15

Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions

Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC (OR CIRCULAR) FUNCTIONS

Let X′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. Y
Taking O as the centre and a unit radius, B
draw a circle, cutting the coordinate axes P(x, y)
at A , B , A′ and B′ , as shown in the figure. 1
y
Suppose that a moving point starts A
from A and moves along the X A O x M X
circumference of the circle in an
anticlockwise direction. Let it cover an arc
length θ and take the final position P( x , y). B

Join OP. Then, Y

∠AOP = θ
⎡ arc AP θ l⎤
⎢B ∠AOP = radius OP = 1 = θ , using θ = r ⎥ ⋅
c

⎣ ⎦
Now, the six circular functions may be defined as under:
(i) cos θ = x (ii) sin θ = y
1 1
(iii) sec θ = , x ≠ 0 (iv) cosec θ = , y ≠ 0
x y
y x
(v) tan θ = , x ≠ 0 (vi) cot θ = , y ≠ 0
x y
REMARK Clearly, we have
1 1
(i) sec θ = (ii) cosec θ =
cos θ sin θ
sin θ 1 cos θ
(iii) tan θ = (iv) cot θ = =
cos θ tan θ sin θ

THEOREM 1 For any acute angle, say θ, we have

(i) cos2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 (ii) 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
(iii) 1 + cot θ = cosec θ
2 2

PROOF Let X′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. Taking O as the centre and a
unit radius, draw a circle, meeting OX at A.
Let P( x , y) be a point on the circle with ∠AOP = θ. Join OP.
Draw PM ⊥ OA.
519
520 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

Then, cos θ = x and sin θ = y.

(i) From right COMP, we have
Y
OM 2 + PM 2 = OP 2
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 P(x, y)
[B OM = x , PM = y and OP = 1] 1
y
⇒ cos2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1. … (i) A
X O x M X
[B x = cos θ , y = sin θ]
Trigonometry
This proves (i).
(ii) Dividing both sides of (i) by cos2 θ , we get
sin 2 θ 1 Y
1+ =
cos2 θ cos2 θ
⎡ sin θ 1 ⎤
⇒ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ ⎢B = tan θ and = sec θ ⎥ .
⎣ cos θ cos θ ⎦
(iii) Dividing both sides of (i) by sin 2 θ , we get
cos2 θ 1
+1=
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
⎡ cos θ 1 ⎤
⇒ cot 2 θ + 1 = cosec2 θ ⎢B = cot θ and = cosec θ ⎥
⎣ sin θ sin θ ⎦
⇒ 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec2 θ.
NEGATIVE ARC LENGTH If a point moves in a circle then the arc length covered by it is
said to be positive or negative depending on whether the point moves in the
anticlockwise or clockwise direction respectively.
THEOREM 2 For any acute angle, say θ, we have
(i) cos ( − θ) = cos θ (ii) sin ( − θ) = − sin θ (iii) tan ( − θ) = − tan θ
(iv) cot ( − θ) = − cot θ (v) sec ( − θ) = sec θ (vi) cosec ( − θ) = − cosec θ
PROOF Let X′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. With O as the centre, draw
a circle of unit radius, meeting OX at A(1, 0).
Let P( x , y) be a point on the circle such that ∠AOP = θ.
Y
Let ∠AOQ = − θ. Then, the coordinates of Q
are Q( x , − y).
P(x, y)
∴ (i) cos ( − θ) = x = cos θ
(ii) sin ( − θ) = − y = − sin θ A(1, 0)
X O X
–
sin ( − θ)
(iii) tan ( − θ) =
cos ( − θ) Q(x, –y)
− sin θ
= = − tan θ
cos θ Y

Working in this order, you can prove the remaining identities by

yourself.
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 521

Signs of Trigonometric Functions in Various Quadrants

Y
Quadrant Signs of various T-functions

I All T-functions are positive.

sine All
sin θ and cosec θ are positive. is +ve are +ve
II II I
All others are negative.
X tan O cos X
is +ve is +ve
tan θ and cot θ are positive.
III III IV
All others are negative.
cos θ and sec θ are positive.
IV
All others are negative. Y

Remember
I II III IV
All are +ve sin is +ve tan is +ve cos is +ve
Values of T-functions of Some Particular Angles
π π π π 3π
θ→ 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
1 1 3
sin θ 0 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos θ 1 0 –1 0 1
2 2 2
1 not not
tan θ 0 1 3 0 0
3 defined defined
Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
The domain and range of each one of the six trigonometric functions is given
below.
T-function Domain Range
sin x R [−1, 1]
cos x R [−1, 1]
tan x {x ∈ R : x ≠ ( 2n + 1) π
2, n ∈I} R
cot x {x ∈ R : x ≠ nπ , n ∈ I } R
cosec x {x ∈ R : x ≠ nπ , n ∈ I } R−] − 1, 1[
sec x {x ∈ R : x ≠ ( 2n + 1) π
2 , n ∈I} R−] − 1, 1[

PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A function f ( x) is said to be periodic if there exists a constant

real number p such that f ( x + p) = f ( x) for all x.
The least positive value of p for which f ( x + p) = f ( x) is called the period
of f (x).
522 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

AN IMPORTANT RESULT If f ( x) is a periodic function with period p then f ( ax + b)

with a > 0 is a periodic function with period ( b a).
THEOREM 3 sin (θ + 2π ) = sin θ and cos (θ + 2π ) = cos θ.
PROOF Let X′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. With O as the centre, draw a
circle of unit radius, meeting OX at A.
The circumference of this circle of
Y
unit radius is 2π.
Let P be a point on this circle such P
that arc AP = θ.
If we start from the point A , move A
along the circle and after making a O
X X
complete revolution, reach P then
the length of the arc covered is
(θ + 2π ).
Since the trigonometric functions
Y
are defined in terms of the
coordinates of P, we have
cos (θ + 2π ) = cos θ and sin (θ + 2π ) = sin θ.
REMARKS (i) Since 2π is the least angle for which cos (θ + 2π ) = cos θ and
sin (θ + 2π ) = sin θ , it follows that
cos θ and sin θ are perodic functions, each with period 2π.
Similarly, sec θ and cosec θ are periodic, each with period 2π; and
tan θ and cot θ are periodic, each with period π.
A constant function is periodic, having no period.
(ii) For any real number θ and any integer n, we have:

sin (θ + 2nπ ) = sin θ , cos (θ + 2nπ ) = cos θ

tan (θ + nπ ) = tan θ , cot (θ + nπ ) = cot θ
sec (θ + 2nπ ) = sec θ , cosec (θ + 2nπ ) = cosec θ

SOLVED EXAMPLES
−13
EXAMPLE 1 If sec θ = and θ lies in the second quadrant, find the values of all
12
the other five trigonometric functions.
SOLUTION We know that in the second quadrant, sin θ and cosec θ are positive
and all the other trigonometric functions are negative.
−13 1 −12
Now, sec θ = ⇒ cos θ = = ⋅
12 sec θ 13
⎧⎪⎛ −13 ⎞ 2 ⎫⎪ ⎛ 169 ⎞ 25
∴ tan 2 θ = ( sec2 θ − 1) = ⎨⎜ ⎟ − 1⎬ = ⎜ − 1⎟ =
⎪⎩⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎪⎭ ⎝ 144 ⎠ 144
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 523

25 −5
⇒ tan θ = − =
144 12
1 −12
⇒ cot θ = = ⋅
tan θ 5
⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −12⎞ 5
Also, sin θ = tan θ ⋅ cos θ = ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13
1 13
And, cosec θ = = ⋅
sin θ 5
−12 −5 −12
Hence, cos θ = ; tan θ = ; cot θ = ;
13 12 5
5 13
sin θ = and cosec θ = ⋅
13 5
−4 3π
EXAMPLE 2 If sin θ = and π < θ < , find the values of all the other five
5 2
trigonometric functions.

SOLUTION Clearly, θ lies in the third quadrant in which tan θ and cot θ are
positive and all the other trigonometric functions are negative.
−4 1 −5
Now, sin θ = ⇒ cosec θ = = ⋅
5 sin θ 4
⎛ 25 ⎞ 9
∴ cot 2 θ = ( cosec2 θ − 1) = ⎜ − 1⎟ =
⎝ 16 ⎠ 16
9 3
⇒ cot θ = + =
16 4
1 4
⇒ tan θ = = ⋅
cot θ 3
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −4⎞ −3
Also, cos θ = cot θ sin θ = ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
1 −5
∴ sec θ = = ⋅
cos θ 3
−3 4 3
Hence, cos θ = ; tan θ = ; cot θ = ;
5 3 4
−5 −5
sec θ = and cosec θ = ⋅
3 4

EXAMPLE 3 Find the value of

⎛ 25 π ⎞ ⎛ 41π ⎞ ⎛ −16π ⎞
(i) sin ⎜ ⎟ (ii) cos ⎜ ⎟ (iii) tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 29π ⎞ ⎛ 19π ⎞ ⎛ 33 π ⎞
(iv) cot ⎜ ⎟ (v) sec ⎜ − ⎟ (vi) cosec ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
524 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

⎛ 25 π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
SOLUTION (i) sin ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ 8π + ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
π
= sin [B sin ( 2nπ + θ) = sin θ ]
3
3
= ⋅
2
⎛ 41π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(ii) cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜10π + ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π
= cos [B cos ( 2nπ + θ) = cos θ ]
4
1
= ⋅
2
⎛ 16π ⎞ 16π
(iii) tan ⎜ − ⎟ = − tan [B tan ( −θ) = − tan θ ]
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
⎛ π⎞
= − tan ⎜5 π + ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
π
= − tan [B tan (nπ + θ) = tan θ ]
3
= − 3.

