PROBLEMS

Mendel discovered that the yellow color of the pea seeds is

dominant over the color green. In the following experiments, plants with
known phenotypes, but with unknown genotypes, gave rise to the following
descendants

YellowxGreen = 82 Yellows + 78 Greens.

2) YellowxYellow = 118 Yellows + 39 Greens.

3) VerdexGreen = 50 Greens

4) YellowxGreen = 74 Yellows

5) AmarillaxAmarilla = 90 Yellows

According to the proportion of descendants, indicate the most probable genotypes of

each parent.

In cattle, the lack of horns is dominant over their presence.

horns. A hornless bull crossed with three cows. With cow A, which had
horns, had a hornless calf; with cow B, also with horns, had a
calf with horns; with cow C, which had no horns, had a calf with
horns. What are the genotypes of the four parents? What other
descendants, and in what proportions, could be expected from these crossings?

3.- From a crossing between two normal-wing Drosophilas, 27 were obtained.

individuals of wingsdumpyy 79 normal. a) What is the nature of the wings gene?
dumpy?; b) What were the genotypes of the parents?; c) In a cross between a
Mosca dumpy from F1 and one of its parents. How many flies with normal wings are there?
Would I expect to get a descent of 120?

4.- From the marriage between an albino woman and a pigmented man, whose father was
albino, two bivitelinos twins were born. a) Calculate the probability that both
a) That none are albino b) That one is albino and the other
pigmented. Answer the previous questions if they are
monovitelinos.

5. In Andalusian breed chickens, the heterozygous combination of the alleles that

The black plumage and the white plumage give rise to blue plumage. What
descendants will have a blue-feathered hen, and in what proportions, if crossed.
with birds of the following plumage colors: a) Black, b) Blue, and c) White.

6.-Snapdragons can have pink, white, or red flowers. The table details the
results of a series of crossings between various plants and the results obtained:

Descendant Crosses

RojaxRosa 126 Reds and 131 Roses

BlankxPink 88 Whites and 92 Pinks

RojaxBlanca 115 Roses

43 Whites, 39 Reds, and 83 Pinks

What genetic mechanism can be deduced from these results?

7.- A couple decides to have 4 children. What is the probability that:

a) Does the father's wish to have four sons come true?

b) Does the mother's wish to have two of each sex come true?

c) Does the grandmother's wish to have three boys and one girl come true?

d) If they had a 5th child, what would be the probability that this child would be a boy?

8.- In the Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle breed, a recessive allele r produces hair.
red and white; the dominant allele R produces white and black fur. If a carrier bull
is crossed with carrier cows, 1-determine the probability that a) the first
descendant that is born shall be red and white; b) the first four descendants
white and black sean. 2- What is the expected phenotypic ratio among the progeny
resulting from backcrossing black and white F1 cows with the carrier bull? 3- If the bull
carrier crosses with homozygous black and white cows, what proportion
phenotypic variation can be expected among the offspring resulting from backcrossing the cows of
the F1 for the male carrier?

9.- Heterozygous black guinea pigs Bb cross with each other. a) What is the probability
that the first three descendants be alternately black-white-black or
white-black-white?

b) What is the probability of producing three offspring, two black and one
white, in any order?

10.- Huntington's chorea is a rare, fatal disease that appears

usually in middle age. It is due to a dominant allele. A man
phenotypically normal, just over 20 years old, warns that his father has
developed the Huntington's chorea. a) What is the probability that later he
Did the disease develop the same way? b) What is the likelihood that it will develop?
Son in due time?

11.- Consider a series of families with two children in which both parents have been
identified as carriers of a recessive autosomal allele, given that at least
one of the children shows the corresponding phenotype. When adding all the children of
Such families, what proportion of them will show that phenotype?

12. When crossing normal-colored mice with albino ones, all the F1 mice
they were normal, and in the F2, 330 normal and 126 albino. Check the fit with
the theoretical proportion by the chi-square method.

The red color of the tomato flesh depends on the presence of an R factor.
dominant over its allele r, which gives yellow color. Dwarfism is due to a gene
recessive d. There is a variety of yellow pulp and normal size and another one
small and red-fleshed, both pure varieties. a) Could a variety be obtained
of red pulp and of normal size?; b) And one with yellow pulp and dwarf size?; c) Which
Would it be obtained earlier?

14. A tall stem plant, yellow pod and round seed crosses with another
small, green and round, resulting in 3/8 of tall, green and round plants, 3/8
of dwarfs, green and round, 1/8 high, green and rough, and 1/8 of dwarfs,
green and rough. Dense the genotypes of the parents.

15. If two pairs of alleles are transmitted independently, with A being dominant
About A and B about b, what is the probability of obtaining: a) a gamete Ab from
an individual AaBb, b) a zygote AABB from a cross AaBBxAaBb, c)
a gamete Ab from an individual AABb, d) a zygote AABB from a
crossbreeding aabbxAABB, e) a phenotype AB from a cross AaBbx
AaBb, f) an AB phenotype from a cross AaBb x AABB, and g) a phenotype
What is the result of crossing AaBb with AaBB?

16.- In Drosophila, the normal or vestigial wing shape trait is independent.

of the character with red or scarlet eye color. The table presents the
descendants obtained in three experiments. Determine the genotypes of the
parents and statistically verify the proposed hypothesis.

Progenitors

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

Reds, scarlet. Reds, scarlet.

[Link]. 168 164 142 140

[Link]. 364 0 107 0

[Link]. 309 107 95 29

17.- The black coat in cocker spaniels is governed by a dominant allele B.

and the red color by its recessive allele b. The uniform pattern of color is governed
by the dominant allele of a locus S that is transmitted independently and the
spotted pattern due to its recessive allele s. A male with uniformly black fur
appeared with a female with mottled skin and red color and produce a litter of
six puppies: two solid black, two solid red, one black spotted and one
spotted red. Determine the genotypes of the parents.

18.- The normal split hoof characteristic in pigs is produced by the genotype.
homozygous recessive mm. A dominant genotype M- produces a condition of
mule's hoof. The white color of the hair is determined by a dominant allele of
another locus B and the black due to its recessive allele b. A white pig with a mule's leg
cross with a female of the same phenotype. Among the offspring, there were found
six white pigs with normal hooves; seven black ones with mule legs; fifteen
whites with mule leg and three blacks with normal hoof. If the
retrograde crossing of all the F1 in black with mule leg What
What phenotypic frequency could be expected among the offspring?

19.- Fat mice can be produced by the action of two genes that
They transmit independently. The recessive genotype ob ob produces a sterile mouse.
and fat called 'obese'. Its dominant allele Ob produces normal growth.
recessive genotype also produces a fat and sterile mouse called
"adipose" and its dominant allele Ad produces normal growth. What proportions?
Phenotypic differences between fat and normal individuals are expected to occur in F1 and F2.
of crossbreeding between parents Obob Adad?

20.- Baur crossed a plant of normally shaped white flowers of Antirrhinum majus
with a plant of red flowers in a peloric shape. The F1 of said crossing was
pink and normally shaped. By self-fertilizing the F1, the following offspring was obtained:

Normal rose 94 plants

Normal red 39 plants

Normal white 45 plants

Peloric rose 28 plants

Peloric red 15 plants

Pale white 13 plants

a) Explicar dichos resultados b) Comprobar estadísticamente la hipótesis.

21. In the F2 of two corn varieties, obtained by crossing breeds that

they differed in two genes, the following phenotypic segregations were obtained:

AB From aB ab
a) 117 26 18 7
b) 82 12 33 8

a) Is the deviation from the segregation 9:3:3:1 significant in each case?

b) Are the two varieties homogeneous?

