1

1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the present research work, the problem statement according to the criteria
Hernández Sampieri points out the following:

In reality, framing the problem is nothing more than refining and

structure the research idea more formally. The
step from the idea to the problem formulation sometimes
it can be immediate, almost automatic, or take a
considerable amount of time; it depends on how
the researcher is familiar with the topic to be addressed, the
the complexity of the idea itself, the existence of studies
background, the researcher’s commitment and skills
personal of this (Hernández, 2006, 45).
The researcher, after having observed and analyzed everything for a week
procedures carried out in the activities of the Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A. and
together with the collaboration of the staff regarding necessary information, through
questionnaires which allowed to evaluate the administrative controls, determined that the
The element that is generating conflicts is the fixed assets which are part of
fundamental and they constitute an important item within their balances, since not
appropriate and necessary mechanisms are in place to proceed with the respective
records, standards, policies, control procedures, reason that causes not to
I can know their existence accurately and at the same time losses or disappearances in some.
cases.

Fixed Assets are all those tangible and intangible goods that a company owns.
natural or legal person, in other words, all those rights that the
Company or Entity (Funes, 2010, 87).

The lack of an internal control system leads to an incorrect expression of

balances in the Financial Statements corresponding and non-compliance with regulations
current, loss of fixed assets, lack of accounting records, absence of control
of income and outflow of fixed assets and significant economic losses
for the Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A., an economic or accounting loss is understood as:
 2

The accounting loss represents a decrease of a

part of the assets and rights of the company (assets). The
The term loss also applies to negative results,
that are determined by the difference between the income
(sales, provision of services, etc.) and the necessary expenses
to generate those sales (purchases, salary expenses,
general expenses, etc.) during an accounting period (Funes, 2014, 67).

The 'El Carmen' S.A. Clinic does not have control mechanisms and procedures.
qualified personnel to carry out tasks in accordance with the area, these conflicts are due to
the absence of an internal control system for fixed assets which is defined as:

The internal control system is one that includes the plan of

organization, the coordinated methods and procedures and
the measures adopted by the company to protect its
fixed assets, verify the reasonableness and reliability of the
financial data, seek operational efficiency and
promote adherence to the described policies
([Link]).
The researcher determined that since the Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A. does not have a
internal control system, there will not be specific control of fixed assets and therefore
neither will it be possible to reconcile accountantly the movement they have, nor will it be possible to

perform the review of fixed assets by departments and have information

correctly, causing resource losses to be unavoidable.
contribute to the timely and appropriate decision-making for future development
efficient, effective and economical of the Clinic.

The proposed solution is to design an internal control system for the

fixed assets that serve as an administrative and financial control instrument
specific and is described as follows:

It is the set of actions, activities, plans, policies,

norms, records, procedures, and methods, including the
environment and attitudes developed by authorities and their
personal in charge, with the aim of preventing possible risks
that affect an entity or company([Link]).
 3

To design an internal control system for assets, the three must be met.
next phases: the first is Planning, which begins with the commitment
formalization of the Senior Management and the establishment of a Committee responsible for conducting the

process. It also includes actions aimed at the formulation of a

diagnosis of the situation in which the internal control system is found
entity with respect to the internal control standards established by the CGR, which
will serve as a basis for the development of a work plan that ensures its
implementation and ensure the effectiveness of its operation; the second is the
execution that includes the development of the actions outlined in the work plan.
It occurs at two sequential levels: at the entity level and at the process level.
At the first level, the necessary control policies and regulations are established for the
safeguarding institutional objectives under the framework of control standards
internal and components that they establish; while in the second, based on
of the entity's critical processes, prior identification of the objectives and
risks that threaten compliance, we proceed to evaluate the existing controls to
effects of ensuring the response to the risks that the
the administration has adopted and finally the third is the evaluation which is the phase that
understand the actions aimed at achieving an appropriate process of
implementation of the internal control system and its effective operation, through
of its continuous improvement (See [Link]).

2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

In this paper, the formulation of the problem will be understood according to the definition of
Maldonado to the following:

Definitely, the formulation of the problem refers to the elaboration of the question.
perhaps the expression makes sense in the operational aspect, however, it has no greater
"relevance" (Maldonado, 2007, 82).
 4

How to solve the control of fixed assets, which causes economic losses in the
Clinic "El Carmen" S.A.?

3. OBJECTIVES

The formulation of objectives is essential in research work as it allows us

they will guide throughout it, according to Maldonado states that:

The objective in research is the clear and precise statement of the goals that
they pursue and refer to the aspects (subproblems) that are desired to be studied or to the
interim results that are expected to be obtained to provide a final response to the problem
(Maldonado, 2007, 87).

3.1. General objective

Develop a Fixed Asset Control System at the Clinic "El Carmen" S.A.
through a manual that contains necessary internal control mechanisms and low
current regulations to avoid economic losses.

3.2. Specific objectives

Determine mechanisms and policies for internal control.
Prepare records according to current related standards.
Analyze the depreciation methods of fixed assets for the correct
exposition of balances in the corresponding Financial Statements.
Design a manual of internal control procedures for fixed assets.

