TOPICS

1. Natural numbers and integers

1.2. Number systems: Accumulative Systems, Positional Systems
1.3. Powers of base ten
1.4. Numbering system base
1.5. Cambio de base del sistema de numeración: Cambio a base decimal, Cambio a base cualquiera
1.6. Operations with natural numbers
1.7. Divisibility
1.8. Prime factorization
1.9. Greatest common divisor
1.10. Least Common Divisor
1.11. Integers
1.12. Operations with integers: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
1.13. Calculations with literal expressions
1.13.1. Properties of operations with numbers
2. Rational numbers
2.2. Operations with fractions
2.3. Decimal expression of rational numbers: converting from fraction to decimal. Converting from decimal to fraction.
2.4. Other models for defining a fraction: Percentages, Literal expressions
2.5. Ordering of rational numbers
3. Equations
3.2. Classification of equations
3.3. Solutions of an equation
3.4. General rules for solving equations
3.5. Solving linear equations with one unknown
3.6. Resolution of systems of linear equations
3.6.1. Systems of two linear equations
3.6.2. Systems of three linear equations with three unknowns
4. Real numbers
4.2. Real numbers: Operations with real numbers. Ordering of real numbers.
4.3. Powers and Roots
4.4. Quadratic equations
5. Analytical Geometry
5.2. Intrinsic and analytical reasoning
5.3. Reference systems and coordinates
5.4. Distance between two points
5.5. Lines in the plane
5.6. Equation of the line that passes through two points
5.7. Condition for three points to be collinear
5.8. Intersection of two lines
6. Set theory
6.2. Sets and elements
6.3. Inclusion of sets
6.3.1. The inclusion relationship
6.3.2. Universal and empty sets
6.3.3. The set of the parts of a set
6.4. Operations with sets: Intersection, union, complement of a set, difference of 2 sets
6.5. Properties of operations with sets
6.5.1. Properties of the intersection
6.5.2. Properties of the union
6.5.3. Properties of complementation
6.5.4. Properties that relate several operations
6.6. Venn Diagrams: diagrams of two sets, diagrams of three sets
6.7. Cardinal of a set
6.7.2. Calculation of cardinals with two sets
6.7.3. Cardinal annotation
6.7.4. Calculation of cardinalities with three sets
7. Applications and functions
7.3. The concept of application
7.3.2. Image and inverse image of a subset
7.4. Applications defined by formulas
7.5. Types of applications
7.6. Application Composition
7.6.2. Composition of formulas
7.7. Graphical functions: Graphs of linear functions, Graphs of non-linear functions
 7.7.3. Cut-off points of two graphs
8. Propositional Logic
8.2. Compound propositions
8.3. The most common connectors
8.3.1. Negation, Conjunction, and Disjunction
8.4. Calculation of truth values
8.5. Conditional statements
8.6. Other connectors: Exclusive disjunction, Biconditional.
8.9. Logically valid arguments
9. Combinatorics
9.2. Two methods for counting
9.4. Three important models
9.4.1. Orders
9.4.2. Ordered subsets
9.4.3. Subsets
10. Calculation of probabilities
10.2. The concept of probability
10.3. The mathematical model of random processes
10.4. The mathematical model of probability
10.5. Properties of Probability
10.6. The problem of assigning probabilities
11. Statistics
11.2. Populations and samples
11.3. Statistical variables
11.4. Frequencies
11.5. Graphical representation of frequencies: Pie charts, Bar charts
11.6. Grouped continuous variables
11.7. The arithmetic measure
11.8. The dispersion regarding the measure
11.9. The statistical association of two variables
11.10. Covariance
11.11. Linear statistical association
11.11.2. Linear prediction
11.12. The correlation coefficient
11.13. Frequent errors
11.13.1. Linear association is not the only statistical association
11.13.2. Statistical association does not imply causality
11.13.3. The regression line of x on y is different from the regression line of y on x.
12. The mathematics of the computer
12.2. The scope of computers
12.2.1. Data and Information
12.2.2. Computers: Characteristics and classification.
12.3. Computer Architecture
12.3.1. Operating mode of a computer
12.3.2. Basic structure of a computer
12.3.3. Central processing unit
12.3.4. Input/Output Devices
12.3.5. The auxiliary memory: Storage devices
12.4. Computer programming: principles of programming and types of programs.
12.5. Computer Arithmetic: Approximate Numbers, Errors, Significant Digits, Truncation and
rounding, Scientific notation, Binary arithmetic
12.6. Alphanumeric codes: Binary coding, Octal system, The hexadecimal system
12.7. Internal representation of numbers
12.7.1. Internal representation of integers
12.7.2. Floating Point Arithmetic
Theme 1 Natural numbers and integers
The numbering systems—
Cumulative systems - They are those that accumulate the symbols of all the units, tens... as necessary.
until the number is complete. One of its characteristics is that the symbols can be placed in any order, although in
a certain arrangement has been preferred in general. Examples: Egyptian, Sumerian, Hittite, Minoan, Aztec, Roman and the
alphabetical of the Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and Arabs.
Positional systems - The position of a digit tells us whether it is tens, hundreds ... or in general the power of the base.
Corresponding. Only three cultures besides the Indian managed to develop a system of this type: Babylonians, Chinese, and Mayans.
It was the Indians before the 7th century who devised the system we know.
Change of base of the numbering system
Conversion from base n to base 10 - The number is written in base n and operated on:

(236)7 6 3*7 2 * 7 2 (510(10)2)12 2 10*12 0 * 1 2 2 1*12 3 60 4

Base 10 to base n—It is repeatedly divided by n and all the remainders and the last quotient are placed in reverse order.
75 in base 4 is 75 4
35 18 4
3 2 4 4 10234
0 1
Conversion from base n to base m—We first convert to base 10 and then to base m
Classification of numbers
Natural numbers—N--0,1,2,3,4,5,6,.....
Integers—Z---3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,......
Rational numbers—Q--1/3, 8/4, 5'6, -4'2333... all those that can be expressed as a fraction.
Irrational--I-- 3 , 1.24587215963... non-periodic infinite decimals.
Reals—R—the sum of all rational and irrational numbers
Rational Irrational
nails
Enteros Real numbers.
Natural

Exact numbers - Finite number of decimals

Decimals
Pure—Infinite decimals that repeat forming a period.
Newspapers
Mixed—Infinite decimals that form a period NOT starting from the comma.
Unlimited—

No newspapers—Infinite decimals that do not repeat.

Ordering of numbers--The ordering of numbers is done on a line called the real line, being larger
the one that is furthest to the right. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Opposite, inverse, and absolute value of a number--
Absolute value consists of taking the number without considering the sign: For example |5|=5 |-5|=5.
The opposite of a number is one that has the same absolute value but with a different sign, this means that if we add
A number and its opposite, the result would be 0, the opposite of +5 is -5 and it holds that 5 + (-5) = 0.
The inverse of a number is the one that, when multiplied by it, gives us 1. The inverse of 5 is 1/5 since 5·1/5 = 1.
Approximations—the number of decimal places used gives us the order of the approximation: approximations up to the
tenth (1 digit), up to the hundredth (2 digits)...
By default—if the approximate value is less than the actual value.
By excess—The approximate value is greater than the actual value.
There are two procedures for approximation:
Truncation - all decimals after the desired order are removed. They are always by default.
Rounding—decimal places beyond the desired order are removed, but 1 is added when the 1st removed digit is greater than or
equal to 5.
Truncated—3'14 (defect)
Up to the hundredth
Rounded—3.14 (default)
3.141592...
Truncated—3.1415 (defect)
Up to the ten thousandth
Rounded—3.1416 (excess)
Scientific notation - A way to express very large or very small numbers using powers of 10. The decimal point is moved to
to the right or to the left according to the sign of the exponent.
9.46 * 109 200,000,000 minus 2 times 108
0.0000022------------2.2 * 10-6 0.0001035-----------1.035 * 10-4
Divisibility criteria—
Divisibility by 2--when it ends in 0 or an even number.
Divisibility by 3--when the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3
Divisibility by 4--when its last two digits on the right are zeros or form a number divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5--when it ends in 0 or 5.
Divisibility by 6--when it is by 2 and by 3 at the same time.
Divisibility by 9--when the sum of its digits is.
Divisibility by 10--if it ends in 0.
Divisibility by 11--when the sum of the digits in odd places minus the sum of the digits in even places is 0 or a multiple of 11. For example: 4675.
Prime numbers - Those that are only divisible by themselves and by one. Those that are not prime are composite.
Prime factorization—we take the number and divide it by the prime numbers 2, 3, 5...
90 2
45 3 90 = 2 * 3 * 3 * 5 = 2 * 325
15 3
5 5
1
Greatest common divisor - The numbers are decomposed into prime factors and the equal factors with the highest exponent are taken.
small. 120=23* 3 * 5
252=22327 MCD= 223
Least common multiple—The common and non-common factors are taken with the highest exponent.
Order of operations - The order in which to perform the operations is as follows:
1. Brackets and parentheses. 3-- Products and quotients (if they are exact).
2. Powers and roots. 4-- Additions and subtractions.