⎛ 29π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(iv) cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot ⎜7 π + ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π
= cot [B cot (nπ + θ) = cot θ ]
4
= 1.
⎛ 19π ⎞ ⎛ 19π ⎞
(v) sec ⎜ − ⎟ = sec ⎜ ⎟ [B sec ( −θ) = sec θ ]
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
= sec ⎜ 6π + ⎟ = sec ⎜ ⎟ [B sec ( 2nπ + θ) = sec θ ]
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
= 2.
⎛ −33 π ⎞ 33 π
(vi) cosec ⎜ ⎟ = − cosec [B cosec ( −θ) = − cosec θ ]
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
⎛ π⎞
= − cosec ⎜ 8π + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
π
= − cosec [B cosec ( 2nπ + θ) = cosec θ ]
4
= − 2.

EXAMPLE 4 Find the value of

(i) sin (765°) (ii) cosec ( −1110°) (iii) cot ( −600°)
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 525

SOLUTION (i) 180° = π c

c c
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 17 π ⎞
⇒ 765 ° = ⎜ × 765⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 17 π ⎞
∴ sin (765 °) = sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
= sin ⎜ 4π + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
π
= sin [B sin ( 2nπ + θ) = sin θ ]
4
1
= ⋅
2
(ii) 180° = π c
c c
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 37 π ⎞
⇒ (1110) ° = ⎜ × 1110⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
∴ cosec ( −1110°) = − cosec (1110°) [B cosec ( − θ) = − cosec θ ]
⎛ 37 π ⎞
= − cosec ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
= − cosec ⎜ 6π + ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
π
= − cosec [B cosec ( 2nπ + θ) = cosec θ ]
6
= −2.
(iii) 180° = π c
c c
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 10π ⎞
⇒ 600° = ⎜ × 600⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
∴ cot ( −600°) = − cot 600° [B cot ( − θ) = − cot θ ]
⎛ 10π ⎞
= − cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
= − cot ⎜ 3 π + ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
π
= − cot [B cot (nπ + θ) = cot θ ]
3
1
=− ⋅
3

EXAMPLE 5 Find the value of

(i) cos 15π (ii) sin 16π (iii) cos ( −π )
⎛ 5π ⎞
(iv) sin 5π (v) tan ⎜ ⎟ (vi) sec 6π
⎝ 4⎠
526 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

SOLUTION (i) cos 15 π = cos (14π + π )

= cos π [B cos ( 2nπ + θ) = cos θ ]
= −1.
(ii) sin 16π = sin (16π + 0)
= sin 0° [B sin ( 2nπ + θ) = sin θ ]
= 0.
(iii) cos ( − π ) = cos π [B cos ( − θ) = cos θ ]
= −1.
(iv) sin 5 π = sin ( 4π + π )
= sin π [B sin ( 2nπ + θ) = sin θ ]
= 0.
5π ⎛ π⎞
(v) tan = tan ⎜ π + ⎟
4 ⎝ 4⎠
π
= tan [B tan (nπ + θ) = tan θ ]
4
= 1.
(vi) sec 6π = sec ( 6π + 0)
= sec 0° [B sec ( 2nπ + θ) = sec θ ]
= 1.
π π π 1
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that sin 2 + cos2 − tan 2 = − ⋅
6 3 4 2
π π π
LHS = sin + cos2 − tan 2
2
SOLUTION
6 3 4
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎡ π 1 π 1 π ⎤
= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ −1 2
⎢⎣B sin 6 = 2 , cos 3 = 2 and tan 4 = 1⎥⎦
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ + − 1⎟ = − = RHS.
⎝4 4 ⎠ 2

EXERCISE 15A
− 3
1. If cos θ = and θ lies in Quadrant III, find the values of all the other five
2
trigonometric functions.
−1
2. If sin θ = and θ lies in Quadrant IV, find the values of all the other five
2
trigonometric functions.
5
3. If cosec θ = and θ lies in Quadrant II, find the values of all the other five
3
trigonometric functions.
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 527

4. If sec θ = 2 and θ lies in Quadrant IV, find the values of all the other
trigonometric functions.
−2 6
5. If sin x = and x lies in Quadrant III, find the values of cos x and cot x.
5
− 15 π
6. If cos x = and < x < π , find the value of sin x.
4 2
3π
7. If sec x = −2 and π < x < , find the values of all the other five
2
trigonometric functions.

8. Find the value of

⎛ 31π ⎞ ⎛ 17 π ⎞ ⎛ −25 π ⎞
(i) sin ⎜ ⎟ (ii) cos ⎜ ⎟ (iii) tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 13 π ⎞ ⎛ −25 π ⎞ ⎛ − 41π ⎞
(iv) cot ⎜ ⎟ (v) sec ⎜ ⎟ (vi) cosec ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

9. Find the value of

(i) sin 405° (ii) sec ( −1470°) (iii) tan ( −300°)
(iv) cot (585°) (v) cosec ( −750°) (vi) cos ( −2220°)

10. Prove that

π π π π
(i) tan 2 + 2 cos2 + 3 sec2 + 4 cos2 = 8
3 4 6 2
π π π π π 7
(ii) sin cos 0 + sin cos + sin cos =
6 4 4 3 6 4
π 2 π π π 2 π
(iii) 4 sin sin + 3 cos tan + cosec =4
6 3 3 4 2