4. JUSTIFICATION

This work will be carried out to avoid improvisations in management.

fixed assets at the Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A., thus improving their control
contributing to make management efficient and effective in the development of its
activities.
 5

In proposing the implementation of an internal control system for fixed assets the
Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A. will be able to have better control of its involved expenses and thus
will require staff who have fixed assets under their responsibility to take care of and protect them in

the benefit of it will also help to keep your records updated and that
in this way, more efficient estimates and budgets can be made
approached to reality, in the same way this control mechanism serves as
evidence of the deterioration or damage that assets suffer and can be controlled
through encodings.

The estimated resources to be used, whether material, economic, human, or technical,

etc, to proceed with the investigation are the following:

Resources
Material Resources Human Resources Technical Resources
Economic
Leaves Approximate Manager Questionnaires
Computer mind between Counter Interviews
Printer Bs 160.- and Receptionist Inventories
Rings Bs 190.- Guard
Pencils Others
Ink
Books,
magazines, etc.

5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework is another essential method that is part of the research.
Walabonso Rodriguez defines it as follows:

It is a set of theories, doctrines, ideas, and data that act as a premise of a

research. It is also composed of assumptions, laws, and scientific principles and
"doctrines" (Maldonado, 2007, 21).
 6

5.1. Fixed asset

Fixed assets are one of the main items for any entity, which is why it is
very important the information that is held about them and which are also used in the
transformation process of inputs which are subject to depreciation
annual due to the wear they suffer over time, will be understood as an asset
fixed to:

Movable and immovable property (machinery, office materials, etc.)

are included in the balance sheet (General Balance) and within it
investments in stocks, bonds, and securities issued by affiliated companies are included
in certain cases" (Clavijo, 2015,398).

5.1.1 Classification of fixed assets

The classification of fixed assets helps to account for them in the best way.
long-lasting movable and immovable assets in an organization or entity, various
Authors highlight fixed assets as a fundamental piece within an organization.
regardless of its direction, since it is a sector of great importance due to capital
What it represents in the balance sheet, in this way when proceeding with a correct one
Grouping and explanation of the items that comprise the fixed asset category will be the basis.
to account for such assets and consequently have an adequate internal control and
timely information from them thus avoiding distortions in the information
obtained and subsequent decisions that the Company or entity will make throughout its
activities.

The classification of fixed assets is very simple, through an analysis and consultation of
various books and according to Clavijo it can be summarized that it is divided into two sections

On one side, we have tangible fixed assets, and on the other, fixed assets.
intangible. These two sections together form the fixed asset category which
will proceed to break down in detail throughout the research (Cf. Clavijo, 2015,
399).
 7

[Link]. Tangible fixed asset

The tangible fixed asset refers to concrete goods that can be seen, appreciated, touched,
etc., from which it is expected that services will be provided according to their nature. These
tangible assets are classified according to Clavijo into:

a) Assets not subject to depreciation: These assets do not decrease in value with the

the passage of time. On the contrary, they increase it due to the added value, one of
The clearest examples of this type of property are land.
b) Assets subject to depreciation: These are long-lasting assets that have
deterioration over time. This causes its value to decrease periodically.
Among them, buildings can be mentioned as examples of this type.
machinery and equipment, transport equipment, furniture and furnishings, tools, etc.
c) Natural resources: These assets are depleted as exploitation occurs.
they are subject to depletion and for this reason are non-renewable resources;
they constitute the main objective of the extractive entity, for example funds
miners, forests, oil wells, mines, etc.

The assets that make up and are part of tangible fixed assets are divided as follows
way:

Land: They are non-depreciable real estate assets. They constitute

assets on which the economic entity carries out the constructions where
will carry out their respective work activities.
Buildings: It is the place or places that the economic entity has constructed for
carry out their activities and financial transactions, as long as they are
of his property.
Machinery and industrial equipment: It represents the set of machines and equipment.
industries that serve an industrial company to carry out its production.
Delivery Team: It is made up of vehicles owned by the
economic entity that acquires to make deliveries of its products or
 8

merchandise; or provide some service to their clients. Such is the case with trucks,
vans, cars, motorcycles, etc.
Office furniture and equipment: They are the furniture and accessories that the entity
economic acquires to carry out its administrative activities. Such is the case
of computers, cannon, desks, chairs, tables, etc.
Tools: refers to any manual instrument that assists in the
mechanical operations of an entity (Cf. Clavijo, 2015, 340).

[Link]. Intangible fixed asset

The intangible fixed asset includes abstract items of which their value is not appreciated.
shape, size, color, etc. They are long-lasting but without any physical quality and their
The main characteristic lies in the rights that correspond to its holder.

