked on the post initially.

Figure 33. Layout on walls and columns. In this case, it is not necessary to make a frame.
of calculation, at this level we must easily understand that if at our reference brand
what is level zero, an average of 0.316 is observed on the scale, we need to observe the
same measure in the front views and thus the base of the rule would be showing us the level
zero, this base has to be marked with chalk or some marker so that it can be marked later
with a line ruler. With this mark we can control the levels of the following elements
in this floor, for example, if the level of the lightweight slab or ceiling is at 1.50 m this
it means that we only measure 1.50 m from the zero level mark with a tape measure and
we will know the level of the lightweight slab.
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE SURVEYOR AT WORK
BUILDINGS
FORM OF LEAVING TEMPLATES DURING EXCAVATION

Figure 34.

IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING

Figure 35.

b. TEMPLATE ON ROADS

Figure 36. View of a Road.

Placement of BM's on the road

The BM's on the road are of vital importance for the vertical control of the points. These
BM's on the road are placed or marked every 500 meters of progress, that is:
progresiva 00+000, progresiva 00+500, progresiva 01+000, progresiva 01+500, progresiva
02+000, etc.

Figure 37.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Placement of BMs For this, we first have to take the elevation of a known BM to the
start of our road under study. Normally, data is purchased from a BM in the
IGN, this point must be as close as possible to our study area. After
By knowing the elevation of BM-1, we can obtain the elevations of all the BMs on the road.
carrying out the respective leveling.

Figure 38. Placement of BMs❖

LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF THE ROAD

For leveling the profile, stakes are placed every 10 or 20 meters as needed.
level of study of the road. The leveling of these stakes will be controlled between BM and
BM previously leveled differentially. In this way, we have a starting point and
a finishing line.
EXAMPLE
The leveling will be done with a base point (in our case point A) and many points
intermediaries as required by the study (in our example every 50 m) all, parked
in the same place up to the suggested distances for adequate vision, then it will go
changing stations and the same work will continue until reaching the next base point
(point B) for its respective control.

Table 11.
Road leveling chart A data table taken in the field is shown as
it is observed, the starting and arrival elevations are known; points A and B are
representing two continuous BM's of a road and the point PC1 is a change point
due to the visual reach of the level. Known data: Elevation of A = 100 Elevation of B = 104.98

Calculated data: Elevation of B = 104.977

Table 12.
Road leveling chart = −

Ec = leveling error 104.98 - 104.977 = 0.003 We must consider that there is a

tolerance (T) to accept this error➢

From our example, the leveling error is.

Ec = 104.980 - 104.977 = 0.003➢

Then, according to the progressives, we have a distance of 385m.

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

L= 385 m = 0.385 km = 0.02∗ 0.621 .

NOTE. If the following inequality is met, we will say that this is correct in our case if it
Therefore, it meets the leveling is correct. Ec < Emax.

➢ Error compensation.

Based on the distance traveled. =

Where: Cci: compensation of point i Ec: closing error L: total distance of the route
Progressive: Accumulated distance From our example, we continue

(50) =

0.003∗ 50 = 0.0004 385

(100) =

0.003∗ 100 = 0.0008 385

(150) =

0.003∗ 150 = 0.0012 385

(200) =

0.003∗ 200 = 0.0016 385

(250) =

0.003∗ 250 = 0.0019 385

(300) =

0.003∗ 300 = 0.0023 385

(350) =

0.003∗ 350 = 0.0027 385

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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
(385) =

0.003∗ 385 = 0.003 385

From the level calculation table, we separate the progressions and their respective levels; to this we
We add the obtained compensations and we will have the compensated quotas.

Table 13. Contribution compensation table.

In this way, we can obtain the longitudinal profile of the route AB; by writing the
progressive on the X axis and the levels on the Y axis.

NOTE. The scales of a longitudinal profile have a 10 times exaggeration in the

vertical

Figure 39. Longitudinal profile

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY WITH LEVEL (METHOD OF

SECTIONING

SECTION OF THE ROAD

A section on the road is the intersection of the terrain with a vertical plane perpendicular.
to the longitudinal axis; this vertical plane intersects the road axis at the progressives
known; 00+020, 00+040, 00+060, etc. That is, every 20 meters on tangent and every 10
meters in curves.