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 15A)

1 1 −2
1. sin θ = − , tan θ = , cot θ = 3 , cosec θ = −2, sec θ =
2 3 3
3 −1 2
2. cos θ = , tan θ = , cot θ = − 3 , sec θ = , cosec θ = −2
2 3 3
3 −4 −3 −4 −5
3. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , cot θ = , sec θ =
5 5 4 3 4
−1 1
4. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = −1, cot θ = −1, cosec θ = − 2
2 2
528 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

1 1 1
5. cos x = − , cot x = 6.
5 2 6 4
− 3 1 1 −2
7. sin x = , cos x = − , tan x = 3 , cot x = , cosec x =
2 2 3 3
3
8. (i) (ii) 0 (iii) − 3 (iv) 1 (v) 2 (vi) − 2
2
1 2 1
9. (i) (ii) (iii) 3 (iv) 1 (v) –2 (vi)
2 3 2

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF NUMBERS

THEOREM 1 (i) cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ

(ii) cos (θ − φ) = cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ
PROOF Let X′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. With O as the centre and
taking a unit radius, draw a circle, cutting the axes at A , A′ , B and B′ as
shown in the figure given below.
Let ∠AOP = θ and ∠POQ = φ. Then, ∠AOQ = (θ + φ).
Let ∠AOR = − φ. Join PR and AQ.
Y
(cos , sin )
P B(0, 1)

(–1, 0) (1, 0)
X A O A X
–
[cos ( + ), sin ( + )] Q

(cos , –sin ) R B (0, 1)

Y

(i) The points on the circle are given by

P(cos θ , sin θ), Q[cos (θ + φ), sin (θ + φ)], R[cos ( −φ), sin ( −φ)],
i.e., R(cos φ , − sin φ), A(1, 0), B( 0, 1), A′ ( −1, 0) and B′( 0, 1).
In CPOR and CQOA , we have
PO = QO = 1 unit, OR = OA = 1 unit and
∠POR = ∠QOA [each equal to ( φ + ∠QOR)].
∴ CPOR 8 CQOA.
Hence, PR = QA.
∴ PR 2 = QA 2
⇒ (cos θ − cos φ) 2 + (sin θ + sin φ) 2
= [cos (θ + φ) − 1]2 + [sin (θ + φ) − 0]2
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 529

⇒ (cos2 θ + cos2 φ − 2 cos θ cos φ) + (sin 2 θ + sin 2 φ + 2 sin θ sin φ)

= [cos2 (θ + φ) + 1 − 2 cos (θ + φ)] + sin 2 (θ + φ)
⇒ (cos2 θ + sin 2 θ) + (cos2 φ + sin 2 φ) − 2(cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ)
= [cos2 (θ + φ) + sin 2 (θ + φ)] + 1 − 2 cos (θ + φ)
⇒ 2 − 2(cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ) = 2 − 2 cos (θ + φ)
⇒ (cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ) = cos (θ + φ).
Hence, cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ. … (1)
(ii) Replacing φ by − φ in identity (1), we get
cos (θ − φ) = cos θ cos ( − φ) − sin θ sin ( −φ).
Hence, cos (θ − φ) = cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ
[B cos ( − φ) = cos φ and sin ( − φ) = − sin φ ].
SUMMARY
(i) cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
(ii) cos (θ − φ) = cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
THEOREM 2 (i) cos ⎜ − x⎟ = sin x (ii) ⎜ − x⎟ = cos x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(iii) tan ⎜ − x⎟ = cot x (iv) cot ⎜ − x⎟ = tan x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(v) sec ⎜ − x⎟ = cosec x (vi) cosec ⎜ − x⎟ = sec x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ π π
PROOF (i) cos ⎜ − x⎟ = cos cos x + sin sin x
⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
⎡ π π ⎤
= ( 0 × cos x) + (1 × sin x) ⎢B cos = 0 and sin = 1⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
= sin x.
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(ii) sin ⎜ − x⎟ = sin θ , where θ = ⎜ − x⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= cos ⎜ − θ⎟ ⎢B cos ⎜⎝ 2 − θ⎟⎠ = sin θ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
⎧π ⎛ π ⎞⎫
= cos ⎨ − ⎜ − x⎟ ⎬
⎩2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
= cos x.
⎛π ⎞
sin ⎜ − x⎟
⎛π ⎞ ⎝2 ⎠
(iii) tan ⎜ − x⎟ =
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ − x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
cos x
= = cot x [using (ii) and (i)].
sin x
530 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ − x⎟
⎛π ⎞ ⎝2 ⎠ sin x
(iv) cot ⎜ − x⎟ = = = tan x [using (i) and (ii)].
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛ π ⎞ cos x
sin ⎜ − x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
(v) sec ⎜ − x⎟ = = = cosec x ⎢B cos ⎜ − x⎟ = sin x⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛ π ⎞ sin x ⎣ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎦
cos ⎜ − x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
= cosec x.
⎛π ⎞ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
(vi) cosec ⎜ − x⎟ = = ⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 − x⎟⎠ = cos x ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ cos x ⎣ ⎦
sin ⎜ − x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
= sec x.