They are those non-current assets that do not have a physical substance, that is, they do not
they can be touched; however, they are used for production or supply of
goods, provision of services or for administrative purposes, and will generate benefits
future economic factors that will be controlled by the company, according to Clavijo's examples
intangible fixed assets will be understood as the following:

Patents: They represent exclusive rights for the production and sale of goods that
they possess one or more unique characteristics.
Trademarks: It is a name, word, phrase, term, or symbol used to
Identify a company and its products or services and differentiate them from any other.
another one that tries to appropriate it or imitate it. For example, the phrase from Sabritas, 'I bet you can't'

you can only eat one.” A registered service mark is the same as a
registered trademark of products, except that it identifies and distinguishes the
source of a service instead of a product.
Licenses and permits: They are rights and privileges granted by the government or the
individuals to sell a product or provide a service,
for example, the exploitation permit for a mine.
 9

Franchises: It is a contract that one company makes with another to use its brand.
commercial and its know-how for a time and in a specific territory, through
the payment of a monetary compensation.
Copyright: Copyright laws ensure that its owner has
the exclusive right to reproduce a work (book, movie, song, etc.).
Merchant credit: When one company is acquired by another, values are assigned to it.
from the market to the assets of the company that is being sold, that amount is
the market values of its liabilities remain and any amount paid in excess is
register for the purchasing company as merchandise credit (Cf. Clavijo, 2015, 341;
[Link]).

5.1.2. Years of useful life

It is important to consider the useful life of a fixed asset to proceed with the respective
depreciation, according to Funes states that the useful life of an asset is:

The time during which the company makes use of the asset until it is no longer useful for
In the company, there are various factors that influence the useful life of a fixed asset.
what can be technological obsolescence, use, and time" (Funes, 2014, X21).

Depreciation

The depreciation method to be used should be analyzed depending on the type of entity.
whether applied to properties, plant and equipment, this will help us to have
accurate, truthful, timely, and clear information in the Financial Statements. According to Funes

depreciation is:
 10

The systematic distribution of the depreciable amount of a

active throughout its useful life. The amount of the
depreciation should not be deducted directly from the cost of
active, otherwise it must be credited to a supplementary account
accumulated depreciation of buildings, for two reasons, the
first is that depreciation constitutes a loss
estimated value of a tangible fixed asset (fixed asset) and
its amount is not exact, but approximate and the second is
in order to provide greater information to the reader
the cost of the asset is shown in the Financial Statements
less the accumulated depreciation, in this way the value
what the Balance Sheet or Financial Position reflects is the
net asset value as of a certain date (Funes, 2014)
X21).
According to the current regulations of Supreme Decree 24051, the depreciations of the asset
Fixed assets will be computed based on the depreciable cost, according to Article 21 of this regulation.

and according to their useful life in the percentages detailed in the Annex of this
article. In the case of companies distributing motion pictures, the
depreciation or punishment of those exploited under the contract system with payment
direct, royalties or fixed prices on the respective costs will be carried out in the
Following percentages: fifty percent (50%) the first year, thirty percent
(30%) the second and twenty percent (20%) the third. The deadline will be counted from
the management in which the premiere of the movie takes place.

In all cases, the accumulated reserve may not exceed the recorded cost.
of the asset, whether from origin or due to technical revaluations. The corresponding depreciations

technical revaluations carried out during the tax administrations that begin from the
Validity of this tax, they are not deductible from the Net Profit, according to subsection h)
of Article 18 of this regulation.

The ordinary repairs made to fixed asset goods will be

deductible as expenses of the fiscal year as long as it does not exceed twenty percent
20% of the value of the asset. The value of repairs exceeding this percentage is
it will be considered an improvement that extends the useful life of the asset and, therefore, it will be charged to the cost
 11

of the respective asset and its depreciation will be made in equal annual fractions of the
remaining useful life period.

Fixed asset goods will begin to depreciate for tax purposes from the moment
in which its use and utilization begins. In the first year, the amount of depreciation will be
equal to the total amount that corresponds to it, for a complete management divided by
twelve (12) and multiplied by the number of months that lie between, from the start of its
utilization and use, until the end of the fiscal management. The initial month in all cases, is
will consider as a full month.

The fixed assets of mining companies, electric power, and telecommunications are
they will be depreciated based on the coefficients contained in the sectoral legal provisions
respective.

Regulatory Compendium in the hydrocarbon sector, fixed assets will be depreciated in

based on the coefficients contained in the Annex of Article 22 of this regulation,
starting from the year in which the asset contributed to generating income.

In accordance with the provision contained in the first paragraph of Article 22 and 21 of this
D.S. the depreciations of fixed assets will be calculated on the depreciable cost and of
according to its useful life in the following percentages:

Years of life
Assets for use Coefficient
useful
Buildings 40 2.50%
Office furniture and furnishings 10 10.00%
Machinery in general 8 12.50%
Equipment and installations 8 12.50%
Boats and launches in general 10 10.00%
Motor vehicles 5 20.00%
Planes 5 20.00%
 12

