UNIT 4.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

4.1. Language and Linguistics

Language is the human capacity to express

thoughts and feelings through words. Likewise, it is
a system of signs used by a community to communicate
orally or in writing. It also identifies the man from the
cultural perspective, so that it feels like a substantial part of the place that
occupies in the universe. Therefore, language is part of our
identity, which is reflected in our culture, traditions, stories,
common roots, ideals, values, customs, that differentiate us from
any other human being, which makes us unique and unrepeatable, and
to have a sense of nationality and belonging.
Moreover, knowledge of language facilitates understanding of
universe, knowing how to identify a problem and take logical measures to
find a solution. This allows understanding emotions, which it
turns into the fundamental vehicle for good social interaction and
the development of affection. In childhood, language is the
an instrument that leads to satisfactory school learning,
fundamental for achieving meaningful learning and thus reinforcing
post knowledge.

Language and the brain

Language is in constant interaction with neural processes,

so it plays a central role in the human brain: from how
the color is processed up to how a moral judgment or an act is valued
mental that allows distinguishing between right and wrong. González
y Hornauer-Hughes (2014) determine that brain functions
superior, such as language, is a functional system that
depends on the integrated work of an entire group of cortical areas and
subcortical, each of which contributes its own input to
final result.
Language and Childhood
Barbosa and collaborators investigated the development of functions
executives and their relationship with spoken language, as well as the skills
initial literacy and behavior in preschool children.
Within child development, it is important to analyze the functions.
executives, which consists of computer-based tests for
preschoolers, because a more comprehensive development is achieved. They are discussed
three highlighted markers of control: proactive language, effect
of the dominant language; the costs of mixing languages, and the effect of
order-language blocking. Based on these three aspects, one can
implement proactive language control - that is, the process of
language implemented as a precaution against any interruption
for which the optimal words of the mother tongue are selected,
to mainly restrict the interference of the first language
during bilingual language production, but it is generally
absent during the understanding of this last one.

Language and social and human development

It says that 'language influences social cognition, words

as social tools: language, sociality, and internal foundation
abstract concepts are tools to shape the state
internal of our minds/brains." The above is consistent with
the role of events and episodic memories in processing
of abstract concepts, linking with the importance of the
social cognition composed of words like social tools
that present a rich set of mechanisms, hypotheses and
predictions that will be investigated and refined in the coming years,
and will advance our understanding of abstract concepts.
In that sense, in the late 1980s, emerged the
artivism, a combination of art and activism. It is a new
educational language which becomes an instrument of development
human within a changing and transforming society. For
consequently, it is a phenomenon of protest in a creative way.
Artivism is a contemporary language of autonomy and freedom, it is a
global phenomenon of increasing importance. Although its background
goes back decades, the importance it has acquired as
language close to social life and to the new generations is something
completely novel. As a medium or language of
social transformation can serve to give new energy to the
expression needs in cities and urban environments
current. Its formative value and its ability to break boundaries
from the classrooms and involve young people in their practices.

In the same line of thought, language in scientific communication

requires knowledge in the area where it is needed
contextualized, paying attention to cultural differences, the
transparency and reproducibility of research, always under the
consideration to communicate the new findings. Recently,
the concept of 'city in a language of rights' arises
that allows opening new lines of research to explore
widely accepted civil, political, and social rights and
expressed in a language of rights, such as health, education,
memory or identity.
Language and learning
Bravo conceives:
The psychopedagogy of written language learning, as a
research paradigm that integrates neuropsychology, the
cognitive psychology and linguistics with education. I have applied in
he, the term written language learning, instead of teaching or
learning to read and write. This modification is not only
epistemological.

In this regard, "research on language learning

writing and dyslexias show us a history of thought
scientific, which culminated in the neuroscience of education." Under
In this context, the function of language in psychoanalysis does not seek
to represent reality or to communicate a pre-existing meaning, but rather to
to realize the truth of the subject with the inherent certainty of the act of speaking.
Language and technology
Recently, Tintinago and collaborators (2018) proposed that: "The
field of study that focuses on the interactions between language
Human and computers is called language processing.
natural(PLN)". Here, computer science and intelligence converge.
artificial, and computational linguistics. NLP, they explain, aims to...
computers can analyze, understand and comprehend language
human. Therefore, it implements a natural language for us to communicate
with the computer in a more understandable and natural way, since
it allows understanding the sentences that are provided to it.
LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is the science that studies language. This implies

study their origins, their evolution, their foundations, and their structure
with the aim of understanding the inherent dynamics of languages
lively (contemporary) and the dead (the ancient ones from which these are
(they come from).