Figure 40. Section of the Road.

These sections will help us design the typical road section and thus obtain
the cuts and fills in each of these sections. Having the areas of cuts and fills
we can also obtain the cut and fill volumes in the earth movement of the
project.

Figure 41.
Road Section. Since we know the elevations of all our points
progressive, we can find the section of the land based on the leveling, trying to
draw an imaginary line perpendicular to the axis at each progressive point. This consists of
identify the changes in slope along the section's course and determine at what distance
it is located off the road axis and what is its height.
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Figure 42.
Road Section. We find this level by looking back along the axis of the
road since we know its height and then views ahead at each break in the terrain or
slope change.

Figure 43.. Section of the Road.

Table 14. Filling table data in the field we can observe that
knowing the elevations of the progressives of the axis, we can know the elevations of the points
located at certain distances from the axis.

In the example:

C i = C axis + V back - V forward

The elevation of point i1 located 3.4 m from the axis is: Ci1 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 1.33 = 100.27

The elevation of point i2 located 7.45m from the axis is: Ci2 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 1.77 = 99.83

The elevation of point i3 located 12.35m from the axis is: Ci3 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 3.45 = 98.15

The elevation of point d1 located 3.6m from the axis is: Cd1 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 1.42 = 100.18

The elevation of point d1 located 3.6m from the axis is: Cd2 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 1.87 = 99.73

The elevation of point d1 located 3.6m from the axis is: Cd3 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 1.35 = 100.25 The elevation
From point d1 located 3.6m from the axis: Cd4 = 100.15 + 1.45 - 0.05 = 101.55

Table 15. Staffing Chart

With this data we can draw the section at the progression 00+020. These sections
They can be drawn manually or in AutoCAD or in ADC (a program specially
designed to process this type of information

Figure 44. Road Section. The same ones we would obtain from Civil 3D with a
topographic survey with total station

Figure 45. Section of the Road

MOLDING FOR THE AXIS, EDGES, AND SLOPES

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
After processing the information and designing the road both horizontally
As for vertical, the marking out of the same is carried out. First, the marking out is done.
horizontal with a total station, placing the progressions of the axis along the entire road;
then having the location of these progressives we can carry out the vertical layout that
it consists of giving the corresponding elevation to these progressions.

Figure 46. Layout for the axis and edge of the road.

For this rethinking, we will use the BMs established from the beginning of the study.

Figure 47. Template for the axis and edge of the road.

These quotas correspond to those given by the designer in each section, considering the
pumping, the camber and the slope. In each case, the elevation of the axis or the edges can be seen in the
design sections of the subgrade.

Figure 48. Template for the axis and edge of the Road.✓

We will carry out the reestablishment of the axis and the edges of section 00+020.

For this, we will see what data we have: BM-1 elevation = 100.00 axis elevation in the
100.15
100.20 and we will analyze it with the following table

Table 16. Staging Table For our example. POINTS BM-1 00+020

DESIGN

BACK

HI

FORWARD

COTAS 100.00

AXIS

100.27

BI

100.20
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

BD

100.20

Table 17. Staffing chart Now we will take a look back at the BM-1 and with this,
Instead of calculating the y-axis limits and design edges, we will calculate the front views due to
These quotas are already known. POINTS

DESIGN

BM-1 00+020

BACK

HI

1.735

101.74

GO AHEAD

COTAS 100.00

AXIS

100.27

BI

100.20

BD

100.20

Table 18. Staffing table

NOTE. To complete the form we just need to remember the following: = (+) +
(−) = −

The views ahead are the measurements I need to see on the ruler when I place it in its
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
place; axis, left edge or right edge.

POINTS

DESIGN

BM-1

00+020

IN BACK

HI

1.735

101.74

GO AHEAD

COTAS 100.00

AXIS

1.47

100.27

BI

1.54

100.20

BD

1.54

100.20

Table 19. Staffing table

NOTE. only with a look back at the BM-1 can I calculate how much I should see on the ruler to
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
several sections ahead, as far as the level can see.

From our example:

Figure 49. Template for the axis and edge of the Road.