Construction Machinery 5 20.00%

Agricultural Machinery 4 25.00%
Working animals 4 25.00%
Tools in general 4 25.00%
Computer equipment 4 25.00%
Breeders and pedigree or pure females for 8 12.50%
cross
Irrigation channels and wells 20 5.00%
Ponds, bathing places, and troughs 10 10.00%
Fences, gates, and barriers 10 10.00%
Housing for staff 20 5.00%
Furniture and furnishings in the staff's homes 10 10.00%
Silos, warehouses, and sheds 20 5.00%
Sheds and wooden shelters 5 20.00%
Metal sheds and shelters 10 10.00%
Rural electrification and telephone installations 10 10.00%
Inner paths 10 10.00%
Sugarcane 5 20.00%
Wides 8 12.50%
Fruit trees 10 10.00%
Others plantations s/g experience del
taxpayer
Oil Wells 5 20.00%
Oil industry collection lines 5 20.00%
Field equipment of the oil industry 8 12.50%
Processing plants of the oil industry 8 12.50%
Pipelines of the oil industry 10 10.00%
(See Annex Article 22, DS 24051)
 13

5.1.4. Depreciation method

The depreciation method that will be used will reflect the pattern according to
what is expected to be consumed by the entity and the economic benefits
futures of the asset, according to Funes' definition of the depreciation method is as follows:

The depreciation method applied to an asset will be reviewed, at a minimum, at the end
of each annual period and, if there were a significant change in the expected pattern of
consumption of future economic benefits incorporated into the asset will change to
reflect the new pattern" (Funes, 2015, X21).

[Link]. Linear method

This method is the most applied by companies or entities, due to compliance with
current regulations, Funes defines it as follows:

It is the simplest method and the most commonly used in business operations. It allows
distribute the cost in equal parts throughout the useful life of the asset
(Funes, 2015, 369).
Its formula is as follows:

In this text, the objective is that the

student knows and applies
minimally the depreciation in line
straight or the application of the coefficient of
C - VR
D = ---------------------- depreciation.
N
The different methods of depreciation
of usable goods are analyzed with greater
detail in chapter VII of the Book of
intermediate accounting of the same.
 14

Designations:

D = Annual depreciation
C = Cost
VR = Residual value or waste
n = Years of useful life of the asset

(Cf Funes, 2015, X21)

5.1.5. Management of fixed assets to avoid economic losses

One of the main reasons why companies or entities go bankrupt is because

they do not manage their resources efficiently, it will be understood as
resource management

The proper management and control of resources with effectiveness, efficiency, and economy that
"owns a company or entity dedicated to an activity" (Clavijo, 2015, 350).

According to several administrators, the following describes why the

importance of resource management to avoid economic losses
futures

A company must manage scarce resources and

efficiently limited so as not to break, that is, not to spend
more than what our income allows us, the cash flow
and the profit and loss statement will be ours
ideal instruments to control resources
efficiently. The first one will help us keep track
strict about cash inflows and outflows for
to keep our payments and our entries up to date
cash, in order to be solvent, the second will help us to
maintain strict control over our income and our
expenses to measure the accounting profitability of the
company([Link]).
 15

5.2. Economy

It is important to take this concept into account in all companies, as it depends on

a good management of the economy, the profitability that it may have will be defined.
economy in the following way:

The economy (from the Latin economĭa, and this from the Greek οἰκονομία [oikonomía], from οἶκος
[oikos], "house", and νόμος [nomos], "law"), is the social science that studies extraction,
production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services
([Link]).

Those who study and analyze the economy professionally are known as economists.
understanding the aforementioned, economics could be defined as the science
that studies "how a society organizes itself to produce its means of existence"
that, distributed among its members and consumed by them, allow society
can produce them again and so on, providing with it, in a way
constantly renewed, the material base for the entirety of reproduction of the
society over time.

5.2.1. Types of economy in relation to the supply and demand that exists

When we talk about economics, we can come to understand it in various ways since
there are quite a few types of economy according to the behavior of the suppliers and
claimants as we will see below in the following paragraphs.

[Link]. Sustainable economy

There are different types of definitions, but sustainable economy will be understood as
also called sustainable development economy:
 16

A new term that has become fashionable in recent

years and that encompasses a social life project based on the
reuse of raw materials for various purposes. It is about
to change the productivity process based on a
economy based on caring for the environment and in
improvement of the quality of life of a society. Basically
seeks to meet the needs of the generations that
they are living in a certain space-time without
to put at risk the livelihood or the possibilities
economic of the futures generations
(Invalid input for translation.).
[Link]. Business Economy
The understanding of this economic concept allows us to manage all resources.
so that our company or entity is defined as follows:

It is the way an organization can manage its

resources and services, offering a competitive view against
to the market. It draws on various scientific disciplines that
they allow to carry out such work. It is a way to apply
economics in the context of a company and must be taken into account
it relies on external values for its proper functioning such as
stock market indices, market demand and other variables
([Link]).
[Link]. Natural economy
This type of economy, as defined by the biologist Ghiselin, is:
The study of the consequences that scarcity causes in living beings. Proposing
a deep analysis of human actions and their side effects on the environment
[Link]).

[Link]. Political Economy

This one relates to other economies in the legal context, for its the
application and understanding will define this economy as follows:
 17

It is the study of human behaviors, examined

within a characteristic legal context. The economy
politics relates to natural economics in terms of
that human actions, their political economy can
affect the natural environment, positively or negatively, the
the interaction of living beings with the environment modifies it
always([Link]).
[Link]. Mixed economy
The use of this economy is in an economy that depends on certain variables in the
economic systems and is defined as follows:
It is a trade exchange system that is not entirely free, where the state
is responsible for establishing certain rules that enable a balanced distribution of the
profits among the different traders of that economic system
([Link]).