22.- The following genealogy shows a family affected by two diseases

that appear infrequently in the human species and are due to genes
located on different chromosomes.

albinism

II

porphyria

III

a) What is the inheritance type of each of these diseases?

b) Fill in the genotypes of all the individuals in the genealogy

c) Calculate the probability that the first descendant of II-1 and III-4 is 1) healthy,
2) con porfiria, 3) afectado de albinismo y 4) afectado solamente por una cualquiera
of the two diseases
23. The following genealogy indicates the mode of transmission of two rare traits
in men, cataracts and pituitary dwarfism. Individuals with cataracts are
indicate with a minus sign (-) and with pituitary dwarfism with a plus sign (+). a)
Explain the type of inheritance of these characters. b) If IV-1 marries IV-6 and has 5
children, three dwarfs without cataracts and two dwarfs with cataracts, do I agree with this with the
hypothesis formulated in (a)? Indicate the genotype of the parents of both
conjugates. c) What phenotypes would appear, and in what proportions, in the
descendencia de los siguientes matrimonios: 1) III-5xIV-1, 2) III-2xIV-5, 3) IV-1
xIV-7? d) What is the probability that: 1) II-6 is heterozygous for both
characters, 2) II-1 is homozygous for dwarfism, 3) the first child of
Marriage IV-2xIV-4 is dwarf?

24.- It is known that the color of the fur in mice is determined by several
genes. The presence of a yellow pigment band near the tip of the hair.
It is called the 'agouti' pattern and is produced by the dominant allele A. The condition
The recessive of this locus (aa) does not have this subapical band and is known as no
agouti. The dominant allele of another locus B produces black color and the recessive genotype
bb produce café. The homozygous genotype cc restricts pigment production to
the extremities of the body in a pattern called Himalaya, while the
dominant allele C allows the pigment to be distributed throughout the body. To
cross pure brown mice, agoutis, and Himalayan pattern with pure black mice no
Aguti, not Himalayas, a) what are the expected phenotypic proportions in the F1
and in the F2? b) What percentage of the fully colored, black, and agouti F2 is
wait for it to be of genotype AaBBCc? c) What percentage of all the mice
Could the Himalaya of F2 show the brown pigment? d) What percentage of all
Could the agoutis in the F2 be expected to exhibit black pigment?

In the tomato, the red fruit is dominant over the yellow, the bilobed over the
multilobed and the tall stem over the dwarf. A grower has pure breeds of
red, bilobed, and dwarf plants and yellow, multilobed, and tall plants. If
crosses its two plants and obtains its F1 and F2, what proportion will be homozygous for
the three characters in this last generation? How can it be determined which
Are the plants homozygous?

26.- In the cat, the spotted (S) or non-spotted (s), short hair (L) or hair
length (l) and non-dilute color (D) or dilute (d) are due to three independent genes. They
perform the cross between two cats with genotypes llSsdd and LlSsDd. a) What is the
probability of obtaining a cat with genotype llssdd? b) What is the probability of
obtain a short-haired, spotted, and undiluted phenotype cat?

27.- How many different crosses can be made a) From a single pair of
factors b) Of two pairs of factors c) Of three pairs of factors.

28.- Consider the cross AaBbCcDdEexaaBbccDdee. (a) What proportion of

the offspring will be phenotypically like: 1) the first parent, 2) the second
parental
3) either of the two parents and 4) none of them. (b) What proportion of the
descendants will be genotypically like: 1) the first parent, 2) the second
parental
3) either of the two parents and 4) none of them.

Consider independent segregation of all genes.

29.- A heterozygous plant for 6 independent loci (AaBbCcDdEeFf)

self-fertilization. Calculate:

a) The probability that a descendant is triple heterozygous.

b) The probability that a descendant is heterozygous for four loci and

homozygous recessive for the other two.

c) The probability that a descendant is homozygous AA and heterozygous

for the remaining loci.

d) The number of distinct genotypes that can be formed that are heterozygous
for two loci.

30. Give the most probable genotypes of the parents in the following crossings.
of guinea pigs, which differ by the color of their fur:

albin
black sepia cream
o
1 blackxblack 22 - - 7
2 blackalbino 10 9 - -
3 cremaxcream - - 34 11
4 sepia cream - 24 11 12
5 blackalbino 13 - 12 -
6 blackxcream 19 20 - -
7 blackxsepia 18 20 - -
8 sepiaxsepia - 26 9 -
9 cremaxalbino - - 15 17

31. Give the most likely genotypes of the parents in the following crossings
among rabbits:

chinchilla
wild Himalaya gray albino
a
1 wildexwild 3/4 1/4 - - -
2 wildexwild 3/4 - 1/4 - -
3 wilderness Himalaya 1/2 1/4 - 1/4 -
4 wild gray 1/2 1/4 1/4 - -
5 wildhimalaya 1/2 - 1/2 - -
6 himalayas - 3/4 - 1/4 -
7 gray albino - 1/2 1/2 - -
8 grayxgray - - 1/2 1/4 1/4
In a certain population, 30% of individuals with blood group A are
heterozygous for that allele. A woman from group A marries a man from
of group B
group A, and c) of group AB?

33. The genealogy indicated below refers to the black characters,

carey (with red tips) and red, the color of the guinea pig's fur. Indicate
reasonably if 2 or 3 alleles are involved in its control.

123

Black Red Deer

4567

Black Red Carey

89

Carey Red

34. The following case was presented before the courts: a family
they claim that a certain baby Y, given to them in the maternity ward, does not belong to them and that,
In contrast, baby Z, who belongs to family W, is theirs. Family W denies this.
fact, and the court orders the blood type examination of the babies and of
the parents, with the following results:

Mother Father Baby

Family X/Y AB O A

Family W/Z A O O

Which family is right?

35. Among the various colors of the plumage of a species of exotic bird...
they find red, orange, yellow, and white. The crossings between different
birds of this species produced the following results:

Parental Descendants

a) red 420 reds, 435 whites

b) red red 198 reds, 100 whites

c) yellowxwhite 182 yellows, 197 whites

yellowyellow 330 yellows, 109 whites

e) rojoxamarillo 90 naranjas, 87 rojas, 92 amarillas, 91 blancas

f) orange 160 red, 158 yellow

Propose a genetic hypothesis that explains these results and indicate the genotype.
of each of the parental figures involved in the crosses and of the birds of the
descendants.

36. Ducks can have three plumage patterns: 'mallard', 'restricted', or

"obscure". Three types of crossings were carried out with the following results:

F1 F1xF1

mallardxobscuro mallard 97 mallard 33 obscuro

restricted dark

3) restricted x mallard restricted 109 restricted 36 mallard

a) Propose a hypothesis that explains the obtained results and test it.
through X2.

b) If a male from the F1 of cross 3) is crossed with a female from the F1 of the
crossbreeding 1). What phenotypes are expected among the descendants of this?
Crossbreeding? How often?

37. A series of multiple alleles determines the distribution of genes in dogs.

fur pigments. The As allele produces uniform dark pigmentation; the allele
Ay produces less intense uniform pigmentation (cinnamon); the allele At produces
spotted coats. The dominance relationship is As > Ay > At.

a) Determine the genotypes of the following genealogy.

b) Probability of spotted descendants from the cross III1xIII2

c) Frequency of descendants with dark pigment that is expected to be

heterozygotes from the cross I1xII3

d) Frequency of offspring with dark pigment from the cross I1xIII2

Dark pigment

Cinnamon

II = Stained

1234

III

1234

38. In the HLA complex, 3 genes designated as A, B, and C code for antigens.
of incompatibility. Each gene exists in many allelic forms. Assume that
A man and a woman have the following genotypes for the genes of
antigen determination

B2C1A2 B4C3A4

B1C2A1 B3C4A3

a) Give the possible genotypes of the offspring (not considering crossovers)

b) Can children give or receive tissue from their parents?

In petunia plants, the relationship of compatibility-incompatibility is

controlled by a series of multiple alleles (S1, S2, S3 ...). The pollen tube does not
it will develop if the S allele it contains is also present in the parent
female. If in this system the offspring from the cross S1S3xS2S4 is
crosses with each other, in all possible combinations of females and males. Indicate
the proportions of crossings that will be:

Completely fertile

b) Completely sterile

c) Partially fertile

40. S1, S2, S3,..., are sterility alleles that form a multiple allelic series in
tobacco. A plant cannot be homozygous for any of them. The pollen
it will abort if it carries a sterility allele that a plant used as
female parent.