Properties of powers—
a0 1 a n:am a n m 1
a n the inverse number is obtained
an
a1 a (a*b)n a n* b n
n/ m m n
a an
a n * a m a m (an ) m a n*m a a
b bn
n
a n* b n (a*b)n a a
bn b
There are no properties for the sum of powers, nor for powers that have nothing in common.3+22 25
If a fraction has powers, they can be moved up to the numerator or down to the denominator by changing the sign of the exponent:
34 4 2 6 5 −2• 5 453• 5 457
3 • 3 =3 = = =54
3−2 51• 5 −3515 253
Be careful with the following notations that look the same. If parentheses are not used, the sign does not enter the exponent.
-52=25 -52-25 -53-125 -53-125
When a fraction appears raised to a positive exponent, both the numerator and denominator are raised, but if the exponent is
2 -2 2
3 9 4 3 9
negative first we calculate the inverse of the number = = =
5 25 3 4 16
Theme 2 Rational numbers
Types of fractions
Common fractions--in the form a / b.
Proper fractions--the numerator is less than the denominator.
Improper fractions - the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator.
Decimal fractions--the denominator is the unit followed by zeros.
Equal fractions--the numerator is equal to the denominator.
Mixed numbers are those that consist of an integer part and a proper common fraction.
Equivalent fractions—
- If we divide them with the calculator and get the same number: 8/4 and 10/5.
- When multiplying them crosswise we get the same number.
- In some cases, it is enough to see that numerators and denominators are proportional since if in a fraction
if we multiply or divide the top and bottom by the same number, we get an equivalent fraction. This is used
to simplify, by dividing the numerator and denominator until obtaining an irreducible fraction that is, one that cannot be
It can be simplified further. In some cases, the operations are performed incorrectly:
153.5 5 15 10 +5 5
= = = ≠
213•7 7 21 10 +11 11
It can only be simplified in a fraction when we have products. In some cases, it can be simplified in a.
sum by factoring out the common factor and converting the sum into a product:
24 153•(8 5) 13
9 3• 3
Operations with fractions
a c e(adf) (cbf) (edb) a c ac a c ad
  • :
b d f bdf b d bd b d bc
Fractional representation of decimals —Exact and recurring decimals are rational, so they can be
representing itself as a fraction (generating fraction).
Exact decimals - The number is written without a comma and is divided by one followed by as many zeros as there are decimal places.
235
2:35
100
Pure recurring decimals—Number without decimal point – whole part
Both 9 and period
235 2
2:35
99
Mixed repeating decimals - whole number without a decimal point - integer part and non-repeating part
Both 9 as the period and 0 as the previous period.
235 23
2:35
90
Percentages - They are calculated using the rule of three.
Percentage-fraction-decimal relationship—The three are forms of expressing the relationship between two quantities.
Converting percentage to fraction -- it is enough to construct a fraction with numerator a and denominator 100, to arrive at a
true fraction amplifying the previous one by a power of 10 until the numerator becomes an integer and simplifying it:
12.5% = 12.5/100 = 125/1000 = 1/8.
To convert a fraction to a percentage, divide the numerator by the denominator and multiply the result by 100:
1/8 = 0.125 = 12.5%.
To convert from percentage to decimal--divide the percentage value by 100.
12.5% = 12.5/100 = 0.125.
To convert from decimal to percentage, multiply the decimal by 100.
0.125 = 12.5%.
Theme 3 Irrational numbers
The square root--the square root of a number a is another number that, when squared, gives us the first.
- Every positive number has two square roots.
- Negative numbers do not have a square root.
- The extraction of the square root is the inverse of squaring.
The cube root of a number is another number that raised to the cube gives us the first.
- Every positive number has a unique cube root.
- Negative numbers do have a cube root.
- The extraction of the cube root is the inverse of raising to the cube.
The n-th root of a number is another number that raised to n gives us the first one.
Operations with roots
Fundamental property of roots--If you multiply or divide the index of a root and the exponent of the radicand by the
same number, the value of the root does not change. This property allows us to multiply and divide roots of different indices.
16 16
Addition and subtraction--Only roots of the same index and the same radicand can be added and subtracted: 2 16
The square root of a sum or difference is not the sum of the square roots:
16 9 16 9
Product and division--Only roots of the same index can be multiplied and divided:
a
n
a•nb n
a b n
a:b n n
b
The exponent of a power and the index of a root can be simplified if they are equal, and also that the exponent of a root.
one can pass inside it.