5.2.2. Profitability Indicators

To be able to analyze the financial statements of an entity through them

different indicators are very viable as they allow us to make decisions
timely opportunities that will allow us to manage the business with efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability

among some that we can mention are the NPV (net present value), IRR (Internal Rate of Return)
residual increment), according to Gitman (1997) says that profitability:

It is the relationship between income and costs generated by the use of the company's assets.
in productive activities. The profitability of a company can be evaluated in
reference to sales, assets, capital, or stock value" ([Link]).

5.2.3. Profitability analysis by levels

Through these indicators, one can understand concepts of outcome and investment and the
study of the same company among others according to Sánchez this study can be carried out in
two levels:
 18

1. Level of economic profitability or of the asset, in which

relates a known or anticipated outcome concept,
before interest, with the total amount of the capital
economic resources used in its acquisition, without taking into account
the financing or origin of them, so
represents, from an economic perspective, the performance
from the company's investment. 2. Level of profitability
financial, in which a concept of result is faced
known or expected, after interests, with the funds
company-owned, and represents the performance that
corresponds to the same([Link]).
Economic profitability

This level of study helps us determine the capacity that assets have in a
company to generate value of independence based on how they have been financed and governed
through basic indicators to assess the efficiency of business management, to
Sánchez economic profitability is a measure, referring to a certain period of
time, of the performance of a company's assets regardless of the
financing of them, on the other hand Aguirre points out that profitability
economic is an index that measures the economic performance of investments,
applying the following formula:

Profit before financial expenses and taxes

Net investment

Likewise, economic profitability includes, according to Aguirre et al. (1997), the calculation of
a margin that evaluates the sales productivity to generate profits, as well as
also of a rotation, which measures the effectiveness with which the net investment is managed
from the company ([Link]).

[Link]. Financial profitability

Financial profitability can thus be considered a measure of profitability.

closer to shareholders or owners than economic profitability, and hence
 19

theoretically, and according to the most widespread opinion, it is the profitability indicator that the

executives seek to maximize in the interest of the owners, according to Sanchez we have the
following definition of financial profitability or capital, referred to in the literature
Anglo-Saxon return on equity (ROE) is a measure related to a specific period.
over time, from the returns obtained on their own capital, generally with
independence of the result distribution. On the other hand, the profitability index
financial, according to Aguirre, evaluates the profitability obtained by the owners of a
company; the return obtained from your investment. Its formula is as follows:

Net profit

Own resources means

This calculation allows measuring the company's ability to compensate its

shareholders, which can be through dividends or by retaining profits, for
the increase in assets. This index is important for a number of reasons according to
Aguirre points out the following:

Contributes to explaining the company's growth capacity.

2. Shareholders will support the management carried out as long as it is satisfied.
profitability of your investments.
3. It allows comparing investment returns from the shareholder's perspective.
alternatives (See [Link]).

5.2.4. Internal control procedures to manage effectively, efficiently and with

economy the resources that an entity possesses

What is expected to be proposed in the following research is a manual of procedures.

of internal control of fixed assets with the purpose of enabling management to obtain
agile and timely information based on current regulations related to the area for later use
record, this will be achieved through an analysis of the accounting system and records to have
the daily values of the same. A procedures manual is the document that
 20

it contains the description of activities that must be followed in the execution of the
functions of an administrative unit, or of two or more of them. The manual includes
in addition, the positions or administrative units that intervene specifying their
responsibility and participation. They often contain information and examples of
forms, authorizations or necessary documents, machines or office equipment
use and any other data that may assist in the proper development of the activities
within the company. It contains registered and transmitted without distortion the
basic information regarding the operation of all administrative units,
facilitates audit work, internal evaluation and control, and its monitoring,
awareness among employees and their bosses that the work is being done or not
adequately. The manual of procedures also contains a precise description.
on how the activities of each company should be developed. It must be a document
internal, of which copies made of them must be registered and controlled
([Link]).

5.3. Internal control system

It is the set of actions, activities, plans, policies, regulations, records,

procedures and methods, including the environment and attitudes developed by authorities and
your staff in charge, with the aim of preventing possible risks that affect a
public entity. It is based on a structure composed of five components
functional as a control environment, risk assessment, control activities
managerial, information and communication supervision.

Internal control is a comprehensive process conducted by both management and

by the staff, and it is designed to confront risks and to provide security
reasonable that in the achievement of the organization's mission, it will be attained
Objectives. Internal control, both accounting and administrative, within an entity
has a significant influence on its optimal development since it allows for the
the company to have greater certainty that fraud can be prevented or discovered.
time thefts or embezzlements, as well as the financial information that will be
 21

Generating information about the company's operations will be reliable and timely; in addition to

greater optimization in all aspects: financial, operational, human resources

etc ([Link]).

