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Signals and Systems Tutorial 2

The document is a tutorial for EE1101 Signals and Systems, covering topics such as periodic signals, impulse functions, integrals involving delta functions, and properties of linear time-invariant systems. It includes problems on deriving conditions for periodicity, evaluating integrals, and analyzing system characteristics like linearity and stability. Additionally, it discusses frequency modulation and the relationship between modulated and modulating signals.

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Vivek Singh
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8 views2 pages

Signals and Systems Tutorial 2

The document is a tutorial for EE1101 Signals and Systems, covering topics such as periodic signals, impulse functions, integrals involving delta functions, and properties of linear time-invariant systems. It includes problems on deriving conditions for periodicity, evaluating integrals, and analyzing system characteristics like linearity and stability. Additionally, it discusses frequency modulation and the relationship between modulated and modulating signals.

Uploaded by

Vivek Singh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

EE1101 Signals and Systems

Tutorial 2

1. (a) Let x1 (t) and x2 (t) be periodic sig- x(t)


nals with periods T1 and T2 . De-
rive the conditions under which the 1
sum x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t) is periodic.
What is the fundamental period of (b)
x(t) ? 0 1 2 3 4 t
-1 (1) (1) (1)
(b) Determine the fundamental period
of the following signals:
(a) x(t) = cos(10πt + 1) − 5. Determine whether the following systems
2 sin(4πt − 1) are (a) linear, (b) time-invariant, (c)
(b) x[n] = 1 + ej
4π
7
n
− ej
2π
3
n causal, (d) stable and (e) invertible.
(a) y(t) = dx(t)
dt
where d
dt
represents the
2. Using the generalized function definition left differentiator.
1
of impulse, show that : δ(at) = |a| δ(t), R 3t
(b) y(t) = −∞ x(τ )dτ
for a 6= 0.
(c) y(t) = x(t/2)
3. Evaluate the following integrals: (d)
R∞
(a) −∞ x(τ )δ(t − τ ) dτ

x(t) − x(t − 100) t≥0
y(t) =
R∞ 0 otherwise
(b) −∞ δ(τ )x(t − τ ) dτ
R∞ P∞
(c) −∞ δ(t)e−jωt dt (e) y(t) = n=−∞ x(t)δ(t − nT )
R∞ (f) y(t) = x(2t − 4)
(d) −∞ δ(2t − 3) sin πt dt
R∞
(e) −∞ δ(t + 3)e−t dt 6. Consider a discrete-time system with in-
R∞ put x[n] and output y[n]. The input-
(f) −∞ (t3 + 4)δ(1 − t) dt ouput relationship for the systems is
R∞
(g) −∞ e(x−1) cos π2 (x − 5) δ(x − 3) dx
 
y[n] = x[n]x[n − 2].
Rt
4. Find and sketch −∞ x(t) dt for the signal (a) Is the system memoryless?
x(t) illustrated in the following figures. (b) Determine the output of the system
when the input is Aδ[n], where A is
any real or complex number.
x(t)
(c) Is the system invertible?
1 (1)

(a)
0 1 2 3 4 t
-1
7. For each of the following input-output re- x2 (t)
lationships, determine whether the corre-
sponding system is linear, time-invariant 1
or both.
0 1 2 3 4 t
(a) y[n] = x2 [n − 2]
-1
(b) y[n] = x[n + 1] − x[n − 1]
(c) y[n] = Odd{x[n]} 10. In frequency modulation (FM), the mod-
ulated signal y(t) is related to the modu-
lating signal m(t) by
8. Let H represent a continuous time Linear
Time-invariant (LTI) system. Then show  Z t 
that H{est } = λest where s is a complex y(t) = A cos ωc t + ω∆ m(τ )dτ
−∞
variable and λ is a complex constant.
where ω∆ is the frequency-deviation con-
9. Consider a continuous time LTI system stant. This is called FM because the in-
whose response to the signal x1 (t) in fig- stantaneous frequency is proportional to
ure below is the signal y1 (t) illustrated the modulating signal:
below. Determine and sketch carefully  Z t 
d
the response of the system to the input ω(t) = ωc t + ω∆ m(τ )dτ
x2 (t) shown below. dt −∞
= ωc + ω∆ m(t).

x1 (t) y1 (t) (a) Sketch y(t) for ωc = 8π, ω∆ = 2π


2 and m(t) = u(t + 2) − u(t − 1).
(b) Is the modulation system, with
1 1
input m(t) and output y(t), lin-
ear? Time invariant? Memoryless?
0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t Causal?