What will be the constitution of the F1 plants regarding sterility alleles in

each of the following crossings?

a) Female parent S1S2xS4S5 male parent

b) Female parental S3S4xS4S5 male parental

c) Female parent S1S2 x S1S2 male parent

d) Female parental S4S5xS3S4 male parental

41. By crossing two varieties of Salvia, one with violet flowers and the other with white flowers,
both pure breeds, F1 exhibited all the purple flowers, and F2 produced 92
violet flower plants, 30 pink flower and 41 white flower.

a) Explain the type of inheritance.

b) What is the probability of obtaining the observed result in the experiment

according to the proposed hypothesis.

42. By crossing two types of oats, with black and white seeds respectively, the F1
It presented plants with black seeds, while the F2 resulted in 418 plants.
with black seeds, 106 with gray seeds, and 36 with white seeds. Explain.
the inheritance of the color of the oat seed.
43.-By crossing two pure breeds of guinea pigs, one with gray fur and the other with brown, one
obtained an F1 entirely with gray fur and an F2 with the following proportions: 48
Gray, 12 black, 3 blue, and 1 brown. Explain these results in a Mendelian way.

In the corn kernel, the dominant gene C allows for the manifestation of color. To
self-fertilizing a plant of unknown genotype, 1490 seeds were obtained
whites and 310 colored. Explain these results, checking statistically
the relevant hypotheses.

45. If a double heterozygote, through self-fertilization, results in a 9:7 offspring

What offspring will be obtained if this heterozygote is used in a crossing?
test?. If it is this time a double heterozygote that gives by self-fertilization
a 9:3:4 offspring, what offspring will result from its use in a crossbreeding?
test?

46. The Silkie, Wyandotte, and Leghorn chicken breeds have white plumage.

In the Wyandotte x Leghorn cross, the F1 was white and the F2 segregated a.
ratio 13 white:3 colored

In the crossing of Wyandotte x Silkie, the F1 was colored and the F2 segregated a
ratio 7 white:9 colored.

a) Explain the results.

b) Expected segregation in the F2 of the SilkiexLeghorn cross.

A dog breeder has three specimens of the Labrador breed: one

female and a male with golden fur and a male with black fur. When crossing the
Each female produced the following offspring for each of the males:

female gold / male gold ...... 6/8 gold, 1/8 black, 1/8 brown

golden female black male........4/8 gold, 3/8 black, 1/8 brown

Establish a hypothesis that explains the inheritance of coat color in this breed.
of dogs, indicating the genotype of the parents and descendants of each one
of the crossings.

48. A variety of brown fruit peppers was crossed with a fruit variety.
yellow. The resulting F1 plants all had red fruit. With this
Just information gives two possible explanations for the inheritance of fruit color.
in the peppers. What additional information would be needed to decide
among them?

When the F1 plants of red fruits gave rise to the F2, a

set of

182 red fruit plants

59 brown fruit plants

81 yellow fruit plants

What will be, according to this data, the genetic basis of the inheritance of fruit color in
The peppers? Verify your hypothesis using the Chi-squared test.

49. Two dwarf corn plants (E1 and E2) had different origins, but they were
phenotypically identical. When crossing each of these dwarf plants with a
variety of tall plants that were known to be homozygous for all the genes
that determine the size, both crosses resulted in an F1 constituted
only by tall plants. If any plant from the F1 self-pollinated, the
the ratio of the F2 was 3 tall: 1 dwarf.

The crossings between the two parental dwarf strains E1xE2 only resulted in
tall plants in F1. The proportion of dwarf plants that appeared in F2 of
this crossing was 7/16.

a) Explain the results obtained, indicating all the genotypes involved.

b) What genotypic and phenotypic proportions would you expect if the

crossing test of F1 of the crossing E1xE2 with parent E1?

50. Pineapple leaves can be classified into three types: spiny, pointed
spiny and sharp (not thorny). In the crossings carried out by Collins and
Kems, the following results were obtained:

Paternal phenotypes

a) spiny point. spiny point. spiny point 3 spiny point.: 1 spine.

b) sharp tip thorn. sharp 3 sharp: 1 thorn tip.

c) sharp thorn. sharp 12 sharp: 3 point thorn.: 1 thorn.

Explain the results obtained, indicating the genotypes of the individuals.

involved.

51. The white color in the pumpkin fruit is determined by a gene.

dominant (W) and the fruit colored by its recessive allele (w). The yellow fruit is
determined by a hypostatic gene (G) of the previous one that segregates
regardless of him and the green fruit due to its recessive allele (g). When
crossing dihybrid plants, the obtained offspring follows the proportions of a
dominant epistasis.

What phenotypic proportions are expected in the offspring of the following

crossings?

a) WwggxWwGG

b) WwGgxverde

c) WwggxwwGg

d) WwGgxWwgg
e) If two pumpkin plants are crossed and the offspring obtained is 1/2
yellow and 1/2 green. Determine the phenotypes and genotypes of the parental plants

52. Deduce the genotype of the parents and offspring of each of the
next crossings between different Japanese day dondiegos:

Paternal phenotypes Descendants

a) blue: 1/4 red: 1/2 purple: 1/4 scarlet

b) purple 1/4 blue: 1/2 purple: 1/4 scarlet

c) blue x blue 3/4 blue: 1/4 purple

d) azulxpúrpura 3/8 azul: 4/8 púpura: 1/8 escarlata

e) purple scarlet 1/2 purple: 1/2 scarlet

53. Three plants of green seeds (strains X, Y, Z) cross individually with

homozygous plants of yellow seeds (strain Q). The F1 of each cross was of
yellow and self-pollinated to obtain the F2. The results were the
following:

Cross

Green Yellow

XxQ yellow 27/64 37/64

Yellow YxQ 3/4 1/4

Yellow ZxQ 9/16 7/16

a) How many gene pairs are involved in seed color?

b) How many gene pairs are segregating in the cross Q? And in the YxQ?
And in the ZxQ?

c) What will be the phenotype of the F1 produced by a cross between the strains X and Y? If
This F1 will self-pollinate. What proportion of the F2 would be green?

d) What would be the phenotype of the F1 produced by a cross between strains xy Z? If

This F1 will self-pollinate. What proportion of the F2 would be yellow?

54. Emerson worked on the genetic basis of stem and leaf color in maize.
obtaining the following results: The cross between green and purple parents gave
a fully purple F1
diluted, 90 brown, 32 diluted red sun and 70 green.
How many pairs of alleles are likely involved? What relationships exist?
among them?

55. Experiments conducted to study the color of the flower in melon yielded the
following results:

a) plants with white flowers occasionally produced plants with green flowers and
plants with yellow flowers

b) plants with green or yellow flowers, when self-fertilizing, never led to

plants with white flowers.

c) plants with green flowers did not self-fertilize plants with flowers
yellow.

d) crosses between homozygous plants with green flowers and homozygous plants
with yellow flowers they gave plants with yellow flowers. When the latter
91 29

e) homozygous plants with white flowers crossed with homozygous plants

with yellow flowers produced plants with white flowers. When the latter were
They autofecundated giving a descent of 40 yellow, 10 green, and 155 white.

Provide a genetic explanation for these results, indicating the involved genotypes.

56. In Drosophila, crosses of flies with "Dichaetae" wings (D) produce

always a 2/3 'Dichaetae' offspring + 1/3 normal wings. When crossing
"Dichaetae" by normal wings always yields 1/2 Dichaetae + 1/2 wings
normal. Explain the results.

57. The absence of legs in cattle ('amputated') has been attributed to a

lethal recessive gene. A normal bull mates with a normal cow and they have a calf
amputated (which are usually stillborn). These same parents cross
again: a) What is the probability that they have two amputated calves? b) It
crossing heterozygous bulls for the amputated allele with homozygous cows
normal, and F1 is allowed to intersect randomly to give rise to F2. What
What genotypic and phenotypic proportions can be expected?