 14  2
14 • 14 14 14   2

Root of a root -- the indices are multiplied

Power of a root--The power of a root is the root of the power.
Other operations--Sometimes it is possible to simplify the roots by converting the radicand into a product of powers:
108 2 7 2 2• 2 2•22• 2 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 8 2
180 2 2• 3 25 6 5
3
576 3
2 632 4 39
On other occasions, we try to introduce numbers into a root, for which we must raise them to the index of the root:
3 5 45 2310 80
3

Rationalize - It consists of removing any roots that may appear in the denominator. Cases:
1. When the denominator is a square root - multiply both the numerator and denominator by the same root.
5 5 2 5 2
2 2•2 2
2. Ensure that the denominator is not a square root -- multiply both the numerator and the denominator by a root of the sam
index that the denominator, but with a radicand raised to an exponent that makes the root disappear
denominator.
5 532 2 534
3
2 3
2•32 2 2
3. Let the denominator be a binomial with square roots--multiply the numerator and denominator by it
conjugated.
2 2•(5 3) 10 2 3 10 2 3
5  3 (5 3)•(5 3) 25 3 22
Theme 4 Equations and systems of equations
Algebraic expressions—These are those in which numbers, letters, and operation signs are combined.
Operations with algebraic expressions--To perform operations with them, it is necessary to consider:
- Those in which the letters are the same and with the same exponents can be summed.
- To multiply, you multiply each term of one by all the terms of the other.
Multiplying monomials--it is not necessary for them to be similar. The coefficients are multiplied, the same literal part is kept, and it
they add up the degrees. 3xy.4x2y3= 12x3y4
Division of monomials -- the coefficients are divided, the same literal part is kept, and the degrees are subtracted. 4x5y3:2x2y = 2x3y2
Add polynomials--we will place each monomial under the similar ones and sum their coefficients.
7x5+0x4+3x3+4x2-2x
5x5+0x4+0x3-x2-x
12x5+0x4+3x3+3x2-3x
Equalities - An equality is formed by two algebraic expressions joined by the sign =.
Identity--When an equality holds true for any value of the indeterminates. a + a = 2a
Equation--It is only verified for certain values of the indeterminates. a + 3 = 5
Notable identities--
Square of the sum--square of the 1st plus square of the 2nd plus double product of the 1st by the 2nd. (a+b)2= a2+2ab+b2
Square of the difference--Square of the 1st plus square of the 2nd minus double the product of the 1st by the 2nd. (a-b)2= a2-2ab + b2
Sum by difference--It is equal to the difference of squares. (a+b)(a-b) = a 22
Equations—It is an equality between algebraic expressions that holds true only for certain values of the indeterminates.
(unknowns). According to the number of solutions, an equation can be:
- Determined compatible - Unique solution (or several).
- Compatible indeterminate—Infinite solutions.
- Incompatible—There is no solution
First degree equations with one unknown - Only one unknown appears with a maximum degree of 1. Solution:
- Removal of parentheses: multiplying.
- Elimination of denominators: with the LCM.
- Transposition of the terms: letters on one side, numbers on the other.
- Reduction of terms: add to both sides.
- Isolate the variable.
Second degree equations with one unknown—those in which, after eliminating parentheses and denominators
a single variable appears with a maximum degree of 2. Resolution:
First type