Our forward sight is greater than calculated by 12 cm, this means we need to raise.
the 12 cm rule to have the correct view. For this we will place a template to be able to
raise the rule.

Figure 50. Template for axis and edge of the Road.

Now we take a measurement at the edge of the ruler.

Figure 51. Layout for the axis and edge of the road.

Our outlook ahead is greater than the calculated by 06 cm this means we must rise
the 06cm rule to have the correct view. For this, we will place some template to be able to
raise the ruler.

Figure 52. Template for axis and edge of the Road.

IMPORTANT ASPECTS FOR WORKING ON ROADS❖

KNOW AT LEAST THE CURVATURE ELEMENTS

SECTION OF A ROAD.

Figure 53.

Figure 54.

c. TEMPLATE IN SANITATION WORKS

Figure 55. Template in sanitation works.

In a sanitation project, there are many ways to use the topographic level to
carry out the tasks, it is all a matter of creativity and judgment. One of the first tasks
What needs to be done with the level is to move a BM near the work area, or place it.
several BMs in strategic locations to use them at the right moment. After this
we can place the bottom of the excavations where the mailboxes will be installed, this still
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
it does not justify the slopes of the pipes, it only depends on the size of the mailboxes that in
In many cases it varies according to the topography. But it is necessary to take the slope into account.
in the excavation of the trenches where the pipes will be placed.

Figure 56. Layout in sanitation works. In this case, we see that the ground level
it is 142.50 m and the bottom of the manhole is at 2.50 m; so to know the bottom elevation
From the mailbox, we subtract 142.50 - 2.50 = 140.00 m. Now we will look for a nearby BM to
transfer the quota.

Figure 57. Template in sanitation works.

POINTS

IN BACK

HI

GO AHEAD

COTAS

BM

1.548

144.783

(-)

143.235

4.783

140,000

background

Table 19. Staffing chart We observe that to obtain the height 140.0 we must look at
the rule is a measurement of 4.783 m but in our case we see 4.657 m. to reach 4.783
We must lower the rule a distance of 4.783 - 4.657 = 0.126 m, that is to say, we need to excavate.❖

SLOPE CALCULATION
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
To calculate the slope between two points, we need the difference in elevation and the distance.
between those two points. The formula was mentioned earlier and below it
we recalibrate.

Figure 58. Calculation of the slope

∆ ∗ 100%

In our example to calculate the slope between points A and we need to know the
difference of heights and the distance between them.

∆ = − 0.52 . Calculating the distance: D = DB-DA D =

80.25 − 15.25 D = 65.00 m✓

Knowing this data, we can calculate the slope. =

0.52∗ 100% 65

0.8%

It reads; the slope between point A and B is 0.8 percent.

We will follow the same procedure when it comes to two mailboxes.

Ejemplo 1 Cota BZ1 = 142.16 Cota BZ2 = 143.21 Distancia entre BZ1 y BZ2 = 64.45 m
∆ 1.05 . = 1.05⁄64.45∗ 100% = . %

The slope between BZ1 and BZ2 is 1.63%. Example 2: There are two mailboxes separated by one.
distance of 50 meters and has a slope of 1.2%. Calculate the elevation of BZ 2

∆H∗ 100% 50

∆= 0.6%

The height difference between those mailboxes is 0.60 m. if I knew the height of one of them,
I could know the level of the other. We know that if the direction of the arrow indicates the fall of the
slope, then the elevation of BZ 1 is greater than the elevation of BZ 2

2= 0.40 2 = 153.61 - 0.60 2= . ❖

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

TEMPLATES FOR A REQUIRED PENDANT

In construction, one of the tasks where surveyors make the most mistakes is in setting out or
place templates at certain intervals between one mailbox and another to obtain a
constant slope and the pipes do not suffer failures. Without further details, we will see it with a
example.

➢ Two mailboxes BZ 1 and BZ 2 want to be placed at a distance of 60 m and with a slope.

of 1.2%. Templates are required to be placed every 10 meters to level the support bed of
sand and power to lay the pipe.