SUMMARY
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(i) cos ⎜ − x⎟ = sin x (ii) sin ⎜ − x⎟ = cos x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(iii) tan ⎜ − x⎟ = cot x (iv) cot ⎜ − x⎟ = tan x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(v) sec ⎜ − x⎟ = cosec x (vi) cosec ⎜ − x⎟ = sec x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
THEOREM 3 (i) cos ⎜ + x⎟ = − sin x (ii) sin ⎜ + x⎟ = cos x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(iii) tan ⎜ + x⎟ = − cot x (iv) cot ⎜ + x⎟ = − tan x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(v) sec ⎜ + x⎟ = − cosec x (vi) cosec ⎜ + x⎟ = sec x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞ π π
PROOF (i) cos ⎜ + x⎟ = cos cos x − sin sin x
⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
⎡ π π ⎤
= ( 0 × cos x) − (1 × sin x) ⎢B cos = 0 and sin = 1⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
= − sin x.

⎛π ⎞ ⎡π ⎤
(ii) sin ⎜ + x⎟ = sin ⎢ − ( − x) ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣2 ⎦
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= cos ( − x) ⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 − θ⎟⎠ = cos θ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
= cos x [B cos ( − x) = cos x ].
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 531

⎛π ⎞
sin ⎜ + x⎟
⎛π ⎞ ⎝2 ⎠
(iii) tan ⎜ + x⎟ =
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ + x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
cos x
=
− sin x
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 + x⎟⎠ = cos x and cos ⎜⎝ 2 + x⎟⎠ = − sin x ⎥
⎣ ⎦
= − cot x.
⎛π ⎞ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
(iv) cot ⎜ + x⎟ = = ⎢B tan ⎜⎝ 2 + x⎟⎠ = − cot x⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ − cot x ⎣ ⎦
tan ⎜ + x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
= − tan x.
⎛π ⎞ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
(v) sec ⎜ + x⎟ = = ⎢B cos ⎜⎝ 2 + x⎟⎠ = − sin x⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ − sin x ⎣ ⎦
cos ⎜ + x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
= − cosec x.
⎛π ⎞ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
(vi) cosec ⎜ + x⎟ = = ⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 + x⎟⎠ = cos x ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ cos x ⎣ ⎦
sin ⎜ + x⎟
⎝2 ⎠
= sec x.

SUMMARY

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(i) cos ⎜ + x⎟ = − sin x (ii) sin ⎜ + x⎟ = cos x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(iii) tan ⎜ + x⎟ = − cot x (iv) cot ⎜ + x⎟ = − tan x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(v) sec ⎜ + x⎟ = − cosec x (vi) cosec ⎜ + x⎟ = sec x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

THEOREM 4 (i) cos ( π − x) = − cos x (ii) sin ( π − x) = sin x

(iii) tan ( π − x) = − tan x (iv) cot ( π − x) = − cot x
(v) sec ( π − x) = − sec x (vi) cosec ( π − x) = cosec x
PROOF (i) cos ( π − x) = cos π cos x + sin π sin x
= ( −1 × cos x) + ( 0 × sin x) [B cos π = −1 and sin π = 0 ]
= − cos x.
532 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

⎡π ⎛ π ⎞⎤
(ii) sin ( π − x) = sin ⎢ + ⎜ − x⎟ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

⎛π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= cos ⎜ − x⎟ ⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 + θ⎟⎠ = cos θ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= sin x ⎢Q cos ⎜⎝ 2 − x⎟⎠ = sin x⎥ ⋅
⎣ ⎦
sin ( π − x)
(iii) tan ( π − x) =
cos ( π − x)
sin x
= [B sin ( π − x) = sin x , cos ( π − x) = − cos x ]
− cos x
= − tan x.
1 1
(iv) cot ( π − x) = = [B tan ( π − x) = − tan x ]
tan ( π − x) − tan x
= − cot x.
1 1
(v) sec ( π − x) = = [B cos ( π − x) = − cos x ]
cos ( π − x) − cos x
= − sec x.
1 1
(vi) cosec ( π − x) = = [B sin ( π − x) = sin x ]
sin ( π − x) sin x
= cosec x.