Of all the systems created by human beings, none is as

complex, vast, and powerful like language. Among the
many sciences that study language, stand out:

● Philology focuses on the historical study of language and

its manifestation in written texts, mainly philosophical
and literary genres, and since their appearance in the 19th century.
● [Link] is more oriented towards spoken language and to the
ways in which it operates at a certain moment in history (although
also studies the written texts).

Both philology (the older) and linguistics (the more modern) are offspring.
from the ancient grammar, cultivated by classical cultures, such as the
Greco-Roman.

However, linguistics was born in the early 19th century, when

linguistic change and the possibility of studying it scientifically
it became evident. Nevertheless, the greatest foundational milestone of linguistics
it appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, and it was the publication of the famous Course
of general linguistics by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-
1913) in 1916.

Objective of linguistics
Linguistics is both a scientific-social discipline and a branch of
psychology. This is because its object of study, language,
involves two types of processes: a series of mental processes (the
acquisition of the language, its implementation, its link with
the thought) and other social (the evolution of the language, the
pragmatics, its role in identity formation.

Therefore, the main objective of linguistics involves formulation

of a general theory of natural languages and of the system
cognitive that makes them possible. Of course, each of the
branches of linguistics have their own objective, framed in
general statement of the discipline.

4.2. Language and written communication

When we talk about written language, written language or communication
written us we refer generally ala transmission
verbal disinformation through writing technology, in
its different possible physical supports. In other words, we
we refer to the transmission of a written message from a sender to a
receiver, thanks to some technique of recording verbal language.

Writing, as we know, was one of the great inventions of

humanity, which allowed to store messages, data, and instructions
for much longer than necessary to transmit it
orally. Thus, writing is a way of making it last
speech, referring to different types of inscriptions on a medium
physical.

In fact, the earliest forms of writing (cuneiform writing)

they appeared on clay tablets, on which was engraved with a
sharp object that needed to be recorded. Subsequently, they were used
animal skins, vegetable fibers, papers of different
nature and, in recent times, the electronic screen and
the word processing software.

That is to say that writing is a human technology, and unlike

of speech, is not natural and spontaneous in the species. In fact, the
writing was created around the year 3,300 B.C., when the
civilization had already existed for tens of thousands of years.

That's precisely why we first learn to speak and then to write.

not the other way around), since writing, as defined by the Swiss linguist
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is "a second system of
representation of thought”: what we think we
we first represent sound, and then in graphics that represent
in turn to those sounds, that is, writing.

Characteristics of written language

Broadly speaking, written language is characterized by:

● It is artificial and learned, that is, it is not innate nor part of

of the species' own capabilities, but it was a
invention of humanity.
● It consists of a visual record of speech. This means
what is a representation of speech through
graphic designs.
● It is long-lived, durable, can be preserved intact,
depending on the physical support, over days, months,
years or centuries. Therefore, it can communicate to people
separated by great dimensions of time.
● It is indirect, since the sender and receiver do not have to
to share a space or see each other's faces, but they can manage
with the message everyone for themselves.

On the other hand, it can be of type:

● Manual: made by hand.

● Company: made by printing.
● Digital: made by computer.

Importance of written language

Written language allows communication over long distances.
for centuries.
Written language is fundamental in the history of humanity. For
on one side, its invention allowed people to communicate over
of geographical or temporal distances.

On the other hand, it allowed to preserve knowledge in a much

more efficient, massive, and durable than ever: before the invention of
writing, knowledge had to be memorized and transmitted from
generation to generation, orally, suffering losses,
transformations and corruptions in the process.

On the other hand, writing allowed for unprecedented margins of fidelity for its
era, and changed forever the way we understand the
knowledge. Thanks to writing, knowledge could be accumulated
in books and in libraries, available for future generations
that in turn would write more books, thus multiplying knowledge
human over the centuries.