Solution: First we calculate the difference in levels between one mailbox and another ∆H = ?
1.2%

∆H∗ 100%

1.2% =

∆H∗ 100% 60

∆ = . The height difference between those mailboxes is 0.72 m. If I knew the

one's quota, one could know the other's quota. We know that if the direction of the arrow indicates
the fall of the slope, then the elevation of BZ 1 is lower than the elevation of BZ 2 2=
1 + 0.72 2 = 153.61 + 0.72 2 = 154.33

Analyzing the result, we observe that from BZ 1 to BZ 2 there is a need to rise 0.72 m in
a distance of 60.0 m; then by a simple rule of three we can find out how much
we will ascend every 10 m 60⇾ 0.72 10⇾ =

10∗ 0.72 60

0.12 =

IMPORTANT. This means that every 10 meters the template must rise 12 cm.
In the next graph, we see the dimensions that each template must have.

In the crosshairs means that at each point I must observe 12 cm less.

As we see in the example, if our backward view in BZ 1 is 0.965, then in the

the next point 10 meters ahead I must observe 12 cm less, that is, 0.845 m; or in
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
In any case, raise or lower the ruler until you find the measurement, in summary, template.
We carry out the same steps for the following points taking into account that in each one
I must observe 12 cm less until reaching BZ 2. Example 2: Two want to be placed.
mailboxes BZ 1 and BZ 2 at a distance of 50 m and with a height difference of 2 m. It is required to place
templates every 10 meters to level the sand support bed and be able to lay the pipe.

First, we calculate the slope that exists between one mailbox and another ∆H = 2.00 P=?
Distance between BZ 1 and BZ 2 = 50.0 m

ΔH∗ 100%

= 2∗ 100% 50

= 4%

The slope between those mailboxes is 4 percent.

While it is true that this is an important piece of information we must know, it was only enough to know the difference of
quotas between the mailboxes to be able to template.

Analyzing the elevation difference, we observe that from BZ 1 to BZ 2, we need to climb 2.00 m in a
distance of 50.0 m; then by a simple rule of three we can find out how much
We will ascend every 10m. 50 → 2.00 m 10 → m =

10∗ 2.00 50

is 0.4

This means that every 10 meters the template must rise 40 cm In the following graph
we see the levels that each template must have

In the sight means that at each point I must observe 40 cm less.

As we see in the example, if our view back in BZ 1 is 2.456, then in the

Next point 10 meters ahead I must observe 40 cm less, that is, 2.056 m; or in
In any case, raise or lower the rule until you find the measurement, in summary, to template.
We follow the same steps for the following points taking into account that in each one
I must observe 40 cm less until I reach BZ 2.

❖ IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING ESSENTIAL ASPECTS IN

A SANITATION WORK. This criterion is important to remember in order to
always template taking into account the slope and the partial distances.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Figure 59.

❖ BEFORE EXCAVATION AND TEMPLATE WE MUST MARK THE

PART A EXCAVATE.

Figure 60.
❖ LEAVE TEMPLATES FOR THE PIPE BED AND FOR HEIGHT
EXCAVATION WITH 3/8 IRONS

Figure 61.

❖ IMPORTANT FOR THE TOPOGRAPHER AT THE TIME OF THE TEST

HYDRAULICS.

Figure 62.
❖ DO NOT FORGET TO LEAVE A TEMPLATE FOR THE SOLES OF THE MAILBOXES
WE MUST LEAVE ON THE SIDES OF THE EXCAVATED TRENCH.

Figure 63.

d. PLANTING IN IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

Figure 64.

In irrigation works such as canals, it is important to know aspects

essential for being able to template, and one of the aspects is to know the various ways of
canal that we will plant. And these are: o Trapezoidal canal o Rectangular canal o Canal
triangular or parabolic channel all with a single purpose of water conduction for a system
of irrigation. Also, before putting templates in this type of work, we need to know how
minimum parts of a channel, we will now show a trapezoidal channel with its
respective parts.

Figure [Link] channel.❖ Painting of the trench to be excavated for a channel Firstly
We must have our canal length painted before proceeding with the templating.

Figure 66. Painting of the ground to be excavated.