SUMMARY

(i) cos ( π − x) = − cos x (ii) sin ( π − x) = sin x

(iii) tan ( π − x) = − tan x (iv) cot ( π − x) = − cot x
(v) sec ( π − x) = − sec x (vi) cosec ( π − x) = cosec x

THEOREM 5 (i) cos ( π + x) = − cos x (ii) sin ( π + x) = − sin x

(iii) tan ( π + x) = tan x (iv) cot ( π + x) = cot x
(v) sec ( π + x) = − sec x (vi) cosec ( π + x) = − cosec x
PROOF (i) cos ( π + x) = cos π cos x − sin π sin x
= ( −1) ⋅ cos x − ( 0 × sin x) [B cos π = −1 and sin π = 0]
= − cos x.
⎡π ⎛π ⎞⎤
(ii) sin ( π + x) = sin ⎢ + ⎜ + x⎟ ⎥
⎣2 ⎝2 ⎠⎦
⎛π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= cos ⎜ + x⎟ ⎢B sin ⎜⎝ 2 + θ⎟⎠ = cos θ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
= − sin x.
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 533

sin ( π + x) − sin x
(iii) tan ( π + x) = =
cos ( π + x) − cos x
= tan x. [B sin ( π + x) = − sin x , cos ( π + x) = − cos x ]
1 1
(iv) cot ( π + x) = = [B tan ( π + x) = tan x ]
tan ( π + x) tan x
= cot x.
1 1
(v) sec ( π + x) = = [B cos ( π + x) = − cos x ]
cos ( π + x) − cos x
= − sec x.
1 1
(vi) cosec ( π + x) = = [B sin ( π + x) = − sin x ]
sin ( π + x) − sin x
= − cosec x.

SUMMARY

(i) cos ( π + x) = − cos x (ii) sin ( π + x) = − sin x

(iii) tan ( π + x) = tan x (iv) cot ( π + x) = cot x

(v) sec ( π + x) = − sec x (vi) cosec ( π + x) = − cosec x

THEOREM 6 (i) cos ( 2π − x) = cos x (ii) sin ( 2π − x) = − sin x

(iii) tan ( 2π − x) = − tan x (iv) cot ( 2π − x) = − cot x
(v) sec ( 2π − x) = sec x (vi) cosec ( 2π − x) = − cosec x
PROOF (i) cos ( 2π − x) = cos 2π cos x + sin 2π sin x
= (1 × cos x) + ( 0 × sin x) [B cos 2π = 1 and sin 2π = 0]
= cos x.
(ii) sin ( 2π − x) = sin [π + ( π + x)]
= − sin ( π + x) [B sin ( π + θ) = − sin θ ]
= − [− sin x] = sin x.
The remaining parts are left to the student as an exercise.

SUMMARY

(i) cos (2π − x) = cos x (ii) sin (2π − x) = − sin x

(iii) tan (2π − x) = − tan x (iv) cot (2π − x) = − cot x
(v) sec (2π − x) = sec x (vi) cosec (2π − x) = − cosec x

Further, it is easy to verify that

(i) cos (2π + x) = cos x (ii) sin (2π + x) = sin x

(iii) tan (2π + x) = tan x (iv) cot (2π + x) = cot x
(v) sec (2π + x) = sec x (vi) cosec (2π + x) = cosec x
534 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

Also, we have

⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(i) cos ⎜ − x⎟ = − sin x (ii) sin ⎜ − x⎟ = − cos x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(iii) cos ⎜ + x⎟ = sin x (iv) sin ⎜ + x⎟ = − cos x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

Summarised Table

⎛ π − x⎞ ⎛ π + x⎞ ⎛ 3π − x⎞ ⎛ 3π + x⎞
(−x) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ( π − x) ( π + x) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

sin − sin x cos x cos x sin x – sin x – cos x – cos x

cos cos x sin x – sin x – cos x – cos x – sin x sin x
tan – tan x cot x – cot x – tan x tan x cot x – cot x

REMARKS (i) The T-ratios for( 2π − x) and( 2nπ − x) are the same as those for( −x).
(ii) The T-ratios for ( 2π + x) and ( 2nπ + x) are the same as those for x.

THEOREM 7 (i) sin (θ + φ) = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ

(ii) sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ
⎡π ⎤
PROOF (i) sin (θ + φ) = cos ⎢ − (θ + φ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦
⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
= cos ⎢⎜ − θ⎟ − φ ⎥
⎝
⎣ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= cos ⎜ − θ⎟ cos φ + sin ⎜ − θ⎟ sin φ
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
= sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ.
Hence, sin (θ + φ) = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ.
(ii) Replacing φ by − φ in (i), we get
sin [θ + ( − φ)] = sin θ cos ( − φ) + cos θ sin ( − φ)
⇒ sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ
[B cos ( − φ) = cos φ , sin ( − φ) = − sin φ ].
Hence, sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ.

SUMMARY

(i) sin (θ + φ) = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ

(ii) sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 535

THEOREM 8 If none of the angles θ, φ and (θ + φ) is an odd multiple of π/2 then

tan θ + tan φ
(i) tan (θ + φ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
tan θ − tan φ
(ii) tan (θ − φ) =
1 + tan θ tan φ

sin (θ + φ)
PROOF (i) tan (θ + φ) =
cos (θ + φ)
(sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ)
=
(cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ)
⎛ sin θ cos φ cos θ sin φ ⎞
⎜ + ⎟
⎝ cos θ cos φ cos θ cos φ ⎠
=
⎛ cos θ cos φ sin θ sin φ ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎝ cos θ cos φ cos θ cos φ ⎠
[dividing num. and denom. by cos θ cos φ]
tan θ + tan φ
= ⋅
1 − tan θ tan φ
tan θ + tan φ
Hence, tan (θ + φ) = ⋅
1 − tan θ tan φ

