~continuouschargedistribution

~andgaussaco

field of distribution.
23.1 electric a continuous
charge

distribution of electric
continuous
charge refers to the distribution
charge over a

continuous or infinite extent, such as a

line, plane or volume.

For the individual

charge elements

beg
BE =

Because the distribution

charge is continuous

E
reS
=

distribution
As number of elements is
very large and
charge

modelledaslim
continuestotalheld atsetsdividing
is

a many small
surface into

charges means the size can

be modelled as zero.

of of
charge density is a measure the amount of electric
charge in a
given region
space.
distributed volume.
1) volume
charge density: when a
charge is
evenly throughout a

3
E (units (/m3)
=

2) surface charge density:when a

charge is distributed evenly throughout a surface area.

(units: 2/m2)
0
o =

distributed line.
linear
3)
charge density: when a
charge is
along a

A junits:</m)
x =

For a uniform charge distribution, amount of charge, da, can be represented as

dg pdv, dg 0dAand
dg Xdl.
=
= =
 a) Electric Field Due to a
charged Rod

x (44
dq xdx
=

I
portion of charge

YE
->
on
length di
e Ad
df
Req=
=

x
integration is done

I ape?
from e
length
Rex)e
+

a
E field would be
to Ita as it
=
dx =
all electric at point I
A
considers all seg-
2 pointed in negative a direction.

mq)t)* rel
ments of

aI
charge
on the rod. x =
=
=
= -

if i becomes distance from

to et a.
↑, we integrate a

However, if we take (a +1) as

E ReQ
= distance from P, beginning rod
of

aerosorresults
in
a(l +

a)
If when is further from distance roo,
axe, point away
of

E Rel for
same point charge
=

az

b)
Electric Field of Uniform of
a
Ring Charge

By symmetry, ty 0. =

While,
dEn =

Re dq cosO
r2

dtx Ke
I dqxx
= x

(x2 az)(a
a2) +

COSO and 1x2 a2

y
+

r
+ =
=

Ex ReOx =

COS 8 = D

a2 2 (x2 a2
(2 +
+

If a <a,

(x2 +
a2)" (x2)=n z =

Ex Re0 =

acts like
ring
s
a point charge
 field
2) Electric of a
Uniformly Charged Disk

0
Fy
I
=

0dA 2πrdr
For w/ radius v, dg
0
a
ring = =

dEa bex =
-
x
Zir dr

(x" +

v2)" 2

Ex Pe20π
Iwigs=Pento)"jr+ x)*d(r2)
=

fa ReCT6
=

/(n**2] thedisk to
is entire

Ex 2πRe01-
R2)
=

"
(x2
For locations a xRc
Ex keD
=

x2
For locations close to disk, n<R R
-1,
very or

1
=> -

x 1
=

⑬3
:
Ex 2πked =
OR ⑥

250

23.2 Electric Flux

electric field
Electric flux
is a measure of
through
the surface.
given ->
-
0 E. A =
units:N.m2 C
electric
0 EAcosp* angle
=
blu the
field and normal to
0 at
max 0 00
=

surface

o zero when surface is

parallel to field. (0 90%)
=

For a
general case of electric fux,
0 =

[Link]
'surface integral

value of Os depends on

field
pattern and surface.
For a closed surface, the flux
net
through surface is
proportional to the net number

of lines
leaving the surface. This net number of line is
equal to number of lines

surface the surface.

leaving the minus number
entering the

0
(Ei-di gt
=
= dA

0
= C90 > field lines
o is
positive;0 are
crossing
surface from inside to outside.

⑧ is zero; 0 900
=

20 (180
is
o
negative; 90

23.3 Gauss' Law

flux
Gauss's law is an
expression of
general relationship blow the electric
net
through a

closed surface and surface surface. It

charge enclosed
by the known as
gaussian allows us

to calculate the electric field created by distribution of

charges by integrating the electric

flux closed
over a surface
surrounding the
charges.

of
For
positive point charge alocated at center
sphere
of radius r.

E Req
=

-2

of field constant surface.

This
magnitude electric is over

flux
Net
through gaussian surface:05=
EGdA
As surface area of
sphere:Mr and Re= 420,

Og =
4N
x
=

M20
net
charge inside surface
->
Onet
closed surface
integral
[Link]
=
dE=gin
electric field
20

any closed
surface is within
:The electric flux through equal to
charge that area.

flux closed surface surrounds

The net electric
through a that no
charge is ZERO.
 of Gauss's law
23.4
Applications

Determine surface which satisfies one or more of the conditions.

1) The value of the electric field can be

argued by symmetry to be constant over the
potion
of surface. i.e. it can be brought outside the integral.
2) Dot of
product E and Iwould be
algebraic if t and dA are parallel.
E and de
Dot
3)
product is zero because are
perpendicular.
The
4) electric field is zero over the
portion of the surface.

1. Field due to
symmetric charge distribution

a) Outside the
sphere (ofradius a)
r > a -

· condition 2 is satisfied everywhere on surface.

de fEdA =
=

·
By symmetry, I
h as same value
everywhere. uniformly charged insulating
A

E 0 =

Rell
= for r> a
sphere of radius a and
charge Out
44Er2 r2

field due
uniformly charged sphere region external
Electric a to is
to in
sphere
of
equivalent to that
point charge located at center of
sphere.

b) Inside the Finding the electric field for a continuous charge distribution
sphere
involves integrating the contributions of all charges to determine
r<a
the total electric field at a point, Gauss's law allows us to calculate
Let v be volume of smaller
sphere. the electric field for a charge distribution by relating the electric flux
·

within V'<Q passing through a closed surface to the total charge enclosed
gin
within the surface
qin pV px π3
=
=

·
As conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied,
4 =

EGA Ex4πr=
=

q
E 4r3x)
=

pr
=

*x20 340

Rer
4
p 0/Tab and
'/4tke, (for <a)
=

As =
Eo= r
2. Field due to a
cylindrically symmetric charge distribution
b. shows E I

cylinder, Ed
to surface
· For flat ends of is zero.