❖ Template in excavation trenches. The excavation control is carried out throughout the
length of the canal course, leaving templates at the excavation pass for each
required distance. For this, it is important to have data such as a starting BM, slope and
partial distance. At the moment of having this data, we will only calculate our view ahead,
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
we proceed to leave a template during the excavation. Next, in the following graph
We can postpone what was mentioned.

Figure 67.
trench template. From the previous figure, we can note that for the excavation of a
we will carry a certain slope in the trench, to direct how much more it should excavate
machinery at each determined distance is very important for this process to be carried out
We will correctly show a layout table for the length of the entire trajectory of
the trench to be excavated. Always starting from a starting point, in our case our BM
known. So we have as data: BM=3200.00

005

40m

VA(-)=1.800

With this necessary data, I will have to determine how much I need to read at each of the distances.
partials as shown in the figure.

Before that, we shall find our readings ahead.✓ For our case, it is better to work with
a constant that was previously detailed; for this we will do it in the first 30m
why the partial distance does not change for us. = ∗ = 0.05∗ 10 0.5
✓ Then we will just do the simple one.
procedure as we see that our slope is negative, we will need to subtract that
sum, keep in mind that if we are descending we have to add and if we are ascending we have to
what to subtract to get the readings forward. = (-)+ k = 1.800 + 0.5
= . It means that in the sight we must find this reading and place it.
our template.✓ I will have to find that reading at 10m and put a template for it.
Next 10m we will only depart with our last found reading plus our constant.
2 = 2.300 + 0.5 = . It means that we must find in the sight
this reading and placing our template. 3 = 2.800 + 0.5 = .
It means that in the sight we must find this reading and place our template.

✓ So from the third point onwards, our distance decreases, which means that
our constant will vary and we will recalculate for these last two points again
be separated by a distance of 5m each; do not forget that our slope does not change.
= 0.05∗ 5 = . So to our last reading we will only add 0.25 which is
our new constant. 4 = 3.300 + 0.25 = . It means that in the
Look, we must find this reading and place our template.

5 = 3.550 + 0.25 = . It means that we must find in the sight

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this reading and placing our template.✓ And we will have filled our table in our
field notebook, it is recommended to find our view along the entire length that we can
observe, so as not to delay during our work. POINT

[Link](+)

pending

BM

2.500

-0.05

read [Link](-)

Quota 3200.00

[Link]. 0

10

10

10

5
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In this way, we will stake our channel along the entire length to be excavated. NOTE. When
We take readings on a negative slope; our sight reading has to be higher.
When we encounter a positive slope, our reading will be lower.
Graphically we will emphasize.

Figure 68.

Figure 69.
❖ TEMPLATE FOR CONCRETE POURING
To leave the template during the concrete pouring of the channel, we need to do it in the
side part of the trench, leaving an iron at a partial distance, it is important to check
our template points with a cord as previously mentioned in works of
sanitation.

Figure 70. Channel layout.

Figure 71. Channel template.

❖ TEMPLATE FOR CHANNEL EDGE OR CROWN.
The edges of a channel along its path also have a determined slope.
and has the same criterion of leaving templates in this case, the templates are left at the part
superior sides on both sides, both right and left. In the following graph
we can notice the templates for the edges.

Figure 72. Template for channel edge.

The calculations and procedures are the same as we mentioned, at the end of the
When pouring concrete, we must verify if our leveling is correct. Always.
in the execution of the work we need to check our levels so that our work of
templates are correctly respected by the construction master.

Figure 73. channel execution.

Figure 74. reviewing the levels.

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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Therefore, we must manage criteria and the calculations will be the same as before, we already have.
all the data for the required calculation. We have a formula to find slopes, gradients
and it is useful in any work, and in this case, it is also important.

Figure 75. reviewing the levels.

e. PLANTING IN PAVEMENTS.

Figure 76. floor. FLOOR A floor is a structure consisting of one or

more layers of selected materials, which are placed over the natural or leveled ground and
receives transit loads directly and transmits them to the subsurface, distributing them
uniform loads. In order to template pavements, it is necessary first of all
to know the important aspects about this topic, so as not to have any difficulty in
our field of work. As we have seen, templating leads to the same
procedure and a lot of judgment from the person in charge of the work. First of all, we must
differentiate a flexible pavement from a rigid pavement in the following image
we will show in detail

Figure 77.
difference between rigid and flexible pavement In general, we need to know the layers that
they contain a pavement.