Elements of written language

Written communication requires linguistic elements of
any other form of verbal communication, such as:

● Sender, who initiates the communicative process by coding and

writing the message, whether through pencil and paper or through
other writing technologies.
● Receiver, who reads the written message and decodes it for
understand it. In this case, we can call it "reader".
● Channel, the physical support that contains the sender's message,
which in this case can be any inscribable surface
(clay, paper, wood, etc.) or any electronic screen
that allows digital writing.
● Message, that which is said, the set of information
encoded by the sender. The content of the written text.
● Code, the language in which the writing took place.

.3. Grammar
Grammar is an ancient discipline that studies how things are
formed the languages to be able to create and interpret messages.
It is a branch within linguistics that studies the components,
the laws and regulations that govern the use of languages and the
different ways to organize words. The order in which they are used
It is one of the mechanisms that exist to internalize these rules.

Reflecting on grammar allows us to make conscious use of

linguistic tools and achieve this way a
effective communication that translates into the messages we produce.

The term grammar comes from Latin, grammatĭca, and refers to

alert to use to master the language, both written and oral, of a
correct way.

Characteristics of grammar
The main characteristics of grammar are related to its
subject of study and the objective. They are:

● He is interested in the system of rules that the speaker

native of any language.

● Study the language that speakers have incorporated.

intuitively.

● Analyze the use of language.

● Facilitates the understanding of expressions.

● Allows one to appropriate the linguistic mechanisms.

● Reflect on language and forms of

use.

● Each language has its own grammar.

Levels of grammar
Grammar has language as its central focus of study, therefore, it has
consider different levels of analysis:
 ● Lexicon: it is the set or repertoire of words that one has.
a language. Words are the foundations from which
studies and grammatical analyses are conducted.
● Spelling: it is the standard that regulates signs and their use
in written texts (punctuation marks, signs
diacritics such as accents, letters).
● Phonetics and Phonology: studies the sounds of the language
and its possible combinations.
● Syntax: analyze the possible combinations between the
classes of words and how they construct meanings. To him
the object is important in the sentence structure.
The study of syntax is the sentence: a unit of
sense with predicative structure, in general, and it the
graphically distinguished by starting with a capital letter and
end with a period.
● Semantics: studies the meanings of the lexicon (repertoire
of words of a language) and the sentences. It is interested in
for the relationships that these meanings have with
others beyond the context of production.
● Pragmatics: studies the concrete use of language and
how the meaning of words changes. It has in
count the context and purpose of the constructions
linguistic expressions emitted by a speaker.
● Morphology: studies the structure of words and their
training process.

Types of grammar
Grammar is classified as follows:

● Functional: studies whether the language fulfills its purpose of

correct form. In this type we focus some
aspects of grammar such as pragmatics, the
semantics and syntax.
● Generative: study and determine the sentences
correctly constituted, grammatically.
● determines a set of rules that are
common to all languages.
 ● Synchronous: focuses the study on a moment
two cuts are made in time and a proposal is made
analysis of the use of language in that period of
time.
● Historical, diachronic: studies the evolution of language,
the changes experienced over time.
● Prescriptive or normative: studies the rules of a
determined language. Identify what the forms are
correct or incorrect ways of expressing oneself, in written form
You oral.
● Descriptive: describes the current use of the language.
This grammar is interested in colloquialisms, chronolects,
nicknames, and the study of phonemes and their constituents.
● Traditional: studies the ways of using language in
Rome and Greece. That is why they are considered languages.
mothers and they are used to correct certain regulations
linguistic, or to teach some languages
derivatives.

Elements of grammar

The grammatical elements, classes of words or categories

Grammatical terms are divided into variable and invariable according to whether they allow or ...

Variables
The elements of variable grammar are:

● Noun: names different entities, such as beings,

physical or psychic objects or sensations. For
example: table, love, sadness, time, ghost.
● Adjective: denote qualities, characteristics or
relationships of the entities. They must match the
noun that is modified. They can be in degree
positive, comparative or superlative.
● Verb: preaches something about the noun. Verbs indicate
actions (broke the glass), processes (will learn quickly) or
 states of the entities (Erasu friend). They can be
identify in the verbs: tense, mood, and aspect.
● Pronouns: they have meaning in the situation
communicative, that is to say occasional meaning since
depend on the reference they are replacing.

There are
they were shouting
possessives we were emphatic
(How terrible!), relatives (He said he would come)
undefined (Nadiellegaría)
● Article: accompany the noun and agree in
gender and number. Sometimes they determine the gender of
noun if it is ambiguous. For example: The
students/the students.