5.3.1. Software (systems) for fixed asset control

There are different types of software used in recent years, which are
they apply to achieve good administrative management in companies or entities to
to have a good management of the resources it possesses, systematizing them
information in a more correct and orderly manner reducing costs and time, understood
by software to:

Logical equipment or software support of a computer system, which includes the

set of the logical components necessary that make possible the realization of
specific tasks, as opposed to the physical components that are called
[Link]).

[Link]. Software advance assets

This type of software is responsible for storing a database with all the
information about the assets of a company or entity. Its characteristics allow it to
generate immediate reports at any time and obtain historical data on the
assignments of each fixed asset, in addition to carrying out the depreciation of each one
they carry out different operations that help control them, among which
we can mention the queries and reports it generates, export and import
data to the system, inventory collection by department, multi-department or
by locations, assignment of fixed assets and reassignment by block regarding
changes of responsible, depreciation of fixed assets, printing of labels with
barcode, registration of new assets, report of assets that are outside of
your assigned place, among others.
 22

Among the most important technical features of this software that is

available with RFID technology, it is compatible with a large number of devices
mobile devices from brands like Motorola, Intermec, Honeywell, Unitech, among others, low
technical requirements, also available in Microsoft Access version and
SQL Server, in this way Advance Assets can be installed on a single computer,
whether it's desktop or laptop. To conduct an inventory, it is possible.
connect a barcode scanner so that this task can be done more quickly
taking advantage of the tags placed on the products. The Advance Assets license
includes a license for mobile terminal.

The system can be used on a network, this licensing is done for each device.
used.

The advantages of this system include providing the management and control of the
company assets since it may take just minutes to obtain that information
With this system, the most relevant aspect regarding fixed assets is that it improves control.
of the locations of each asset, as well as the assigned responsible person, it becomes more
efficient work of the assigned staff and errors are reduced, they are issued in a manner
immediate labels for asset identification, improves time when performing
inventories of your company, multi-locations, multi-companies, provides information
detailed records of asset additions and removals and maintenance history.

In the same way, when generating reports and statements, the system generates
queries within any of the catalogs it manages, such as users, assets,
areas, locations, inventory, etc ([Link]).

[Link]. RFID software

The RFID Fixed Asset Control system aims to control the location
and the person responsible for fixed assets, manage insurance and maintenance, calculate accurately
automatic depreciation, and remotely collect the physical inventory of fixed assets
with the portable terminal, reduce management costs and prevent leaks.
 23

Among the advantages that this system brings is the remote collection of physical inventory.
dynamically fixed assets, consult consolidated information in a more
efficient and increase productivity.

The system includes the following modules:

Control modules: regarding fixed assets, it serves to register them, in

improvements or adaptations and issue reports on different characteristics, to what
it refers to the locations its purpose is to record transfers and consult
fixed assets by cost center and location, the module for safeguards is used
to control the fixed assets of each responsible person and print the receipt
corresponding, for inventories aims to collect the
physical inventory with the portable terminal, and issue asset audit reports
fixed reconciled, missing, entered, moved and nonexistent, and the status of
general and responsible inventory, serves to record the disincorporation of
fixed assets with the date of retirement and its purpose is to record the different
system catalogs.
Administration modules: regarding what concerns insurance
register the policies that insure each fixed asset, including the amount and the premium,
the other side aims to record the historical cost of maintenance
preventive and corrective maintenance of fixed assets, also serves to generate the
reports of tax depreciation and averages for the asset tax,
subsequently, financial tables are used for the calculation of the
tax and accounting [Link]).

5.3.2. Manual of procedures for fixed asset control

This manual can be prepared by a unit of the company or by the unit of

consulting among others, in which the most important and essential for a good is expressed
management of the company's assets, according to current regulations in the area in the
various classes of responsibilities are designated, such as managing the
 24

reports, prepare physical inventories in each unit, supervise compliance with the
established procedures, supervise the use and care of assets, likewise
following the respective accounting criteria.

In this document, the procedures concerning those who are established.

they participate in the purchasing process as a user, account holder
budgetary, the process to be carried out regarding the additions and removals is also established
a fixed asset, accounting aspects for its corresponding recording, coding of the
assets, control systems through software if applicable and use of forms
(Cf. 81148_Manual_AF.pdf).

5.3.3. Benefits of an internal control system

Having a good internal control system for assets and other resources provides
a series of benefits which are detailed below:

Reduce the risks of corruption

Achieve the established objectives and goals
Promote organizational development
Achieve greater efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency in operations
Ensure compliance with the regulatory framework
Protect the resources and assets of the State, and their proper use.
Having reliable and timely information
Promote the practice of values
Promote the accountability of officials for the mission and objectives
responsible for the use of the assigned assets and resources (Cf. [Link]).
 25

6. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

The set of all actions to be taken, as well as techniques, methods, and tools.
research will help us gather the necessary information for the
processing of it, in such a way that it can be described and analyzed in depth
The problem posed in the present research, according to Balestrini, indicates that the
methodological framework is:

The set of logical, techno-operational procedures implicit in every process

of research, with the aim of bringing them to light and systematizing them; on the subject
to allow discovering and analyzing the study assumptions and reconstructing the data, to
based on the theoretically conventionalized concepts
([Link]).