Figure 78. difference between rigid and flexible pavement

❖ Geometric element of a road

Figure 79. geometric elements of a road. Since we already know more clearly
more about pavements, their respective layers, and important parts of a road to implement
a proper field recognition and ease of work.❖ SECTION OF A
PAVEMENT.

Figure 80. geometric elements of a road.

❖ SLOPE TEMPLATE
It involves executing the earth movement necessary to shape the subgrade.
Hello, we will need to level and align longitudinally, without first taking into account that if
we found mailboxes beneath the leveling layer always leave the part of the
open cover for subsequent leveling. At the moment of finishing the pavement pouring the
The cover of the mailboxes must be at the same level as the roadway.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
Figure 81. To template the base we will use any of the formas previously mentioned.
Having a logical criterion, in order to better visualize we will outline it in an image. It is
It is very important to leave iron rod templates at each specified distance.

Figure 82. template of the natural terrain.

From the displayed image, it is very important to level before placing the templates.
From the ground, we must take a reading of our BM that will serve as our view back, and
Subsequently, we will be able to find all the views ahead that are required with the methods
previously mentioned.
❖ TEMPLATE OF THE SUBRANT - SUB BASE
In the same way, just like the above, we will only have to be careful with the thicknesses of
each layer and then continue with the same stamping procedure leaving stakes in the
sides of the road. In the following image we can visualize the way of staking.

Figure 83. template for the subgrade.

❖ MOLD FOR CONCRETE POURING
To leave a template for the concrete pouring or asphalt layer, it is done in the same way.
placing iron templates at the ends of the pavement, also always verifying
our pouring thickness.
❖ TEMPLATE TO DEFINE THE PUMPINGS
In the same way, we leave templates for the pumpings in a section of the pavement.
calculations are the same, but in this case the distances will no longer be longitudinally
not transversally. In the following image we will clearly notice what was mentioned.
starting from a benchmark on the pavement axis thanks to that benchmark
we will be able to calculate the views ahead.

Figure 84.
From the following image we have the following data: COTA Axis=3200.00 VA(-)=3.950
SLOPE=2%=0.02 Dh=3m With that data we proceed to calculate our reading
forward in our case to leave a template on the sides considering the pumping.
SOLUTION.✓ Calculating our constant = ∗ equals 0.02∗ 3 =
. ✓ Calculating the reading at 3m. = (-)+k As we see at both ends
We lower our gaze then we will have to sum up to find the view ahead and fill
our painting = 3.950 + 0.06 = . That's the reading we must
find both on the right side and left side. POINT

[Link](+)
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

pending

BM LD

2,500

0.02

LI

to read

Quota 3200.00

dist. park.

. 0m

03

. 0m

e. EARTH MOVEMENT

Figure 85.
Earth moving. The application of leveling in earth moving is the
application of all the topics discussed earlier; transfers of BM, profiles,
sectioning, templating, marks, slope calculations, etc. To practice better
In this case, we are going to analyze a job where we will apply the necessary techniques. We have
a piece of land of 5000 m2 (50 m x 100 m) for which we need to know the cutting volume
to place 5 layers of 0.30 m and leave a level platform at elevation 120.00 m.

Figure 86. Earthworks.

We can realize that first we need to calculate the excavation volume and this does not
it's not only the 5 layers of 30 cm but also the ground that is above the level of
120.00 m. As we already know, just like in all cases, the first thing to do is
it is the transfer of BM's to the work area, all that are necessary, monumented and in
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ENGINEER'S LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
a strategic place and from there to be able to have the necessary control over the work. In our
for example we have a BM = 122.235 m The next thing we will do is the sections, in
we will do our example every 20 meters for greater accuracy in a real job it can
to be done every 10 meters.

Figure 87. Earth movement.

As we see graphically, we need to make 6 sections, looking back and several others.
views ahead in each section, the views that are necessary according to the shape of the terrain. In
In our example, we will find a section and determine the cutting area; with the same
the other sections will be found. We carry out the section by combining the criteria
what we know about profiling and sectioning in roads. We parked with
the level in a suitable place, we take a look back at the BM and several views ahead in
the section of land that we want to find.