c c
ax2 c 0 we clear x2 ax2 c x2 we clear x
a a
Second type—of two solutions
b
ax2 bx 0 common factor x ax b  We set each one to zero x 0 ax b 0 x 
a
Third type—The number of solutions depends on b2-4ac = which is called discriminant.
b b 2 4ac
ax2 bx c 0 the formula is applied x
2a
 two solutions
0 a double solution
0 there is no solution

Systems of equations—They can be determined or undetermined depending on the number of solutions they have. Everything
A system of equations needs as many equations as it has unknowns.
System of two equations with two unknowns—To solve a system of equations we can use four methods:
Substitution—solving for one variable in one of them and substituting it into the other.
x 3(5 3x) 2
17 51
3x y 5 x 15 9x 2 y 5 3 5
y 5 3x 10 10
x 3y 2 10 times 17 1
17 y 
x 10
10

Equating.—clear the same variable in both equations and equate the obtained expressions.
 3x y 5 y 5 3x 2 x
2 x 5  3x etc...
x 3y 2 y 3
3
Reduction—build an equivalent system to the given one but in which one of the equations has only one unknown. To do this
an equation is changed by the resultant of adding both equations multiplied by the appropriate numbers so that it
eliminate any unknown.
1
3x y 5 3x y 5 3x 5
1 10 51 51 17
E13E y  x x
x 3y 2 2
10 years -1 10 1 51 10 : 3 30 10
3x 5
10 10
Systems of three equations with three unknowns—They can be solved by the previous methods, but the one we are going to use
It is the Gauss method. It consists of transforming our system into another equivalent but in row echelon form and using only the
coefficients.
ax by cz r a b c r
we place the coefficients it is advisable that a be If it is possible
dx hey fz s d e f s
in matrix form you can achieve it by changing rows, it's done.
gx hy from t g h i t
We eliminate g, d, replacing sas ilas with the results of adding them to the first, multiplied by the appropriate numbers:

a b c r
0 e` f` s`
0 h i t
We eliminate h by replacing the third row with the result of adding it to the second, multiplied by the numbers.
convenient. We will obtain:

a b c r
0 e` f` s`
0 0 i`` t``
We set it again in the form of a system and we solve from bottom to top. Three things can happen:
i 0 Compatible system determined, we proceed as in the previous point.
i`` = 0 , t`` Incompatible system, there are no solutions.
i = 0 , t`` = 0 Compatible determined (infinite solutions). We move one unknown to the other side in both.
equations that remain and we isolate the others based on this one.
Theme 5 Analytic Geometry

Vectors AB It is a segment with origin at A and end at B.

Module—It is representedAB / and it is the length of the segment
Sum—It takes the origin of each vector to the tip of the previous one. The sum is obtained by connecting the first
origin and the last extreme.
Coordinates of a vector determined by two points  a1 , a 2  y  b1 , b 2  AB =  b1 a1 ,b 2 a 2 

a 1b a1 b 2
Coordinates of the midpoint of a segment— M , 2

2 2
Lines—A line is determined by a point  a1 , a 2  and by a direction vector v1 2  .
Vector equation
(x,y) (a1 , a 2)  (v1 , v 2)
Parametric equations
x a1 v1
y a2 v 2

Continuous equation—
x a1y a 2
v1 v2
General equation—The direction vector is (-B, A)
Ax By C 0

A v2 B v1 C a 2 v1 a1 v 2
Point-slope equation—
y a 2 m(x a1)
v2
m
v1

Explicit equation—
y mx n
v2
The slope is m
v1
N is the y-intercept, the point where it cuts the y-axis n a 2 ma1