It is worth clarifying that the New Grammar incorporates a class of word,

the determinant, which includes all the elements that determine from
direct way, without qualifying, to the noun. Includes: the articles, the
demonstratives, possessives, numerals, emphatics and the
undefined.

Invariables
The elements of grammar that are invariable are:

● Verboid: they are the non-conjugated form of the verb, this

It means that they have neither time nor person. They are used.
with conjugated verbs to build periphrases, by
in the compound tenses: I have thought, I had
Ballad. There are three cases: infinitive, ending in -ar,-
er,-ir (think, run, live), gerund (ending in -)
(ando, -endo) and participle (ending in -ado, -ido).
● Prepositions: they are a closed class that fulfills the
subordinating conjunction function. Wooden table.
● Conjunction: they grant a relationship between two words or
constructions. They can to be disjunctions
(we walk or we run) copulative
we walk and run o adversative
(we walked but we didn't run).
 ● Adverb: provide information about the circumstances,
intensity or degree of possibility of the verb, although
they can also modify the noun or another adverb.
For example: He arrived early, they ate according to his
meanings can be: of time, of manner, of
amount, of affirmation or negation, of doubt, of place.
● Interjection: They are used to express reactions,
pain moods, goodbyes or greetings in
exclamatory statements. Oh! Hello! Uhh!

4.4. Semantics
Semantics is called a branch of linguistics dedicated to the study
del meaning. On name comes from del term
Greek semantic ("meaning relevant y together with
phonetics, grammar, and morphosyntax constitute one of the
main approaches to the organized study of verbal language.

Semantics confronts the linguistic sign from the interest of its part.
immaterial, that is, its mental, conventional, and abstract part: the
meaning. This means that he/she is interested not only in the way in
that the meanings of words are formed from their
components (its roots and aggregates), but also of the way in
some meanings change over time and become
others, changing along with the culture that employs the language.

In addition, semantics deals with the accidents of meaning.

like synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, and lexical families
semantics, as long as the study does not abandon the realm of the
eminently verbal, since from the non-verbal areas of
Communication uses other disciplines, such as pragmatics.

The minimum unit of semantics is the lemmata: the smallest portions

small ones of the word endowed with verifiable meaning. A
same word, thus, contains different semes that relate it to
others.

Components of meaning
Commonly, semantics includes two components or forms of
assign the meaning, which are:

● Denotation. The 'standard' meaning of words, the one that

they register the dictionaries and establish their "official" meaning, more
evident, more referential.
● Connotation. Those secondary meanings that are
they attribute to a term and that are not directly related
not with the stated reference, but with certain characteristics
attributed to him by a certain culture.

An example of the latter is the word 'harpy', whose

The denotative meaning refers to some mythical animals from ancient times.
Greece, which attracted sailors with their singing and then made them
shipwreck against the rocks, they proceeded to devour them.

The denotative meaning of 'harpy', on the other hand, is conveyed by

imaginary association with women who are considered evil,
cruel, unbearable, or treacherous.

Semantic families
A semantic family is a set of words that share a
common theme.
In language, relationships of association, similarity, comparison arise.
of different kinds among the meanings: mental images of the
things that make up reality. Many times, this relationship has
in addition, an affinity component among various meanings that allows
organize them like a tree: a semantic family.

It can be said, then, that a semantic family is a set of

words that share a common sema. Generally, this occurs
among words that share their grammatical category (type of
word), for example:

● [Link], leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, wood, branches...

● Book. Pages, cover, library, bookstore, reading, literature...
● Sport. Athletics, tennis, baseball, soccer, basketball...
● Bread. Bakery, sandwich, wheat, oven...
Examples of semantics
Some examples of connotation and denotation of meanings are:

● That car is painted black (denotation: the color)

The intentions of that man seem to be dark (connotation:

malevolent, murky, secretive

● They performed open-heart surgery on him/her.

organ)

He told me that his girlfriend had broken his heart.

feelings)

● The plane is flying over Edinburgh (denotation: the

real action

I will go to the supermarket to see if I arrive before it closes.