Figure 88. Earth movement.

With great judgment, we placed the sights in the places where we found changes in
slopes or also known as land breaks. And we note the measurement from the
start of the section and the measurement in sight. That is; at the beginning at a distance of zero meters
A reading of: 3.583 m; at 7.30 meters from the start, there is a reading of 2.133
meters; at 16.85 meters from the start there is a reading of 1.783 meters; at 38.05 meters
from the beginning there is a reading of 2.733 meters and finally at 50 meters from the start
The reading is 1.283 meters. In the following table, we have the measures of the level.

BM POINTS

IN BACK 1.548

HI

V ADELANTE

123.783

QUOTAS

DISTANCE

122.235

1
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
3.583

one hundred twenty thousand two hundred

0.00

2.133

121.650

7:30

2.983

120,800

16.85

1.783

122,000

28.90

2.733

121.050

38.05

1.283

122.500
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

50.00

Table 20. Staffing Chart

With the views ahead, we calculate the elevations of the points and with the respective distances.
We can draw the section. And below is the cutting level at elevation 118.5 m.

Figure 89. Earth movement.

And with this, we can calculate the area in this section; it can be done by drawing the section in
AutoCAD or on a millimeter grid using basic geometry.

Figure 90.
Earthmoving. If we apply the same methods, we can find the section.
remaining and with this the cutting area in each one. For example.

SECTION

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

ÁREA 120.986 122.547 124.795 124.815 123.845 124.354

Table 21. Area chart Having the cut area, we calculate the cut volumes.

SECTION S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

120,986

SEMISUM

LONGITUDE

VOLUME

121.7665

20

2435.33
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
123.671

20

2473.42

124.805

20

2496.1

124.33

20

2486.6

124.0995

20

2481.99

TOTAL VOLUME

12373.44

122.547 124.795 124.815 123.845 124.354

Table 22. Volume Chart.

It is observed that only with one level can the cut volume in an area be obtained.
determined. If the swelling of cutting material is known, it could be calculated the
volume of material to be removed. = ∗

The swelling is equal to the cut volume multiplied by the swelling factor.

= ∗

The volume to be removed is equal to the cutting volume plus the swelling obtained with the
previous formula. All these methods can be developed not only for lands.
rectangular like the one in the example but also for irregular plots.
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Figure 100. Cross sections. Finally, to place the layers of 0.30 m with the
loan material, we need to know the finished level quotas of each layer to
to be able to implant at the right moment.

Figure 101. Cross sections.

At this point, we will be able to stake easily, we already have a BM with a known elevation.
just by looking back at the BM we can calculate what the measurement should be in the
look to reconsider the levels of any of the layers. Take into account that the material of
The loan will be compacted and the level will drop, that is, if we template the layers to 0.30 m.
after compaction it can decrease by 1, 2, 3, or more centimeters, this will depend
from the compaction density of the borrowed or stabilized material which has to be
provided to the surveyor. Let's take as an example that the borrow material has a factor
of 10% compaction, this means that to reach the maximum density of the material,
this must be compacted or reduced by 10% of its volume; then it is clear that the level
What we should plant in each layer is greater than 0.30 m. We will see that in each layer
the following will happen.

So we need to make the layers greater than 0.30 m so that

after compaction reaches the required measure, that is, 0.30 m. This calculation
It's very simple, we analyze it as follows: If X is 100% before the
compaction, and after that the volume is reduced by 10%, means that the measure that
the drop is 90% of the initial value, and this measure is 0.30 m. 0.30 is 90% of X; in the calculations
it is written.

0.30 = 90% 0.30 = X=

90 100

30∗ 100 90

X = 0.333

We have finally verified that if we want each layer to be at 0.30 m, we must

layer templates of 0.333 m; thus after compaction we will obtain the desired measurement.
Knowing this, we have to calculate the limits of the layers considering their factor of
compaction.

STEPS 1 2 3 4 5 6

COTAS COMPACTADAS COTAS SIN COMPACTAR 120.000 120.033 119.700 119.733

Table 23. Chart of
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compaction

Obviously, the surveyor has to set out each layer with the uncompressed levels.