58. The gene that determines the yellow color of the domestic mouse's fur is
dominant over its wild type allele. The gene that determines the short tail
(brachyuria), which is transmitted independently of the previous one, is also
dominant over its wild-type allele. The homozygous embryos for
Any of these two genes die in the embryonic phase. What proportions?
phenotypic variations would be expected among the descendants of a crossing between two
individuals that are yellow and have short tails? If the normal size of the litter is
Out of 8 offspring, what average number of offspring could be expected in such breedings?

59. In a fox ranch in Wisconsin, a mutation that gives color appears.

platinum to the skin. This color is very popular among fur buyers.
Fox, but the breeder is unable to establish a pure line of platinum color. Each
Once you cross two individuals of this color, normal descendants appear. Thus
After repeated crossings of the indicated type, a total of 82 have been obtained.
platinum-colored individuals and 38 normal ones. Establish a genetic hypothesis that
explain the facts, statistically verifying them.

In Drosophila, the dominant allele H (Hairless) reduces the number of bristles.

body and is lethal in homozygosity. The alleles of an independent gene are
dominant and has no effect on the number of quetas, except in the presence of H,
in which case a single gene dose suppresses the effect of Hairles. It is lethal in
homozygosis.

a) What proportion of normal individuals compared to the number of individuals with the
reduced number of quetas we would find in the viable offspring of a
crossbreeding between two normal flies, both carriers of the Hen allele
suppressed condition?

b) What phenotypic proportions would we expect in the viable offspring obtained?

When retro-crossing F1 with a reduced number of tickets to a)?

In the wild hare, the gene determines erect ears and its allele determines drooping ears.
By studying the inheritance of this trait, it was found that individuals with ears
ties never behaved like pure varieties.

a) What type of inheritance can this trait present?

b) When crossing two individuals with erect ears, 5 offspring were obtained. Calculate the
next probabilities:

All present the same phenotype.

Three have floppy ears and two have stiff ears

If two offspring have floppy ears, the other three have stiff ears.

62. Let’s suppose there are three genes in the horse that affect color and that
they produce the following effects: lethal WW, it prevents the appearance of color
(white) and allows the appearance of the same; BByBb black color and bb brown; OO
Solid colored yOoson has white spots on the background color. They intersect.
a white stallion and a white mare, both heterozygous for the
three genes. What is the expected frequency of the possible phenotypes in the
viable offspring? What phenotypic frequencies would be expected if the stallion
outside WwBboo?

63. In humans, the presence of a fissure in the iris is regulated by a gene.

sex-linked recessive. From a marriage between two normal people was born a
daughter with the mentioned character. The husband requests a divorce citing infidelity.
of the wife. Explain the mode of inheritance of the character and the conditions under which
what the husband's lawyer can use the birth of the affected daughter as
infidelity test.

64. In Drosophila, the color of the vermillion (v) eyes is recessive and sex-linked.
exceptional cases the crossing of a female vermilion with a normal male gives
female place with normal eye color, vermilion females and males with color of
normal eyes. Explain these results and predict what kind of offspring
should appear when crossing these female vermilion with red-eyed males of the
F1.

Two female Drosophila crossed with the same wild male.

Although wild individuals were produced in the offspring of both females and
vermillion, the proportions were different. Female A produced 63 wild males,
58 male vermilions and 111 wild females. Female B gave 62 males.
vermilliony 119 wild females. What is the explanation for the two females
Would they have different descendants?
66. The recessive gene for white eye color (w) in Drosophila is linked.
to sex. Another sex-linked gene that influences eye color is vermillion.
(v), which, in homozygous combination in females, or hemizygous in the
macho, together with another recessive gene for eye color, the gene
autosomal brown (bw) also results in white eyes. a) What proportions
phenotypic variations would be expected in the offspring of a cross between a female
vermillion, heterozygous parabrown homozygous for the normal allele of the gene
white with a machowhite, heterozygous parabrowny hemizygous for
vermillion. b) What phenotypic proportions would be expected among the offspring of
a crossing between a white female, heterozygous for vermilion and also
parabrown, with a macho brown, vermilion, and hemizygotic for the normal allele of
genwhite. NOTE: The genwhite does not allow the deposition of pigment in the eye.

67. When crossing a virgin female Drosophila with orange-colored eyes with a
normal male (pure strain) was obtained in the F1 all normal females and all
the males with vermilion-colored eyes. In the F2 generation, a segregation was found.
the same for both sexes) of 3/8 normal, 3/8 vermilion, 1/8 cinnabar, 1/8 orange
(like grandma) What genotype does the female with orange-colored eyes have?
paternal generation? What type of inheritance can be attributed to these eye colors?

68. The male domestic cat can have orange or black fur.
females can display orange, black, or tortoiseshell fur.

a) How can these phenotypes be explained according to the model of the

sex-linked inheritance?

b) Determine the expected phenotypic ratios in the offspring of a

crossbreeding between an orange female and a black male.

c) Do the same as in section b) but considering the crossover

reciprocal to that indicated in that matter.

d) A certain crossbreeding produces a offspring composed of females

half turtle and half black and for males half orange and the other half
blacks, what are the phenotypes and genotypes of the parents?

e) Another cross produces an offspring in which half of the females

they are orange and the other half of the males is orange and the
other half black what are the phenotypes and genotypes of the parents?

69. A pterodactyl could have blue or white eyes and long or short wings. Blue and
longs are dominant characters. A male and a female, both of them, are crossed.
blue eyes and long wings and the following offspring is obtained:

3/8 females blue eyes long wings;

3/16 males with white eyes and long wings;

1/8 of females with blue eyes and short wings;

3/16 males with blue eyes and long wings;

1/16 males with blue eyes and short wings;

1/16 of males with white eyes and short wings.

Whenever crosses between females and males with these phenotypes are repeated,
the results are similar. Explain these results.

A Archaeopteryx could also have blue or white eyes and long wings or
shorts. A male and a female both with blue eyes and long wings cross each other and the
the descent is as follows:

1/2 females with blue eyes and long wings;

1/4 of males with blue eyes and long wings;

1/4 of males with white eyes and short wings.

Another female with blue eyes and long wings crosses with the same male as before and
obtains the following descent:

1/2 of females with blue eyes and long wings;

1/4 males with blue eyes and short wings;

1/4 of males with white eyes and long wings

Explain the differences in the mode of transmission of these characters.

between an archaeopteryx and a pterodactyl. It is assumed that in both cases the sex is
determines how in man.

70. Two homozygous lines of Drosophila have been found, one in Vancouver
(line A) and another in Los Angeles (line B), both of which have scarlet-colored eyes
brilliant.

a) The crossing of males from line A with females from line B produces a
F1 of 200 wild males and 198 females. What can be said about inheritance?
of eye color in these lines based on this result?

b) The crossing of males from line B with females from line A produces a
F1 of 197 male scarlet-eyed and 201 wild females. What does this tell us?
result about the inheritance of eye color?

c) When the individuals of F1 described in a) are crossed, the F2 produces the following
resultados: 151 hembras salvajes, 49 hembras escarlatas, 126 machos escarlatas y
74 wild males.

Determine the genotypes of the parents and of the F1 and indicate the proportions.
genotypes and phenotypes of the F2.

In the mouse, as in all mammals, the male is the heterogametic sex.

If we assume that a lethal sex-linked character is present in a strain of
mice and that causes the death of the late embryo.

a) How could this fact affect the sex ratio in a family?

b) Answer the same question considering that the lethal linked to sex is
it will be presented in a strain of chickens.

72. The pattern of baldness in humans is the result of the expression of a factor
autosomal (B) dominant in males and recessive in females. Its allele (b), not bald,
It behaves dominantly only towards females. What will be the result of the
next pairings?

a) A normal man and a normal heterozygous woman for the pair of alleles.