(connotation: to go fast)

●I left the exam sheet blank (denotation: without writing)

My cousin wants to get married in white (connotation: correctly,

formally, traditionally

● Yesterday we adopted a dog (denotation: the animal)

That man is a dog (connotation: unfaithful, promiscuous, abuser)

● I am going to pick up the pencil from the floor (denotation: take from the ground)

I want to lift Ezequiel's cousin (connotation: to fall in love)

to conquer

4.5. Lexicology
Lexicology is responsible for the analysis of lexical units and of
the systematic links that are established between them. The term has
its etymological origin in lexikón, a Greek word that can
translate as 'glossary'.

Lexicon is the vocabulary, whether of a language, a region,

material, etc. The function of lexicology, in this framework, is to study,
classify and represent the lexical structure based on the
patterns found in a language.

Lexicology analyzes lexical units and semantic relationships.

that are established between them.

Lexicology vs. lexicography

Many times Spanish speakers confuse the concepts.

lexicology and lexicography. However, there are clear differences
between both: while lexicography is dedicated to compiling and
to explain the words, developing dictionaries, lexicology is oriented
to the proposal of generalizations about the relationships between the
terms and the structure of the lexicon. Furthermore, lexicography is
eminently practical, but lexicology aims for deepening
of the general contents.

In this way, just as lexicography allows for the creation

dictionaries, lexicology reflects on the difficulties that
raise this work, defining the criteria that are reflected in each
works of this kind. That's why both disciplines of linguistics are
complementary.

Lexicology should not be confused with lexicography.

Various branches
In lexicology, it is possible to detect different branches. Lexicography
etymological historical lexicography specializes in the development
of vocabulary over the years. Can you describe the evolution?
of the words in time or the vocabulary used in a
determined period of the past.

Special lexicography, meanwhile, focuses on the

particularities of each language. In addition, we can recognize
cognitive lexicography, which studies how the brain stores and
process the words.

Lexicology and etymology

One of the fundamental points addressed by lexicology, therefore,

it is etymology, that is, the discipline that studies the origin of the
individual words, taking into account the moment of the
history in which they emerged, the way in which they were incorporated into each
language and the changes it has undergone throughout its history, both
in its form as well as in its meaning. This branch of human knowledge is
of great importance to improve our communication and carry
forward the evolution of our language.

There are numerous examples of words currently used in the

Castilian, whose origin can be found in Greek and that before arriving
our language passed through others, such as Latin. Generally,
its passage through so many historical and cultural contexts affected several of
its aspects, but not all: while the most obvious ones are the
spelling and sound changes are equally semantic changes
fascinating.

To address etymology, lexicology relies on linguistics.

historical. This discipline is also known by other names, such as
comparative linguistics, diachronic comparative. It is about the
study of the changes that languages undergo over time. Here
the concept of linguistic change comes into play, the process of
transformation that all languages undergo throughout their evolution
historical, starting from its smallest units and reaching its
higher levels.
Onomasiology and Semasiology

One of the branches of lexicology is called onomasiology and it

focuses on the study of the relationship between meaning and signifier,
that is to say, between the idea and the form. The question that answers this
discipline is 'how is X expressed?', where X is a concept, a
object, an activity, an idea or a quality, for example.

On the other hand, there is semasiology, another of its branches, which

studies that relationship in the opposite sense: from form to the
idea. In the context of a dialogue, the receiver must carry this out.
function each time it receives a word and must assign it a
meaning.

UNIT 5. ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE AND THE PHRASE

5.1. Logical construction of the sentence

The order of words is governed more by psychological interest.
(logical order) that by the grammatical structure. … This principle is
complete with the following general rule of logical construction: For the
due to the clarity of the phrase, it is advisable that the order of the words is
subject to the order of ideas.

What is the logical order of the sentence?

Although the logical order of the sentence, subject + verb + predicate, is the
recommended structure, it is common for certain texts to
alter this structure in order to provoke attention.

Why must the sentence have a logical syntactic order?

However, the logical order (noun phrase subject and phrase
Verbally determines the location of the components of a sentence.
According to their grammatical function, the elements of a sentence must
to be organized in a logical way which in turn evidences a
clear and exact organization of ideas and thought.

IT IS INTERESTING: What is the influence of Christianity?

What is the construction of the sentence?

The construction refers to the order and quantity of words that is
possible to use when stating the sentences.

Why is logic important?

Logic is widely used in legal arguments as it allows
reason and verify its validity to make decisions. It is very helpful
to verify the validity of the arguments, their coherence, if they are
reasonable, clear.

What is order in logic?