For curved surface,

&z EGdA
=

EA
=

qin
=
xl
=

20 E0

· Area 2irl
of curved surface:
-> infinite length
Ex 2ArtX =

Eo

E
2ke
=

Field due to of
3. a
plane charge

At curved surface. It is zero.

&= 2EA
=

9in
=

2o 0A/co
=

E 6
=

250

4. Field due to two

planes

Enet G+ E
s
+
=
=

Enet = ⑧

250
 ~continuouschargedistribution

~andgaussaco

1111111
1
->
I --

9aa aar
----
- -
( by
=)- cost

ty
be)
=
x dx

a+d2
d
x

+d

3a) En8.99x109 x
= 75 10"
x 0.01
x let n dtanO
=

S 0.012 +

0.12%2 dx dSec2O dO
=

fr 1004 N/C d2 - dItan20+d2

6.64
=
x
away from centre ring.
of n
+

dsec20

b) fx 2.41 107 N/C,

ked), secos" dsecO dO
".
z
=
x ...
= x

3) Ex =
6.40 x100N/C 4 a n.
a

-retase(a)
9) Ex 6.64
=

x 105 NIC

R
6

ty
beds and
=

I x 44

a) dE Redg
=

+ d2
x
b) when dr,

dEx ="dE
I 8
sinO Ex 0
=
and
Ey rel
=

d2

dEx =

re)"xdx " ·n +
d2 d
we

distances
would expect
large
this

compared
because

to
at

length,
en
kee(ar) of
charge like
-
=
the line behaves a

point charge a

- )
-

Ex
-
=

En
Ref ( d2 I
=- -
7

a)
dE =

bedq b) For rod of infinite length, 00 90

=

xo Ey=2kex
:.

see re
d

a 9 < 7

nx(- ii) a) Assume thickness of of cyrindrical shell dx

=

one
ring =

:charge of one
ring 0 du
=

E ReX Electric field due a at given point:

=

to
ring a

20
dE kex =Ode,
h
"=

b) left. G2 B) +

5 =

xd(n+d RY e
dx

8.
+

tod
sin
d

(rar
n +

in =

a) d= bedq
=

x
+ d2
=a
x0(- )
=

Ex bx)dat
=
2

d
b) charge on one disk 0n dx
=

electric field due to a disk a

at
given point:
in
ra( a"Is
= dEx 2
=

R2
ke 1 -

(x2 R2)
2

+
"2
x&dx
h

re4(tastat edjut
en e
Ex dx
=
=
x

"z
( RY
2
+

23(x xy)iz)
+

...
Ex 0
=
xx =
-

(x +

ty rex
(4/212x d de d (n
28(n x)
32 x a) +
= -
-
+

X
= +

-
+
d2

-+
Ex-
(ar]." =
CreR (n e
+

sy:
(ara I
kexsinto
bex2 sin0o
2
Ey =
=

d
 ->
y

10Nm4 C
gom
i 10 a) P 1.36
=
x

3)P 6.70
= 105Nm2/C
x

2) No,
only depends on
charge.
4 2 x
=
10" x6 x3cOS 10

15b 10NmY/
4 3.54
= 10
x
NmY c 19
I = -1x = -1.13 x

io
8.85 x

a) 4 6.20 x
=
105 x 3.2COSO 1.90 =
x 100Nm/C Aside=-1.28 x
10"Nm2/C
b) 4 0
=

Nm2/C
2

o n 20 Pside=0-69
12 In the xy plane, 2 0.
=
w "...y 650
d A hdx
·

...
ay
=
cx
+
normal to surface
is
(along 2 axis)
fayi xxk)-Id,ndn a) only half passes
through,
4= =
+ 29

d ch)wndx ch2
E
=
=
... a =

*ol-passes through b) The

square looks like infinite plane
Pc
IeQ
13 =
an

hole.
of close to surface.
charge very
Pc (1-3) 189 =-226Nm 4
I
=

in

(in
= x
=

8.85x i0

and
2) Fluxes are same as
plane square

NmY/
look to
755 =
same
charge.

S2 0
=

NmY/C 22
a)0
Ex2πR2
So 20
NmY/c b) 4
- =
=

Eo
To be uniform field, the field lines
2) a

Sy 0
=

NmY/c must from

originate plane of charge

:9
+and distributed on
plane
-b)
Pro2 12x10Nm/a
= parallel to ends
of cylinder

106 b EAcosO
a) p 3.20 x
=
23
a) =

4 EAsinO
c) unchanged. b) = -

Part I would remain

O ·
However, part a would change c) 4 = -EACOSO
&
d) 4 EAsinO
distance from each side would
=

as

be different. e)0
f)0

9)0
20 E 0.086
=
4.86x109N/C
=

2x2.25x1012 away from wall

a) Pnet Pront Pack ....

-

32
+
=

=15 Nm"/C

b) 15 x
8.85 x i0 1.33 x18
9in
= =

2) No Fields on faces would not be uniform

33 as 0 NIC
3.65x105 N
kegr
b) 5 =

c) 1.46 100 NIC

x

105 NIC
d) 6.49 x

34a)
kex e
E 2 =
=

0 913nC =

b) As
charge is
uniformly distributed on

surface, a
gaussian cylinder of radius

4 cm would not enclose any charge

...E 0.
=