Relative positions--
Parallel lines - two parallel lines have the same direction vector and the same slope.
Perpendiculars--  v1 ,v 2 it is the direction vector of a line,  v 2,v1  it is of a perpendicular.
1
If m are perpendicular.
m
Distance between two points H (a1 a 2)  (b1 b2 2) 2

A point belongs to a line--the point is substituted into x and y, if the equality holds true, then the point belongs.
yes, no.
Two lines intersect - the system of the two equations is solved; if it can be solved, they intersect; if not, they do not.
Axes—X (abscissa), y (ordinate).
Theme 6 Sets

Sets—collection of objects called elements.

Subset - A subset S of a set A is another set that is included within A.
Inclusion--A Set A is included in B.
Empty set AA
Universal setIt is representedu . A uA 
Disjoint sets—those in which A B
Operations with sets—
Union— A B (x A) (x B)
Intersection A B (x A) (x
Difference— A B (x A) (x B)
Complementary— A x A u A
Set of the parts of a set—set of all possible subsets of that set.
Cardinality of a set—It is the number of elements in a set. It is represented by #.
Cardinal of A B-- #(A B) = #A+#B-#(A B)
Cardinal of the parts of a set—2NN = number of elements in the set.
Cartesian product —The Cartesian product of A by B is the set of ordered pairs whose
Components 1 and 2 belong to A and B respectively.

#(A—B) = #A — #(A B)
( A B) A ( A B)

(A C) (B C) (A B) C
A CB CC C (A B C)C
Theme 7 Applications and functions
Applications—An application between A and B is a correspondence where each element of A is assigned to...
corresponds to a unique element of B.
f:A Goodbye application x Ay B y f(x)
A is the original set or domain of f
B is the image set of f
Types of applications—
Injective—The elements of B have a unique image in A (either no arrow arrives or one does).
Subjective - Every element of B is associated with some element of A (arrows reach everyone).
Bijective—When it is injective and surjective.
Preimage—place where the arrow emerges in the origin set towards the destination set.
Composition of applications—(fog) (x) the value of x is substituted in the first application "f" and what
we replace it in 'g'.
fog(x) f(g(x)) f(x) 2x 2 g ( x ) x 2 3
fog
f(3) 2 3 2 4 g(4) 4 2 3 19 (fog)(x) 19

Inverse application—When A We can define another application B as bijective. What is the

inverse f 1 It is calculated by isolating X in y = f(x).

f(x) x2
1
f(x) f(x2) x
Theme 8 Propositional logic
Proposition - A written expression that can be said to be true or false, but not both.
Logical operations—
Negation (no) p is true if p is false and vice versa.
Disjunction (or) - p q is true if p or q are true. —some but not both.
Conjunction(y) - p q is true if both p and q are true.
Conditional (if)—p If p, then q.
Biconditional—p q p if and only if q.
Quantifiers—
Universal— for everyone.
Existential— Is there any.
Tautology—They are true for any value of the variable.
Contradiction—They are false for any value of the variable.
Logical laws—
Idempotence —p p = p p p=p
Associative— (p q) r = p (q r) (p q) r = p (q r)
Commutative--p q = q p p q=q p
Of identity— p f = p p t=p f = contradiction
p t=t p f=f t = Tautology
Of complement—p p=t p p=f
t=f f=t
Of involution— ( p) = p
Morgan's Laws-- (p q) = p q
(p q) = p q

p q p or q p and q q p q p q
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1
Theme 9 Combinatorics
Permutation is a bijective application in a set.
In each grouping, all the elements are listed, important in their order.
Ordinary permutations—
In each group, all elements participate without any repeating.
Two groups are different if the order of arrangement of any of those m elements is different.
Pm = m!
Permutations with repetition
In each group, all elements participate and can be repeated.
Two groups differ in the order of placement of some of their elements.

Variation—a sorted list of distinct elements. Two variations are different if the order or some
elements are different.
In each group, only some elements are included, regardless of the order in which they are placed.
Ordinary variations—
The n elements that make up the group are distinct (do not repeat)
Two groups are distinct if they differ in any element or in the order in which they are arranged.