6.1. Types of research

For the present work, the different types of research that exist were studied.
to obtain necessary information about the object of study, according to the classification of the
the same proceeded to work with an exploratory investigation which is that which
is carried out on a little-known or under-researched topic or object, so its results
constitute an approximate vision of said object, that is, a superficial level of
knowledge, which according to Sellriz is given in two ways; the first is that they can
to be directed towards a more precise formulation of a research problem and the second
it lacks sufficient information and prior knowledge of the object of
study, it is for this reason that the initial formulation of the problem turns out to be imprecise.
In this case, exploration allows for the acquisition of new data and elements, which
they will help to drive and formulate the research question more precisely in the
present work, in such a way that it helped us to condense all the
information obtained to proceed with the work

Exploratory investigations are very useful, as they help the researcher to be able to
familiarize oneself with the object of study that until now is completely unknown
 26

and serve as a basis for the subsequent execution of the descriptive research, this
it can in turn create interest in other researchers for the study of a new
theme and can help to clarify a problem or to conclude with the formulation of a
hypothesis if applicable.

Subsequently, a descriptive research will be conducted, also called research

diagnostic, fundamentally consists of characterizing a phenomenon or situation
concrete indicating its most peculiar or differentiating features, its goal is not limited to
the collection of data, but to the prediction and identification of the relationships that
exists between two or more variables, this will allow the researcher to reach
to know the situations that the Clinic goes through, through the exact description of
the activities, objects, processes, and people, as well as selected techniques
suitable for the collection of information to be extracted from people
related to the Clinic to examine the characteristics of the problem, all of this
the information obtained will allow us to continue with the explanatory research which is
is responsible for investigating the reasons behind events by establishing relationships
cause-effect. In this sense, explanatory studies can deal with both the
determination of the causes (post facto investigation), as well as the effects
(experimental research), through hypothesis testing. Its results and
conclusions constitute the deepest level of knowledge, in such a way that the
researcher relate the problem to the effects that this problem brings in the future and the
causes that originated it ([Link]).

6.2. Methods

On the other hand, there are several methods that allow the researcher to apply a
procedure for handling information, the scientific method according to Gortari is:

An abstraction of the activities that researchers perform, concentrating their

attention in the process of acquiring [Link]).
 27

For the present research concerning the formulation of the problem

The situation of the clinic 'El Carmen' S.A. was observed and analyzed.
the middle of the inductive method which consists of:

The reasoning that, starting from particular cases, rises to knowledge

general. This method allows for the formation of hypotheses, investigation of laws
scientific, and the demonstrations. Induction can be complete or incomplete.
([Link]).

The theoretical framework was worked on with a method of analysis, since all the information was
broken down into three important branches thus relating to the problem being investigated
along with its effects and main causes, this analysis method is:

Deciding which statistical tests are appropriate for analyzing the data, depending on
of the formulated hypotheses and the levels of measurement of the variable
([Link]).

On the other hand, to proceed with the development of the methodological framework, it was applied

the analysis method and the deductive one, as it begins with precise observation to
to be able to determine those phenomena that cause conflicts in the Clinic with the
purpose of being able to point out the particular truths about the object of study, the method
deductive is:

"He who combines necessary and simple principles (axioms, postulates, theorems,
undefined concepts, definitions, etc.) to deduce new propositions
([Link]).

6.3. Sources, techniques, and instruments

In this work, after a thorough observation, the primary sources

used by the researcher will be the collection of supporting documents from the
assets that prove to be owned by the entity, an inventory will be conducted of
assets according to designated codifications by comparing each of them respectively
 28

For the verification of losses, the control procedure that is applied will be observed.
regarding the daily movement of assets through control panels, afterwards
Interviews will be conducted with the staff who work in the entity related to the area to
the determination of deficiencies will proceed to filming and consultations with professionals
the same area in such a way that all this obtained information is reflected on papers of
work that supports and accredits it, consultations of books will also be made,
bulletins, etc.; the secondary sources used were basic accounting books,
intermediate, preparation and evaluation of projects, newspapers, page inquiries
virtual, regulations and current standards related to research work, others
work done on the same subject.

The techniques and instruments that will be used in this work are several, which
will help collect all the necessary information to process it later, these
research techniques are:

Methodological and systematic procedures that are responsible for operationalizing and
implement the research methods and have the ability to collect
immediate information, techniques are also an invention of man and
As such, there are as many techniques as there are problems susceptible to being investigated.

(Maldonado, 2007, 195).

The techniques that will be used for this work are the observation of the
activities carried out by the Clinic 'El Carmen' S.A. during a period of
time to be able to detect certain problems, afterwards an analysis will be carried out
respective documentation on the area of study, an interview preceded by a series of
questions directed to the administrative staff, reception, and other parallel areas
to know the internal controls of fixed assets that the entity has, it is also
it will analyze the procedure manual if applicable, etc. All this information obtained
in the interviews conducted, it must be supported later, also is
will proceed with surveys to secondary staff and clients of the same clinic to
 29

to be able to complement the obtained information, and in this way have a

more precise and concrete information.