A normal man and a bald woman.

c) A bald man whose father was not bald and a normal homozygous woman.

d) We consider the alleles for baldness together with the alleles linked to
sex that affects color vision (P,p). The allele P is required for vision
normal recessive types responsible for color blindness. Give the
results of a crossbreeding between a non-bald man, colorblind and
a woman who is not bald, with normal vision whose father was color blind and whose
mother was bald.

73. When crossing two individuals of Drosophila, the following proportions were obtained.
in the descent:

1/4 of females with curved wings, feathery antennas, and red eyes

1/8 of females with normal wings, feathery antennae and red eyes

1/12 of females with curved wings, feathery antennae, and orange eyes

1/24 of females with normal wings, feathery antennae, and orange eyes

1/12 of males with curved wings, smooth antennae, and orange eyes

1/24 of males with normal wings, smooth antennae, and orange eyes

1/4 of males with curved wings, smooth antennae, and red eyes

1/8 of males with normal wings, smooth antennas, and red eyes

Deduce the genotype of the parents and explain the segregation in the offspring.

74. A cross between a male and a female of a certain species of beetles,

both blue, resulted in 15 green females, 15 blue females and 34
blue males. The crossing between green females and blue males from F1 gave rise to
various results: Half of the crossings produced female and blue males,
while the other half led to blue males and 50% turquoise females
and 50% green. Genetically interpret these results and say what will be the
most likely genotypes of the parents of the cross.

75. Let us assume that the difference between a breed of barley that produces four
grains per plant and one that produces ten is due to three equal multiple factors and
of cumulative action, AABBCC. When crossing the two races, what will the phenotypes be?
from F1 and F2?

76. Let's suppose that in pumpkins the difference in fruit weight between one type
of 1350 grams and another of 2700 grams is due to three pairs of factors AABBCC
what contributes each of them in 225 grams of the fruit's weight. If one crosses a
plant of 1350 grams with another of 2700, what will the phenotypes of the F1 be and the
F2?
77. When crossing two corn plants of 14 dm, they only produce offspring of 14 dm.
Other plants of 14 dm produce 1 descendant of 18 dm, 4 of 16 dm, 6 of 14 dm, 4
of 12 dm and 1 of 10 dm. Two other plants of 14 dm, crossed with each other give 1 of 16
dm, 2 of 14 dm and 1 of 12 dm. What genotypes would explain these results for
Each of the plants of 14 dm? Would it be possible to obtain a plant through selection?
more than 18 dm in height in any of these families.

78. The total genetic variance of body weight at 180 days of birth in
a pig population is 125 kilograms. The variance due to dominant effects
it is 25 kilos, the due to epistatic effects is 10 kilos and the environmental is
175 kilos. What is the estimate of heritability in the strict sense?

79. A certain plant species shows variability for the trait of height.
of the stem measured 15 days after the germination began. In a population, a study was conducted
a selection generation to increase the average stem size, being chosen
as parents, 10% of the tallest individuals. The table shows the
composition of the original population and the offspring obtained by selection:

Stem height in cm

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Original population 1 3 16 20 25 30 28 22 8 6 1
F1 1 4 15 19 26 31 27 23 7 5 2

a) Calculate the value of the heritability of the stem height trait in that population.

b) Can the average stem height in the F2 obtained from it be predicted?

selection system that the employee needs to obtain the F1?

80. The average number of abdominal microhooks of the fourth and fifth sternites
In a population of Drosophila subobscura, its phenotypic variance is 5.68.
and its heritability is 0.48. If a selection intensity of 0.41 is applied for
increase the number of microtags, what increase is expected in a
generation? And if the selection is applied in the opposite sense?

In a certain herd, the variances of three traits were measured and calculated.
they presented continuous distribution:

Contents
Length Length of C
VARIANCE from the leg neck in
fats
Phenotypic 310.2 730.4 106.0
Environmental 248.1 292.2 53.0
Additive genetics 46.5 73.0 47.4
Dominance genetics 15.6 365.2 10.6

a) Calculate the heritabilities, in the strict and broad sense, of each trait.

b) In the studied population, which trait would respond best to selection? Why?
What?

c) A project is initiated to reduce the average fat content of the herd, which
currently it is 12%. As parents of the next generation, they are used
individuals with an average fat content of 6.5% What is the average content
in fats expected in the offspring of these animals?

82. Suppose you have finished your degree in Biological Sciences and you find a job.
as a scientific advisor in a poultry company. The first problem you encounter
You are facing the following. The management is interested in increasing production of
eggs for laying hen and wants to implement an improvement program for both
breeds currently present on the farm. Both breeds produce a
an average of 10 eggs per female per week. Knowing that the heritability
calculated for this trait in breed A is 0.39 and in breed B is 0.25, what
Which race would you choose to start the improvement program? Explain the design you would propose.
to estimate the heritability of each of the breeds (you can help yourself with a
example).

The C value of an animal organism is 30 picograms. State the amount of DNA.

(in picograms) contained in the following cells or nuclei: somatic metaphase,
spermatozoon, telophase II, somatic interphase in G2, secondary spermatocyte in
prophase
meiotica.

84. The following phenotypes regarding histoincompatibility antigens

correspond to members of a family

B8B9A1A2

Son 2 B6B8A1A3

B6B8A3

a) Give the genotypes of all the family members

b) Suppose another child is born with phenotype B8A2A3; Give the genotype of this child and
an explanation of how this genotype has been obtained.

85. A fly of genotype B R/ b r is used in a test cross with a

fly b r/ b r. In 84% of meiosis no chiasmata are produced between the two.
linked gene pairs; in 16% of meiosis a chiasma is formed between
These pairs. What proportion of the descendants will be Bbrr?

86. Two loci, with two alleles each, A, a and B, b, are linked with a 10% of
recombination. What will be the segregation of the cross between AaBb, one of whose
Were the parents AAbb, with the double recessive homozygote?

87. The loci A, a and B, b are located on the same chromosome, and locus C, c on a
distinct chromosome. When crossing an individual AaBbCc, one of whose parents was
aaBBcc, with a triple homozygous recessive individual, what types of offspring will be produced?
they would obtain, and in what proportions, if loci A and B had 22%
recombination.

88. In a quadruple heterozygote, the loci A,a and B,b are linked in phase of
repulsion with a 20% recombination, and on a different chromosome there
they find the loci C,c and D,d, which are also linked, but in phase of
coupling, with a 16% recombination. Genotypic segregation is requested and
phenotype that will be obtained by crossing this quadruple heterozygote with the quadruple
homozygous recessive.
89. a) What gametic frequencies would be obtained if the probability of it occurring
a crossover between loci A, a and B, b was p?

b) Can two linked loci behave as independent?

c) If two loci are linked but behave independently, how can

knowing that they are connected?

Are two loci located on different arms of the same chromosome linked?

e) Give an example where two linked characters do not show recombination.

90. It has been observed that in 30% of female meiocytes and 40% of the
male of a plant species shows a chiasma between the loci A,a and B,b.

Locus A,a controls the color of the flower (A, red > a, white) and locus B,b controls the
leaf shape (B, round > b, elongated).

Determine the phenotypic frequencies that will appear in the self-fertilization of

a double heterozygous plant obtained from the crossing of two plants
homozygous, one with red flower and elongated leaf and the other with white flower and leaf
round.

91. The elongated fruit in the tomato depends on the homozygous recessive (oo), while
that the roundness of its dominant allele O. The compound inflorescence depends on the
recessive genotype (ss) and the single of its dominant allele S. A variety is crossed
of elongated fruit and simple inflorescence with a variety of round fruit and
compound inflorescence. The F1 plants cross randomly producing an F2 with
126 plants O- S- 63 O- ss, 66 oo S- and 4 oo ss. Calculate the percentage of
recombination between both loci.

92. A sex-linked recessive gene in Drosophila results in white eyes (females

white eyes can also occur due to interaction of
two genes, the sex-linked recessive 'vermillion' (v) and the autosomal recessive
"brown" (bw). When crossing bw/bw, ++/wvxbw/bw,wv/y appeared.
In F1, 70 flies with 'brown' eyes and 130 white ones. a) Explain the
phenotypic results. b) What percentage of female F1 white-eyed
Will they be genetically purebred?