The logical order is when all the messages and segments within
a group is in its logical sequence, one after another,
in the position determined by the physical position of the first element
belonging to the group.

What is the syntactic order of a sentence?

The syntactic order, first the subject, then the verb, and after that the ...
supplements are only important in case of doubts, since the
authors impose their own criteria. This is more governed by criteria of
style and particular interests that such a grammatical structure
logic.

What is a logical order? Examples?

Logical sentences are those about which one can say whether
are true or false. This type of statements are those that
they use to express and transmit knowledge. For example: The dollar
The US dollar is a strong currency.

What is the order of words in a sentence?

The order of words in Spanish forms a discipline known
as Syntax. Any order is not possible, hence it is studied
the appropriate ways to organize them within the sentence.

When is the regular or logical order of the parts inverted?

sentence?
When the regular order of the parts of a statement is inverted,
by postponing elements that are usually placed later, it tends to be placed
a comma after the anticipated block. Example: we will arrive at the
beach before there is a traffic jam on the highway.

IT IS INTERESTING: Who wrote the general letters of the Bible?

When does the order of the words change the meaning?
If the order of the words is altered, the basic meaning does not change.
only a different emphasis is created. However, with one attribute not
the order can always be changed freely, since the attribute a
menudo does not indicate its function with any element.

When is the syntactic order of the sentence inverted and we use a

What will it be called?
The comma is also used when the logical order of the subjects is inverted.
complements of the hyperbatical sentence.

What is sentence construction and cohesion?

Cohesion: Cohesion in a paragraph is achieved when all the
sentences are articulated in an orderly manner and communicate the same
message. The correct use of punctuation marks, connectors, verbs,
Pronouns and synonyms allow cohesion within the paragraph.

What is an example sentence like?

A sentence is simple when all the verbs in the sentence (whether one...
or more) refer to the same subject. For example: Juan runs a lot. ... To the
responding to this question we will be able to recognize the action, that is,
verb of the sentence and thus identify the predicate. For example: María
he/she went to my house.

How is a simple sentence composed?

The expression of a simple sentence implies a basic structure of
SUBJECT + PREDICATE. In Spanish, the sentence is usually expressed
declarative with a Subject – Verb (SV) structure.

5.2. Clause and paragraph

A meticulous way to study a language and its functioning is
dividing it into smaller units or parts. Thus, instead of
to study a whole paragraph, we divide the study into the sentences that compose it.
components. The sentences, in turn, can be formed by one or
various clauses. That is, the clauses are a set of
words that are grouped around a predicate.

Unlike the simple sentence, which requires a subject and a

predicate, in the clause, only the presence of the is mandatory
predicate. The clause can appear alone, within a sentence,
within another clause or within a sentence.

Types of clauses

Nominal clauses

These types of clauses serve the same function as a noun.

within a complex sentence. Let's observe the following example:

●I want my parents to buy me a video game.

In this case, the main clause is 'I want'; the subordinate clause
"my parents buy me a video game" also has a verb
conjugated and is joined to the main one by the link 'that'. We say that
we are facing a nominal clause because the entirety of the clause
subordinate could be replaced by a single word, for example
I want that.

Adjective clauses

As its name suggests, the adjectival clause serves, within

a complex sentence, the same function as an adjective. We can
observe the following example:

● I'm looking for a car that consumes little fuel.

The clause "that consumes little fuel" is in this case a
subordinate clause that is adding a quality to the car that
our subject is looking. They could say 'I am looking for an affordable car',
"I'm looking for a nice car", "I'm looking for a new car", etc. In those cases the
the adjective is present directly and there is no main clause
adjective subordinate clause. However, in the initial example or in
I am looking for a car that has good
benefits", or "I am looking for a spacious car", we are facing the
presence of an adjective clause.

Adverbial clause

Following the methodology previously described, the clause

adverbial then becomes a subordinate clause that fulfills the
same function as an adverb within a compound sentence.

● Luz will buy her plane ticket when she has money.

In the previous example, the adverbial subordinate clause, 'when

have money", is connected to the main one by the conjunction "when".
Other conjunctions that can be used are: while, before
que, hasta que, en cuanto, a pesar de que, a menos que, a no ser que,
en caso de que, con tal de que, a condición de que, porque, como, ya
what, etc.

5.3. Practical writing rules for legal documents

general information
5.4. Writing flaws
5.5. Legal Technicalities