Control dashboards of fixed assets will also be developed so that through

it can be verified whether they are properly registered and coded and
thus be able to verify their movement.

Subsequently, the depreciation of the assets will be verified according to

current regulations and compare comparative balances with the Financial Statements
corresponding and the balances with higher.

6.4. Population or sample

Once the techniques and procedures with which the collection will be conducted are established
of information, the researcher conducted an analysis of the people who will participate in
the work, for this, the types of sampling that exist were studied which are two
types, the first is probabilistic sampling which according to Pineda is:

The most recommended method if you are conducting quantitative research because
all components of the population have the same chance of being selected
for the [Link]).

And the second is non-probability sampling, which is the one most commonly used when there is
large population, according to Pineda is:

A selection process in which the probability that they have is unknown

elements of the population to integrate the [Link]).

Once these two types of sampling were analyzed, the researcher determined that it
non-probabilistic sampling will be applied since the people who work at the clinic are
many and that also some only work every other day or have shifts at different times
schedules and that's why it would be a bit slow to work with everyone, which is why
this sampling was determined, for this the researcher chose a criterion where
 30

it was established that there will be fifty people (50) working, these people will be
composed of those who work in the administrative area, which are 14, in the area
accounting personnel that comprise a total of 6 people, the manager, security guard, ten
those in charge of reception, other workers, and the remaining people will be
the most frequent clients of the Clinic.

6.5. Information analysis

In the present research work, once it has been analyzed the

company behavior during the course of its activities, first you will proceed
with the interviews and questionnaires respective to the staff, these will be
recorded on work papers which will be meticulously prepared by the
designated work team, the questionnaires or semi-surveys once filled out, are
they will proceed to tabulate them in an Access server which helps us simplify
the work to obtain more complete and truthful information, thus reducing
time and errors in the calculation, thus allowing for a good interpretation of it.
This server will inform us through the application of diagrams about the result of
all the processed information and any additional information that may be needed from
server.

Subsequently, a program will be created with the information obtained.

establishing the procedures to be carried out to proceed with the confirmation of said
information through necessary documentation in such a way that it is duly
documented and backed up all the obtained information.
 31

7. TENTATIVE SCHEME

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM

1.1 Statement of the problem

1.2 Problem formulation
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Justification

CHAPTER II MECHANISMS AND CONTROL POLICIES

2.1 Control Mechanisms

2.2 Security measures
2.3 Establishment of control policies
2.4 Software Implementation

CHAPTER III RECORDS

3.1 Accounting
3.2 Accounting cycle
3.3 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
3.4 Accounting systems

CHAPTER IV DEPRECIATION

4.1 Definition
4.2 Depreciation method
4.3 Current norms and regulations for asset depreciation
4.4 Method to apply

CHAPTER V INTERNAL CONTROL MANUAL

5.1 Definition
 32

5.2. Pre-design of a procedures manual

5.3. Development of the proposal
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SCHEDULE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXES
 33

8. SCHEDULE
34
 35

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

CLAVIJO, R. (2015). PROJECTS EVALUATION AND FORMULATION.

COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA: COSMOPOLITAN.

The ABC of Accounting

WISDOM AND CULTURE.

HERNANDEZ, S ().

MALDONADO, M. (2007). BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH

SCIENTIFIC. (1ST ED.). COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA: SERRANO

NATIONAL TAX SERVICE. SUPREME DECREE N° 24051.

Web Page

MANAGEMENT AND IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://[Link]. (13/05; 02:30).

ANALYSIS DE PROFITABILITY. AVAILABLE

HTTP://[Link]. (16/05; 23:14).

BENEFITS OF A CONTROL MANUAL. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://[Link]. (17/05; 23:24).

Comptroller's Office GENERAL DEL STATE. AVAILABLE

HTTP://[Link].(28/05; 14:23).

DEBITOOR: INVOICING AND ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE - GLOSSARY.

AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://[Link]. (06/05; 23:45).

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMICS. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://DEFINICIONECONOMIA. (13/05; 00:30).
 36

INTERNAL CONTROL DESIGN. AVAILABLE AT:HTTP://[Link].

19:05

INSTITUTE OF AUTHORIZED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://[Link](28/04; 13:55).

RESEARCH. AVAILABLE AT:[Link] (08/06;

14:23

MANUAL DE PROCEDURES. AVAILABLE EN:

HTTP://81148_MANUAL_AF.PDF. (18/05; 14:45).

Marco METHODOLOGICAL. AVAILABLE

HTTP://[Link]. (03/06; 23:23).

METHODOLOGY. AVAILABLE AT:[Link] (08/06;

14:55 [Link] (08/06; 15:05
[Link] (08/06; 14:23
HTTP://[Link]. (08/06; 15:15).

RFID SOFTWARE CONTROL MODULES. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://[Link]. (19/05; 03:14).

SAMPLING. AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://[Link]. (09/06; 17:02).

PROCEDURE DE CONTROL INTERNAL. AVAILABLE

HTTP://[Link]. (19/05; 14:45).

SOFTWARE FOR ASSET CONTROL. AVAILABLE AT:

HTTP://[Link].(19/05; 00:26).
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