—– END —–

Page 2

Common questions

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The integral ∫_(−∞)^(∞) δ(t)e^(-jωt) dt evaluates to e^(−jω * 0) because the impulse function δ(t) is zero everywhere except at t=0. Thus, the result is 1 .

The generalized function definition of the impulse states that δ(at) = 1/|a| δ(t) for a ≠ 0. This transformation signifies that scaling the argument of the impulse by a factor a results in scaling the impulse itself by 1/|a|, ensuring the area (integral) under the impulse remains unity .

For y(t) = x(2t − 4), the system is invertible since reversing the transformation x(2t − 4) to x(t) can be achieved by re-scaling and shifting: x(t) = y((t+4)/2). The system is not memoryless because the output at a given time depends on the input at a transformed time instance, implying a dependency on past or future values .

To analyze y(t) = x(t/2), we test the following: (a) Linearity: The system is linear as it satisfies additivity and homogeneity. (b) Time Invariance: It is not time-invariant because scaling the time affects the system response differently over shifts. (c) Causality: It is non-causal. Causality requires the output at time t to depend only on input at that time or earlier. (d) Stability: If x(t) is stable, y(t) will also be stable. (e) Invertibility: The system is invertible by scaling time again by 2 to retrieve x(t) from y(t).

Frequency modulation (FM) is neither linear nor time-invariant. Linearity fails as the output is a cosine function of the integral of the input, a non-linear operation. It is not memoryless since the output depends on the integral (past values) of the input. However, it is causal, as the output at any time depends only on past and present input values, ensuring no future input influence .

The sum of two periodic signals x1(t) and x2(t) is periodic if the ratio of their periods, T1 and T2, is a rational number. Mathematically, this requires that T1/T2 = m/n, where m and n are integers. The fundamental period of the combined signal x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) is the least common multiple (LCM) of T1 and T2 .

The system y[n] = x[n]x[n−2] is not memoryless because the output depends on the present input x[n] and a past input x[n−2]. When the input x[n] is Aδ[n], x[n−2]=Aδ[n−2], leading to an output of y[n]=Aδ[n]*Aδ[n−2]=0 as δ[n] and δ[n−2] do not overlap except at n=0, causing y[n]=0 for all n≠0 .

To sketch y(t) for specific ωc and ωΔ values, with m(t) defined as m(t) = u(t+2) - u(t-1), compute the integral of m(t), ∫_(−∞)^t m(τ)dτ, which results in a piecewise linear function. With ωc=8π and ωΔ=2π, the modulated phase is calculated, and y(t) is sketched by plotting the cosine function with the computed phase variations, leading to a waveform modulated in frequency according to the integrated m(t).

For a continuous-time LTI system, the response to an exponential input of the form est is given by H{est} = λest, where λ is a complex constant dependent on the system. This indicates that the output is merely a scaled version of the input, preserving its structure, showing that exponentials are the eigenfunctions of LTI systems .

The fundamental period of the signal x(t) = cos(10πt + 1) - 2 sin(4πt - 1) is determined by finding the period of each component. The period of cos(10πt) is T1 = 1/5, and the period of sin(4πt) is T2 = 1/2. Since T1/T2 = (1/5)/(1/2) = 2/5, a rational number, the signal is periodic. The least common multiple of these periods gives the fundamental period, LCM(1/5, 1/2) = 1, so the fundamental period is T = 1 .

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