Christoff Rudolff (born in 1499 in Jawor, Silesia, died in 1545 in Vienna) was the author of

first German textbook of algebra.

Rudolff was a student of Henricus grammateus (Schreyber from Erfurt) from 1517 to 1521.
at the University of Vienna and was the author of a computer science book, titled: hübsch
Be clever and master the rules of algebra.

He introduced the radical symbol (¥) for the square root. It is believed that this was because it resembled
to a lowercase 'r' (from 'base'), [1] [2] although there is no direct evidence [3]. Cajori only says
that a "point is the embryo of our present symbol of the square root" [4] despite the fact that
It is possible, perhaps probable, that the symbols later by Rudolff are not points.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gaussɧ April 30,

?
1777, Brunswick ± February 23,

1855, Göttingen), was a German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist who contributed
significantly in many fields, including number theory, mathematical analysis,
differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, and optics. Considered 'the prince of the
mathematics" and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss has had a
notable influence in many fields of mathematics and science, and is considered one of
the mathematicians who have had the most influence in history. He was one of the first to extend the
concept of divisibility to other sets.

Gauss was a child prodigy, of whom there are many anecdotes about his astonishing talent.
precocity being just an infant, and made his first great discoveries while he was
just a teenager. He completed his magnum opus, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae at the age of twenty-one.
years (1798), although it would not be published until 1801: It was a fundamental work for it to
will consolidate the theory of numbers and has shaped this area to the present day.

In mathematics, Gaussian elimination, Gauss elimination, or Gauss elimination-

Jordan, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Jordan, are algorithms of the
linear algebra to determine the solutions of a system of linear equations, to find
matrices and inverses. A system of equations is solved by the Gauss method when it
they obtain their solutions by reducing the given system to another equivalent one in which
Each equation has one less variable than the previous one. When this process is applied, the
The resulting matrix is known as: "row echelon form."
René Descartes [1]
(La Haye en Touraine March 31, 1596 ± Stockholm, February 11,
1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, considered as the father of philosophy
modern, as well as one of the most prominent names of the scientific revolution. He formulated the
famous cogito ergo sum, essential element of Western rationalism. In physics is
considered as the creator of mechanicism, and in mathematics, of analytical geometry

The Cartesian coordinates are named in honor of René Descartes (1596-1650), the famous
French philosopher and mathematician who wanted to base his philosophical thought on necessity.
to take a 'starting point' on which to build all knowledge.

As the creator of analytical geometry, Descartes also began by taking a 'point of

departure", the Cartesian reference system, in order to represent plane geometry, which uses
only two perpendicular lines that intersect at a point called "origin of
coordinates," designing the so-called Cartesian coordinates.

Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Abu Ya'far), generally known as
Al-Khwarizmi was a Persian Muslim Shiite mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who lived
approximately between 780 and 850.
He studied and worked in Baghdad in the first half of the 9th century, at the court of the caliph al-
Mamun. For many, he was the greatest mathematician of his time.

We owe it to his name and to that of his main work, "Hisāb al-jabr wa'l muqābala",
The words algebra, numeral, and algorithm come from our language. In fact, it is
considered the father of algebra and as the introducer of our system of
numbering.

Around 815, al-Mamun, the seventh Abbasid caliph, son of Harun al-Rashid, founded in his
capital, Baghdad, the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), an institution of
research and translation that some have compared to the Library of Alexandria.
It translated Greek and Indian scientific and philosophical works into Arabic. It included
also with astronomical observatories. In this scientific and multicultural environment, there
he educated and worked with al-Khwarizmi along with other scientists like the Banu Musa brothers,
al-Kindi and the famous translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq. Two of his works, his treatises on
Algebra and astronomy are dedicated to the caliph himself.

In his treatise on Algebra, al-Khwarizmi explains how to solve quadratic equations.

of various types. Both the approach and the solution of the equations were provided in
words, as algebraic symbols were not yet used like they are today.

After presenting the natural numbers, al-Khwarizmi addresses the main question in the
first part of the book: the solution of equations. Their equations are linear or
quadratic and are composed of units, roots, and squares; for him, for example,
2
one unit was a number, a root was x and a square was x. Although in the examples that
we will continue to use the current algebraic notation in our days to help the reader to
To understand the concepts, it is important to note that al-Khwarizmi did not use symbols of any kind.
class, but only words.

First, reduce an equation to one of six normal forms:

1. Squares equal to roots.

2. Squares equal to numbers.
3. Roots equal to numbers.
2
4. Squares and roots equal to numbers, for example x + 10x = 39
2
5. Squares and numbers equal to roots, for example x + 21 = 10x
2
6. Roots and numbers equal to squares, for example 3x + 4 = x

The reduction is carried out using the operations of al-ŷabr ("completion", the
process of eliminating negative terms from the equation) and al-muqabala ("balancing", the
process of reducing the positive terms of the same power when they occur from
both sides of the equation). Then, al-Khwarizmi shows how to solve the six types of
equations, using algebraic and geometric solution methods. For example, for
2
Solve the equation x + 10x = 39, write:

... a square and ten roots are equal to 39 units. So, the question in this
What type of equation is approximately like this: what is the square that, combined with ten
from its roots, it will give a total sum of 39. The way to solve this type of equation is
take half of the mentioned roots. Now, the roots in the problem we have
In front of us are ten. Therefore, we take 5 which multiplied by themselves gives 25,
a quantity that you will add to 39 to give 64. Having extracted the square root of this,
What is 8, we subtract half of the roots from there, 5, resulting in 3. Therefore the
The number three represents a root of this square.
[3]
Algebra

The geometric proof follows by completing the square, which we will not elaborate on here.
We will point out, however, that the geometric proofs used by al-Khwarizmi are the subject of
controversy among experts. The question, which remains unanswered, is whether it was
familiar with the work of Euclid. It should be remembered, in the youth of al-Khwarizmi
and during the reign of Harun al-Rashid, al-Hajjaj had translated the "Elements" into
Arab, and he was one of al-Khwarizmi's companions at the House of Wisdom. This
[4]
I would endorse Toomer's position (op. cit.). Rashed comments that "the treatment [of al-
Juarismi was probably inspired by the recent knowledge of "the Elements".
[5]
But, for his part, Gandz argues that the Elements were completely
unknowns. Although it is uncertain whether he actually knew the Euclidean work,
It is possible to affirm that it was influenced by other works of geometry; see the
[6]
Parshall's treatment on the methodological similarities with the Hebrew text
Mishnah of Measurements, from the middle of the 2nd century.

Continues the Hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala examining how the laws of arithmetic are
they extend to their algebraic objects. For example, it shows how to multiply expressions
how (a + bx)(c + dx). Rashed (op. cit.) finds its forms of resolution
[7]
extremely original, but Crossley considers them less significant. Gandz
it is considered that the fatherhood of algebra is much more attributable to al-Khwarizmi than to
[8]
Diophantus.

The next part consists of applications and examples. It describes rules for finding the
area of geometric figures such as the circle, and the volume of solids such as the sphere, the
cone and the pyramid. This section certainly has much greater affinity with the
Hebrew and Indian texts that with any Greek work. The final part of the book deals with
of the complex Islamic inheritance rules, but requires little of the algebra that
previously stated, beyond the resolution of linear equations