Variation with repetition

The elements that make up each group can be repeated.
Two groups are distinct if they differ in some element or in the order in which they are arranged.

Combination—List of distinct elements. Two combinations are different if they contain any
different element. In each grouping, only some elements appear regardless of the order.
placement of these.
Ordinary combinations—
Each group is made up of n distinct elements.
Two distinct groups differ in at least one element, regardless of the order.

-
Combination with repetition
The elements that make up each group can be repeated.
Two distinct groups differ in at least one element, disregarding the order.

Rule of sum—if a first task can be done in m ways, while a second one can be
can be done in n ways, and they cannot be done both at the same time, so we have m+n ways of
to complete a task
 Summary of combinatorial formulas--Among the different configurations or groupings that we can
to form with the elements of a set, the most important are:

Agru
type of pacio
Do Elements Matter? Can Elements Be Each
order? repeat? by available group grouping... FORMULA
nes
sin NO
V repetition
A
RI n<m
A IF
CI with YES
O repetition
N n < m, n > m
E
S
sine NO n=m
P repetition
E
R
M
U
T YES
with YES
A
CI
repetition n m
O
N
E
S
without NO
C repetition
O
M
BI
N NO
A with YES
Repetition
O
N
E
S
Example (Variations WITHOUT repetition):

How many three-digit distinct numbers can be formed with the nine significant digits of
decimal system?

Since they are numbers, the order matters and it also tells us 'distinct figures', so they cannot be.

repeat. Therefore, 504 numbers can be formed:

Example (Variations WITH repetition):

How many three-digit numbers can be formed with the nine significant digits of the system?
decimal?

When it comes to numbers, the order matters, and it also says nothing about 'different digits'; therefore, yes.
They can be repeated.

Therefore, 729 numbers can be formed:

How many distinct words of 10 letters (with or without meaning) can be written using only the
letters a, b?

When it comes to words, order matters, and since they are 10-letter words and we only have
Two to form them must be repeated.

Therefore, 1024 words can be formed:

Example (Permutations WITHOUT repetition):

With the letters of the word DISCO, how many different words can be formed?

Clearly, when it comes to words, order matters. Moreover, n = m, meaning we have to

form five-letter words with five elements D, I, S, C, O that are not repeated.
Therefore, 120 words can be formed:

Example (Permutations WITH repetition):

In how many different ways can nine balls be arranged in a line, of which 4 are white, 3 are...
yellow and 2 blue?

The order matters because they are of different colors, but there are balls of the same color (they are repeated) and
Moreover, n = m, that is, we place 9 balls in a line and we have 9 balls to place.
Therefore, we have 1260 ways to arrange them:

Example (Combinations WITHOUT repetition):

How many groups of 5 students can be formed from the thirty students in a class?
is different from another if it differs from another by at least one student)
 The order does not matter (they are groups of students). There cannot be two identical students in a group.
evidently, then without repetition.
Therefore, 142506 distinct groups can be formed:

Example (Combinations WITH repetition):

In a pastry shop, there are five different types of cakes. How many ways can they be chosen?
four cakes

Order does not matter (they are cakes). There can be two or more cakes in a group, then with
repetition.
Therefore, 142506 distinct groups can be formed:

Example (Multiplication Rule):

How many three-digit even numbers can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, if
Can these be repeated?

By forming an even three-digit number A1A2A3with the help of the given figures, instead of A1can
to take any number, except 0, that is, 6 possibilities. Instead of A2they can be taken
any figure, that is 7 possibilities, and instead of A3any of the numbers 0, 2, 4, 6, that is 4
possibilities. Thus, according to the 'Multiplication Rule' there are 6·7·4 = 168
procedures.
Thus, with the given figures, 168 even three-digit numbers can be formed.

Guidelines for problem solving

If in each grouping only some of the available elements appear, the order matters.
placement of these is then a problem of variations. (example 1)

If in each grouping all available elements are included, the order of arrangement matters.
So it is a problem of permutations. (example 2)

If in each grouping only some of the available elements are listed, regardless of the order.
placement of these, then we are faced with a combination problem. (example 3)