93. In the devil's cucumber Ecballium elaterium, there are two separate sexes.
a dioecious plant) that are not determined by sex chromosomes
heteromorphic, but by specific genes. It is known that the genes involved are M
male fertility
(female fertility). Individuals from natural populations of this plant can
be masculine (approximately 50%) or feminine (approximately 50%).
In addition, there are hermaphrodite individuals, but with a very low frequency.
The hermaphrodite has both male and female sex organs on the same plant.

a) What should be the complete genotype of a male plant? (Indicate the

linkage relationship between genes.

b) What should be the complete genotype of a female plant? (Indicate the relationship
of linkage between the genes

c) How is approximately the same proportion maintained in the population between

the sexes?
d) What is the origin of the scarce hermaphrodites?

e) Why are hermaphrodites so rare?

94. In the tomato, the shape of the fruit depends on the loci P, p (P, smooth > p, wrinkled) and R,
r (R, round > r, elongated). The F1 of a cross between homozygous smooth and
elongated by rough and round crossed back through the double recessive, obtaining
the following results:

liso y redondo 45 rugoso y redondo 91

smooth and elongated 86 rough and elongated 39

a) How would the existence of linkage be tested?

b) Determine the recombination percentage, the crossover percentage and

the genetic distance between these loci.

c) If we analyzed 3000 pollen stem cells, how many would we expect

to observe at least one chiasma between the considered loci?

95. In an insect, the genes dumpy (dp+, dp) and black (b+, b) are known, whose
recessive alleles produce, respectively, a notch in the wings and the body
darker than usual. A female of constitution dp b+/dp+ b crossed by a
machodp b/dp b, resulting in 360 individuals with normal phenotype, 840 dumpy,
838blacky 364dumpyyblack. Crossing a female dp b/dp b for a male dp
b+/dp+ bse obtained 711 dumpy phenotype individuals and 698 black.

a) What genetic phenomenon explains these segregations?

b) At what genetic distance are these loci located?

96. In the case of Lathyrus odoratus, the diheterozygote PR/pr self-fecundated. (P, flower
purple > p, red flower; R, elongated pollen > r, round pollen). In the offspring, there
obtained the following segregation:

256 PR, 19 Pr, 27 pR, 85 pr.

It is desired to know if those loci are linked, and if so, to estimate their distance.
genetics.

In a certain self-pollinating plant species, the character "dwarfism" is determined

by the recessive allele e, and the pigmentation of the flowers by the locus B,b (B, blue > b,
(white). A dihybrid plant EeBb, descendant of the crossing of plants
homozygous, one a dwarf with blue flowers and the other of normal size with white flowers, they
crossed by a dwarf plant with white flowers, obtaining the following
130 individuals of normal size and white flowers, 75 of normal size and
blue flowers, 25 of dwarf size and white flowers and 170 of dwarf size and blue flowers.
Are both loci linked? If so, estimate their genetic distance in
centimorgans.

98. It is known that loci K, L, and M are linked but their order is unknown. If we
I would do a test cross with the offspring of a cross KKLLMM.
xkkllmm, tell which would be the most common classes and which would be the rarest.
assuming:
a) that the central locus is K,

b) that the central locus is L,

that the central locus is M.

99. In maize, the genes bm (brown midrib), v (viridescent seedlings) and pr

(red aleurone) are located on chromosome 5. A crossbreeding was performed
test with an individual of genotype + + +/bm v pr, resulting in the following
descendancy

77 bm +
232 84 + v pr 235 bm in pr
+
194 bm
46 bm v + 201 + v + 40 + + pr
+ pr

Determine the order of the genes on the chromosome and calculate the distances between them.
the genes, as well as the coefficient of coincidence.

100. A homozygous Drosophila for three genes is crossed with another that presents
los caracteres mutantes "purple" (ojos púrpura), "black" (cuerpo negro) y "curved"
(curved wings), all of them dependent on the recessive alleles. In F1 all the
Individuals are normal. When crossing females of this F1 with 'purple' 'black' males.
"curved", the following phenotypic proportions are observed in its offspring:

pr b +
normal 37.0% pr b c 37.0%
10.0%
pr + c
+ + c 10.0% + b + 2.7%
2.7%
+ b c 0.3% pr + + 0.3%

a) Determine the order of the three genes.

b) Determine the recombination percentage between the three genes, representing

the corresponding map.

c) Determine if there is interference and to what degree.

APPENDIX IV: SOLUTIONS TO

THE PROBLEMS.
1) Aa x aa

2) Aa x Aa

3) aa x aa

4) AA x aa

5) AA x A-

2. C - lack of horns
cc presence of horns

bull

a) bull x cow A ----> 1/2 Cc (without horns) 1/2 cc (with horns)

b) Cctoro x cc cow B ----> 1/2 Cc (without horns) 1/2 cc (with horns)

c) bull x cow C ----> 1/4 CC (without horns) 1/2 Cc (without horns) 1/4 cc (with horns)

autosomal recessive allele

[Link]: a) 1/4 b) 1/4 c) 1/2

Monovitelinos: a) 1/2 b) 1/2 c) 0

5. a) 1/2 black 1/2 blue

b) 1/4 black 1/2 blue 1/4 white

c) 1/2 blue 1/2 white

6. Rosa presents intermediate inheritance between red and white.

7.a) 1/16 b) 3/8 c) 1/4 d) 1/2

8. 1) a) 1/4 b) 81/256

2) 5/6 black and white 1/6 red and white

3) 7/8 black and white 1/8 red and white

3/16

10. To give the correct result, it would be necessary to know how often it occurs.
find in the population the allele that produces the disease. Assuming that the
father who develops the disease was heterozygous for the mutant allele: a) 1/2
b) 1/4

11. 4/7

12.x2= 1.68 (1 g.l.) the hypothesis is not rejected 3/4 : 1/4

13.a) If DDRR could be obtained.

b) if it could be obtained ddrr.

c) the yellow dwarf (ddrr) would be obtained sooner.

tall stem; a = dwarf stem

green legume

round seed
AavvRr x aaVVRr

15.a) 1/4; b) 1/8; c) 1/2; d) 0; e) 9/16; f) 1; g) 1/4

16.1) AaBb x aabb

AaBB x AaBB

3) AaBb x AaBb

[Link] x bbss

18.2/3 black mule foot 1/3 black normal foot

19. F1: 9/16 normal 7/16 fat

F2: 64/81 normal 17/81 overweight

20. Intermediate inheritance for flower color; dominance for flower shape.

χ2(color flor) = 0.564 chi2 (forma flor) = 0.143 chi2 (conjunta) = 1.261

None of the three hypotheses is rejected.

21. a) The deviation of the family is significant with respect to the proportion.
9:3:3:1; the deviation of family b is also significant regarding the
ratio 9:3:3:1

The two families are not homogeneous.

22.a) porphyria = autosomal dominant; albinism = autosomal recessive.

1/4

23. a) cataratas (C) = autosómico dominante; enanismo (e) = autosómico recesivo.

b) It agrees with the formulated hypothesis: III-1 ccEe; III-2 ccEe; III-5 CcEe; III-6 CcEe

healthy dwarfs cataracts dwarfs with cataracts

c-1) 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

c-2) 5/18 1/18 10/18 2/18

c-3) 2/3 1/3

trihybridism 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1

25.a) 1/8

b) by self-fertilization, will be those in which no character is segregated.