NOTE: Keep in mind that if the thickness of the layers varies, the increase in the also varies.
uncompacted layers, to do this you must calculate the uncompacted thickness in each layer that
it has different thicknesses.

VIII. APPLICATION EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Demonstrate whether the topographic surveys conducted in the field are correct.
starting from an elevation of 3700.00m and finding the slope of the entire section.

LEVELING SECTION BZ-23 / BZ-10 PTS BM-10 BZ-23(arrangement)

[Link] 1.522

PC

0.854

Hi 3701.822

3700.314

BZ-10

[Link] COTAS NTE 3700.300 1.857 3700.217 1.605 3700.405 1.417 3700.405 2.025
3699.797 2.315 3699.507 2.362 3699.46 1.025 3699.289 1.325 3698.989 1.685 3698.629
2.09 3698.224 2.259 3698.055 2.3 3698.014

D(m)

DT

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3.9

Exercise 2.
From the following leveling, find the front views, the instrument height, and find the
pending. LEVELING SECTION BZ-36 / BZ-37 PTS BZ-36

[Link] 1.151
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ENGINEER LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS
BZ-37

1.251

Hi

V. FORWARD

COTAS 3700.076 3699.937 3699.835 3699.638 3699.582

D(m) 0 10 10 10 4.6

DT

Exercise 3.
It is necessary to level a surface for a reservoir supported at 5m x 4m at a height of
0.5m deep, and to define the templates find the readings of the four vertices, if they
it has a known elevation of 3500.00m

Exercise 4.
In a sewage network, the layout of the pipes and the bottom of the basin is desired.
Determine the top elevation (CT) and the bottom elevation (CF) starting from a known benchmark (BM) of
4900.00m in three sections of 30m each, if there is a total distance of 90m and it is required that
the height of the bz is 1.80m, find the forward view readings to template the pipes with
a slope of 5%. knowing that the pipe bed has to be placed 10cm above the
slope of the ditch. Exercise 5. A trapezoidal canal is to be built, for this I need
place the templates of the three sections corresponding to a partial distance of 10m and a
trench depth of 0.6m. Determine the readings observed in front of the bottom of the trench and the
corresponding berms if you want to template with a 2% slope the entire stretch for
Hello, we have a starting elevation of 2850.00m. Exercise 6. In a linear section of road.
A terrain profile is desired to be made over 1km, with increments every 20m, for a distance
total of 100m. find the readings of the axis to leave the templates at each respective point,
knowing that the starting altitude is 4200.00m.

[Link]

❖ When we are in our workplace, always have the materials.

necessary to be able to do our planning for any work where we
let's find.
❖ Mark the points clearly with stakes or stones so as not to lose them.
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ENGINEERING LEVEL MANUAL APPLIED TO ENGINEERING WORKS

❖ Don't forget to bring our field notebook and our calculator because we can't do without them.
carry out our work.
❖ If for some circumstance our already parked and leveled equipment is moved; it is
it is necessary to park it again.
❖ In the event that we are at a considerable distance, we must ensure that the sight is set.
well extended and well vertical subject to the ground.

❖ To systematically record our land data for its subsequent development of the
profile in cabinet, with AUTOCAD CIVIL software.
❖ At the time of our work, we need to be focused on our readings.
since a distraction can lead us to write something wrong or have a misreading.
❖ We must be very careful when working on steep slopes.

❖ We must always securely fasten the tripod screw with the level tool.

❖ In case we find ourselves working in rainy areas, we must try to carry out
quickly in the hours of absence of rain, since it cannot be worked during the
rain.
❖ If we have to travel long distances, we must keep our level in its case and
we do not move with the tripod and the level on our shoulders.

[Link]
A. Juan Arias Canales GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY. 1983

B. Lucio Durán Celis TOPOGRAPHY NOTES

C. Nabor Ballesteros Tena TOPOGRAPHY. Limusa Publishing Mexico-1995

D. Samuel Mora Quiñones PRACTICAL TOPOGRAPHY. Ed. M-Co-1990 Lima/Peru

[Link]

[Link]/wiki/Topografía