(ii) Replacing φ by − φ in (i), we get

tan θ + tan ( − φ)
tan [θ + ( − φ)] =
1 − tan θ tan ( − φ)
tan θ − tan φ
⇒ tan (θ − φ) = ⋅
1 + tan θ tan φ
tan θ − tan φ
Hence, tan (θ − φ) = ⋅
1 + tan θ tan φ

THEOREM 9 If none of the angles θ, φ and (θ + φ) is a multiple of π then

cot θ cot φ − 1
(i) cot (θ + φ) =
cot φ + cot θ
cot θ cot φ + 1
(ii) cot (θ − φ) =
cot φ − cot θ

cos (θ + φ)
PROOF (i) cot (θ + φ) =
sin (θ + φ)
(cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ)
=
(sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ)
536 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

⎛ cos θ cos φ sin θ sin φ ⎞

⎜ − ⎟
⎝ sin θ sin φ sin θ sin φ ⎠
=
⎛ sin θ cos φ cos θ sin φ ⎞
⎜ + ⎟
⎝ sin θ sin φ sin θ sin φ ⎠
[dividing num. and denom. by sin θ sin φ]
cot θ cot φ − 1
= ⋅
cot φ + cot θ
cot θ cot φ − 1
Hence, cot (θ + φ) = ⋅
cot φ + cot θ
(ii) Replacing φ by − φ in (i), we get
cot θ cot ( − φ) − 1
cot [θ + ( − φ)] =
cot ( − φ) + cot θ
− cot θ cot φ − 1
⇒ cot (θ − φ) = [B cot ( − φ) = − cot φ]
− cot φ + cot θ
cot θ cot φ + 1
⇒ cot (θ − φ) = ⋅
cot φ − cot θ
cot θ cot φ + 1
Hence, cot (θ − φ) = ⋅
cot φ − cot θ

SUMMARY
tan θ + tan φ
(i) tan (θ + φ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
tan θ − tan φ
(ii) tan (θ − φ) =
1 + tan θ tan φ
cot θ cot φ − 1
(iii) cot (θ + φ) =
cot φ + cot θ
cot θ cot φ + 1
(iv) cot (θ − φ) =
cot φ − cot θ

THEOREM 10 For all x , y ∈ R , we have

(i) sin ( x + y) sin ( x − y) = sin 2 x − sin 2 y
(ii) cos ( x + y) cos ( x − y) = cos2 x − sin 2 y
PROOF (i) sin ( x + y) sin ( x − y)
= (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)(sin x cos y − cos x sin y)
= sin 2 x cos2 y − cos2 x sin 2 y
= sin 2 x(1 − sin 2 y) − (1 − sin 2 x) sin 2 y
= sin 2 x − sin 2 x sin 2 y − sin 2 y + sin 2 x sin 2 y
= sin 2 x − sin 2 y.
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 537

(ii) cos ( x + y) cos ( x − y)

= (cos x cos y − sin x sin y)(cos x cos y + sin x sin y)
= cos2 x cos2 y − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos2 x(1 − sin 2 y) − (1 − cos2 x) sin 2 y
= cos2 x − cos2 x sin 2 y − sin 2 y + cos2 x sin 2 y
= cos2 x − sin 2 y.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Find the value of

(i) cos 480° (ii) sin 1230° (iii) cot ( −135 °)
(iv) cosec ( −1410°) (v) cos ( −870°) (vi) tan 330°
SOLUTION (i) cos 480° = cos ( 360° + 120°)
= cos 120° [B cos ( 360° + θ) = cos θ ]
= cos (180° − 60°) = − cos 60° [B cos (180° − θ) = − cos θ ]
1
=− ⋅
2
(ii) sin 1230° = sin ( 3 × 360° + 150°)
= sin 150° [B sin ( 2nπ + θ) = sin θ ]
= sin (180° − 30°) = sin 30° [B sin (180° − θ) = sin θ ]
1
= ⋅
2
(iii) cot ( −135 °) = − cot 135 ° [B cot ( − θ) = − cot θ ]
= − cot ( 90° + 45 °) = tan 45 °
[B cot ( 90° + θ) = − tan θ ]
= 1.
(iv) cosec ( −1410°) = − cosec 1410° = − cosec ( 4 × 360° − 30°)
= cosec 30° [B cosec ( 2nπ − θ) = − cosec θ ]
= 2.
(v) cos ( −870°) = cos 870° [B cos ( − θ) = cos θ ]
= cos ( 2 × 360° + 150°)
= cos 150° [B cos ( 2nπ + θ) = cos θ ]
= cos (180° − 30°) = − cos 30°
[B cos (180° − θ) = − cos θ ]
− 3
= ⋅
2
(vi) tan 330° = tan ( 360° − 30°) = − tan 30°
[B tan ( 360° − θ) = − tan θ ]
1
=− ⋅
3
538 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

EXAMPLE 2 Find the values of all trigonometric functions of (i) 120° (ii) 150°.