1/16

27. a) 6; b) 45; c) 378

Remember that if n = number of loci, assuming dominance:

number of gametes = 2n

number of distinct genotypes = 3n

number of distinct phenotypes = 2n

number of different possible crossings with n loci = CRx,2 = (n2 + n)/2 where x = number of
different genotypes

28. a) a-1) 9/128; a-2) 9/128; a-3) 9/64; a-4) 55/64

1/32

29. a) 5/16; b) 15/256; c) 1/128; d) 270

30. 4 alleles cn (black); cr (cream); cs (sepia); ca (albino)

cn > cs > cr > ca

31. 4 alleles c+ (wild); ch (Himalayan); cch (chinchilla); ca (albino)

c+ > cch c+ > ch c+ > ca ch > ca

light gray = cch ca and cch ch

32. a) 0.075;b) 0.5; c) 0.425

33. 3 alleles

34. Child Z cannot belong to family X/Y

35. A gene with three alleles. AR(red); AM(yellow); Ab(blank).

ARAb; AMAb; ARAMorangeRARlethal

a) ARAbX AbAb-------> AbAb;ARAb

b) ARAbx ARAbARAb; AbAb

c) AMAbx AbAbAMAbAbAb

d) AMAbx AMAbAMAM; AMAb; AbAb

e) ARAbX AMAbARAM; ARAb; AMAb; AbAb

f) ARAMx AbAb--------> ARAbAMAb

A gene with three alleles

R
restricted dark mallard

ARAMATheARAMAO

AMAMx AOATheF1 AMAO F2 3 mallard: 1 obscure; X2 1g.l. = 0.0026

2) ARARx AOAOF1 ARATheF2 3 restrin: 1 obscure; X2 1g.l.= 0.0088

3) ARARx AMAMF1 ARAMF2 3 restricts: 1 mallard; X2 1g.l. = 0.0024

b) ARAMx AMAO

AMAM, AMA0 ARAM, ARAO

1/2 mallard 1/2 restricted

37.b) 1/4; c) 2/3; d) 3/4

38. a) B2C1A2/B4C3A4 B2C1A2/B3C4A3 B1C2A1/B4C3A4 B1C2A1/B3C4A3

b) No donor-recipient pair is compatible

39. 1/4 fertile, 1/4 sterile, 1/4 partially fertile.

40. a) S1S4, S2S4, S1S5, S2S5

S3S5, S4S5

none

d) S3S4, S3S5

41a) Simple recessive epistasis

163!

AAAAAAAAAA(9/16)92 (4/16)41 (3/16)30

92!41!30!

42. 12:3:1 simple dominant epistasis

43. P gray x brown > F1 gray > F2 48 gray 27 G- N- A-

GG NN AA gg nn aa Gg Nn Aa 9 G- N- aa

9 G- nn A-

3 G- nn aa

12 black 9 gg N- A-
3 gg N- aa

3 blue 3 gg nn A-

1 brown 1 gg nn aa

44. 13:3 double dominant and recessive epistasis χ2 = 2.76

45. a) 1/4 : 3/4 b) 1/4 : 1/2 : 1/4

chromogenic
pigmented.

Wyandotte cc ii PP (blanca); Leghorn CC II PP (blanca); Silkie CC ii pp (blanca)

b) 13 white 3 colored

47. a) Epistasia simple dominate: dorado ( A- B- A- bb), negro (aa B-) marrón (aa bb)

golden female x golden male

AaBb Aabb

F1: 6/8 gold (AABb, AaBb, AAbb, Aabb)

1/8 black (aaBb)

1/8 brown (aabb)

golden female x black male

AaBb aaBb

F1: 4/8 gold ((AaBB, AaBb, Aabb)

3/8 black (aaBB, aaBb)

1/8 brown (aabb)

48. Brown x yellow > F1 red

a) A gene with two alleles (incomplete dominance)

b) Simple recessive epistasis; X2 with 2 degrees of freedom = 0.0386

F2: red 182 > 9 A- B- red

brown 59 > 3 A- bb brown

yellow 81 > 3 aa B- yellow

1 aa bb yellow

49.a) Two genes affect size

A (normal)> a (dwarfism 1)

B (normal) > b (dwarfism 2)

double recessive epistasis

Dwarf 1 x dwarf 2 Dwarf 1 x tall Dwarf 2 x tall

Aabb aaBB Aabb AABB aaBB AABB

F2 9 altas: 7 enanas F2 3 altas: 1 enana F2 3 altas: 1 enana

b) AaBb x AAbb > AABb 1/4

AaBb 1/4

AAbb 1/4

Aabb 1/4

A- B- 1/2 tall; A- bb 1/2 dwarf

50. Simple dominant epistasis.

A- B- sharp

A- sharp bb

aa B- Punta Espinosa

aa bb espinosa

51. a) 3/4 white 1/4 yellow.

b) 1/2 white 1/4 yellow 1/4 green.

c) 1/2 white 1/4 yellow 1/4 green.

d) 3/4 white 1/8 yellow 1/8 green.

e) wwGg (yellow) x wwgg (green)

52.A- B- blue

A- or B- purple

aa bb scarlet

AaBb x aabb

b) Aabb x aaBb

c) AABb x AABb
. ó AaBB x AaBB

d) AaBb x aaBb

ó AaBb x Aabb

e) Aabb x aabb

ó aaBb x aabb

3 genes are involved;

yellow

54. Two implicated genes. Simple dominant epistasis.

55.a) Three genes involved with two alleles each.

C (allows color) > c (dilutes color)

B (brown) > b (green)

A (red) > a (green)

A and B interact to give purple

cc is epistatic over A- and B-; aa is epistatic over B-/bb and C-/cc

56. Letal DD said normal dd.

57. a) 1/16

9/16 AA + 6/16 Aa + 1/16 aa

amputated

short tail yellow

normal normal.

b) 4.5 offspring

[Link] (A) > normal (a)

AA lethal, Aa platinum, aa normal.

The allele A has a pleiotropic effect: in heterozygosity, it affects the coat color; in
homozygosity is lethal

60. SS lethal; Ss Hh normal, ss Hh reduced number of quetas; ss hh normal

a) Hh Ss x Hh Ss > 7/9 normal + 2/9 reduced number of quetas

b) Hh ss x Hh Ss > 2/3 normal + 1/3 reduced number of quetas

61. a) A (upright ears) > a (floppy ears). AA lethal, Aa upright ears, aa ears.
falls
Aa x Aa > 2/3 Aa 1/3 aa

13.6%

62. a) 32/48 white + 9/48 solid black + 3/48 spotted black + 3/48 brown, 1/48
spotted chestnut.

b) 16/24 plain white + 3/24 plain black + 3/24 spotted black + 1/24 plain chestnut +
1/24 brindled chestnut.

63. woman X+X? x man X+Y, then, they can never have a daughter with a fissure in
the iris (except for the mutation frequency of the male gamete x 1/2).

The female parent has the X chromosomes joined, resulting in the

descendants, female XvXvX+ + XvXvY and male X0

65. Female A is heterozygous for vermilion XvX+. Female B is also.

Yes, but in the chromosome with the normal copy of vermilion, there is a recessive lethal gene.
(female B: diheterozygous in repulsion phase for a lethal gene).

66. a) males and females: 3/4 vermilion 1/4 white

100% white eyes; females: 1/4 normal 1/4 brown 1/4 vermilion 1/4
whites

67. The genotype of the orange-eyed female is cncn vv. 3:3:1:1

cn is autosomal and v is sex-linked, both are recessive and interact giving

orange eye color.

68. a) gene linked to sex with intermediate inheritance.

females: XNXN(black), XAXA(yellow), XNXAmottled

macho: XNY (black) XAY (yellow).

b) XAXAx XNAnd it gives rise to an F.1XNXA(spotted female) XAY (yellow male)

c) XNXNx XAAnd gives rise to an F.1XNXA(spotted female) XNY (black male)

d) XNXAx XNAnd gives rise to an F1females: 1/2 XNXA(moteada) 1/2 XNXN(black)

macho: 1/2 XNY (black male) 1/2 XAY (yellow)

e) XNXAx XAAnd gives rise to an F1females: 1/2 XNXA(moteada) 1/2 XAXAyellow

macho: 1/2 XNY (black male) 1/2 XAY (yellow)

Pterodactyl

Eye color controlled by a sex-linked gene: A (blue) > a (white). Size of

controlled by an autosomal gene: B (long) > b (short).

XAXaBb x XAYBb
Archaeopteryx

Both genes are sex-linked, with complete linkage, in phase of

coupling in the first female (XALXal) and in repulsion phase in the second
(XAlAlXaL), with the male being XAL/Y.

70. a) Two genes involved. The mutant alleles are recessive.

The defect of line B is due to an autosomal gene (E,e)

b) The defect of line A is due to a sex-linked gene (D,d)

c) males A (XdYEE) x females B (XDXDee) > scarlet males and females

normal

F1 XDYEe x XDXdEe

F2 hembras: 3 salvaje 1 escarlata; machos: 3 salvaje 5 escarlata

71. a) The sex ratio would be distorted 2:1 in favor of females, in the course
from the generations, the lethal gene would see its frequency decreased until it disappears.

b) The sex ratio would be distorted 2:1 in favor of males.

72.a) Sons: 1/2 normal (bb) 1/2 bald (Bb); Daughters: all daughters normal (Bb; bb)

b) all bald sons (Bb); all daughters are normal (Bb)

1/2 normal (bb) 1/2 bald (Bb)

d) Daughters: 1/2 normal + 1/2 blind for colors

Children: 1/4 bald, normal vision 1/4 bald, color blind 1/4 not bald,
blind to colors 1/4 not bald, normal vision

73. Color ojos > gen autosómico C (normal) > c (naranja)

orange 1/4 : normal 3/4

Wing shape > autosomal gene A (curved) > a (normal)

2/3 curved wings: 1/3 normal wings (lethal AA in homozygosity)

Antenna shape > gene linked to sex. B (feathery) > b (smooth).

Parents: females XbXbAaCc x males XBYAaCc

74. A gene with three alleles, partially linked to sex

A(blue) > v (green) > t (turquoise)

P XAXt x XvYA > F1 XAXv(blue) XtXv(green) XAYA(blue) XtYAblue

F1 XtXvx XAYA>XtXA(blue) XvXA(blue) XvYA(blue) XtYAblue

XtXvx XtYAXtXt(turquoise) XvXtgreen XtYA(blue) XvYA(blue)

75. AA BB CC x aa bb cc > F1 Aa Bb Cc (7 grains)

F2:

10 grains 1/64 (AABBCC)

9 grains 6/64 (AABBCc) (AABbCC) (AaBBCC)

8 grains 15/64 (AABBcc) (AAbbCC) (aaBBCC) (AABbCc) (AaBBCc) (AaBbCC)

7 grains 20/64 (AABbcc) (AaBBcc) (AAbbCc) (AabbCC) (aaBBCc) (aaBbCC) (AaBbCc)

6 grains 15/64 (AAbbcc) (aaBBcc) (aabbCC) (AaBbcc) (AabbCc) (aaBbCc)

5 grains 6/64 (Aabbcc) (aaBbcc) (aabbCc)

4 grains 1/64 (aabbcc)

76. AA BB CC x aa bb cc > F1 Aa Bb Cc

2700 1350 2025

number of alleles

proportion number growth increase decrease

F2 1/64 2700 6 0
6/64 2475 5 1
15/64 2250 4 2
20/64 2025 3 3
15/64 1800 2 4
6/64 1575 1 5
1/64 1350 0 6

77. a) AA bb x aa BB > Aa Bb

b) Aa Bb x Aa Bb > 1/16 4 0 18 dm

4/16 3 1 16 dm

6/16 2 2 14 dm

4/16 1 3 12 dm

1/16 0 4 10 dm

c) AA bb x Aa Bb > 1/4 AA Bb 16 dm

2/4 Aa Bb AA bb 14 dm
1/4 Aa bb 12 dm

78. VG = VA + VD + VI VP = VG + VE = 300

h2 = VA/VP = 90/300 = 0.3

79. a) h2 = 0.57

b) h2 = 10.96

80. R = 0.47

incremento = 35.47

disminución = 34.53

81.a) Length of the leg h2 = 0.15 H2 = 0.20

0.10

0.447

b) fat content, as it has a higher h2

c) R = 0.09558 > 9.56%

82. The one with the highest heritability achieved, 0.39

83. Somatic Metaphase 120 Secondary Spermatocyte 2nd Anaphase I 60

Espermatozoide 30 Espermátida 30

Telophase II

Interfase Mitosis G2 120 Espermatogonia G1 60

Spermatocyte 2nd Prof 60 Interphase Mitosis 60

84. a)madre:B9A2/B8A1, padre B6A3/B8A3

b) After recombination in the mother B8A3/B8A2

85.4%

86. In repulsion phase:

A b/a B x a b/a b

45% A b/a b, 45% a B/a b, 5% A B/a b, 5% a b/a b

In the coupling phase:

A B/a b x a b/a b
5% A b/a b, 5% a B/a b, 45% A B/a b, 45% a b/a b

The individual AaBbCc has the genes A and b in repulsion phase.

A b/a B C/c x a b/a b c/c

19.5% A b/a b C/c 19.5% A b/a B c/c

19.5% a B/a b C/c 19.5% a B/a b c/c

5.5 %

5.5% a B/a b C/c 5.5% a B/a b c/c

88. A b/a B C D/c d x a b/a b c d/c d

Gametes Non-recombinants Recombinants

A b 0.4 a B 0.4 A B 0.1 a b 0.1
No recombi. C D 0.42 AbCD 0.17 aBCD 0.17 ABCD 0.04 abCD 0.04
c d 0.42 Abcd 0.17 aBcd 0.17 ABcd 0.04 abcd 0.04
Recombi. C d 0.08 AbCd 0.03 aBCd 0.03 ABCd 0.008 abCd 0.008
c D 0.08 AbcD 0.03 aBcD 0.03 ABcD 0.008 abcD 0.008

The frequency of the gametes corresponds to the genotypic frequencies and

phenotypic traits of the cross.

89. a) Assuming that the genes are in coupling phase:

AB = ab = 1/2(1 - p/2), Ab = aB = p/4

b) Yes, if they are far enough apart so that there is always a

crossbreeding among them (p = 0.5).

c) Looking for closer linked genetic markers.

d) Yes.

e) Various possibilities: i) when the genes are contiguous or very close together;
ii) that there is a chromosomal deletion of the two genes; iii) the same gene
determine the two characters (pleiotropy).

90. Round red (A- B-) = 0.5075; elongated red (A- bb) = round white (aa B-) =
0.2425; elongated white (aa bb) = 0.0075

91. P or S of S x O s/O s > F1 or S/O s

F2 126 O- S- 63 O- ss 66 oo S- 4 oo ss

recombination frequency r = 0.248

92. a) The results are explained if the frequency of recombination between the genes
whiteyvermiliones of 0.3
53.8 %

93. a) male plant M F/m f

female plant

c) Because sex is determined by the male's contribution. The genes M, m

Y F,f are strongly linked, so the male plant will give rise to,
normally, 50% of gametes M F that determine masculinity (M F / m f) and
a 50% m f that determines femininity (m f / m f).

d) Hermaphrodite. Very low frequency, in males, recombination occurs.

between M and F obtaining gametes M f and m F and zygotes M f/m f and m F/m f, giving
place the first on a plant with both male and female fertility.

e) Because the genes are strongly linked

94. a) X2(total) = 33.605 X2(P,p) = 0.004 X2(R,r) = 0.464

32.18%
32.18 cM

c) 1931

95. a) absence of recombination in males

30.14 cM

96. Yes, they are linked. Distance = 6.27 cM

97. It cannot be statistically demonstrated that linkage exists because the locus
B, b does not segregate Mendelially.

98. a) more frequent M K L and m k l less frequent M k L and m K l

b)K L M k l mK l M k L m

c) K M L k m lK m L k M l

99. pr = gen central

distance pr and v = 43.37 cM

distance bm and pr = 22.27 cm

Coefficient of coincidence = 0.8

100. a) pr = gen central

6 cM

c) I = 51%