3
SOLUTION (i) sin 120° = sin (180° − 60°) = sin 60° = ;
2
−1
cos 120° = cos (180° − 60°) = − cos 60° = ;
2
sin 120° ⎧ 3 ⎫
tan 120° = =⎨ × ( −2) ⎬ = − 3 ;
cos 120° ⎩ 2 ⎭
1 2
cosec 120° = = ;
sin 120° 3
1
sec 120° = = − 2;
cos 120°
1 −1
cot 120° = = ⋅
tan 120° 3
1
(ii) sin 150° = sin (180° − 30°) = sin 30° = ;
2
− 3
cos 150° = cos (180° − 30°) = − cos 30° = ;
2
sin 150° ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ −1
tan 150° = =⎜ × ⎟ = ;
cos 150° ⎝ 2 − 3 ⎠ 3
1
cot 150° = = − 3;
tan 150°
1 −2
sec 150° = = ;
cos 150° 3
1
cosec 150° = = 2.
sin 150°
1
EXAMPLE 3 Show that sin 105 ° + cos 105 ° = ⋅
2
SOLUTION We have
LHS = sin 105 ° + cos 105 °
= sin ( 60° + 45 °) + cos ( 60° + 45 °)
= (sin 60° cos 45 ° + cos 60° sin 45 ° )
+ (cos 60° cos 45 ° − sin 60° sin 45 °)
⎧⎛ 3 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞⎫
= ⎨⎜ × ⎟ +⎜ × ⎟ ⎬ + ⎨⎜ × ⎟ −⎜ × ⎟⎬
⎩⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎭
⎛ 3 1 1 3⎞ 1
=⎜ + + − ⎟ = = RHS.
⎝ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2⎠ 2

EXAMPLE 4 Calculate the value of

(i) sin 15° (ii) cos 15° (iii) tan 15°
(iv) sin 75° (v) cos 75° (vi) tan 75°
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 539

SOLUTION (i) sin 15 ° = sin ( 45 ° − 30°)

= sin 45 ° cos 30° − cos 45 ° sin 30°
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ( 3 − 1)
=⎜ × ⎟ −⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
(ii) cos 15 ° = cos ( 45 ° − 30°)
= cos 45 ° cos 30° + sin 45 ° sin 30°
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ( 3 + 1)
=⎜ × ⎟ +⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
(iii) tan 15 ° = tan ( 45 ° − 30°)
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟
tan 45 ° − tan 30° ⎝ 3⎠ ( 3 − 1)
= = = ⋅
1 + tan 45 ° tan 30° ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( 3 + 1)
1 + ⎜1 × ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
(iv) sin 75 ° = sin ( 45 ° + 30°)
= sin 45 ° cos 30° + cos 45 ° sin 30°
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ( 3 + 1)
=⎜ × ⎟ +⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
(v) cos 75 ° = cos ( 45 ° + 30° )
= cos 45 ° cos 30° − sin 45 ° sin 30°
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
=⎜ × ⎟ −⎜ × ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
( 3 − 1)
= ⋅
2 2
(vi) tan 75 ° = tan ( 45 ° + 30°)
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟
tan 45 ° + tan 30° ⎝ 3⎠
= =
1 − tan 45 ° tan 30° ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
( 3 + 1)
= ⋅
( 3 − 1)
13 π
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate tan ⋅
12
SOLUTION We have
13 π ⎛ π⎞
tan = tan ⎜ π + ⎟
12 ⎝ 12⎠
π
= tan [B tan ( π + θ) = tan θ ]
12
⎛ π π⎞
= tan ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 3 4⎠
540 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

π π
tan − tan
= 3 4 = 3 −1
π π 1+ 3
1 + tan tan
3 4
( 3 − 1) ( 3 − 1) ( 3 − 1) 2
= × =
( 3 + 1) ( 3 − 1) ( 3 − 1)
( 3 + 1 − 2 3) (4 − 2 3)
= = = (2 − 3 ).
2 2
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that
3
(i) sin 70° cos 10° − cos 70° sin 10° =
2
1
(ii) cos 50° cos 10° − sin 50° sin 10° =
2
1
(iii) cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20° =
2
1
(iv) sin 36° cos 9° + cos 36° sin 9° =
2
SOLUTION (i) We know that sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ = sin (θ − φ).
Putting θ = 70° and φ = 10° in the this identity, we get
3
sin 70° cos 10° − cos 70° sin 10° = sin (70° − 10°) = sin 60° = ⋅
2
(ii) We know that cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ = cos (θ + φ).
Putting θ = 50° and φ = 10° in the this identity, we get
1
cos 50° cos 10° − sin 50° sin 10° = cos (50° + 10°) = cos 60° = ⋅
2
(iii) We know that cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ = cos (θ − φ).
Putting θ = 80° and φ = 20° in this identity, we get
1
cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20° = cos ( 80° − 20°) = cos 60° = ⋅
2
(iv) We know that sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = sin (θ + φ).
Putting θ = 36° and φ = 9° in this identity, we get
1
sin 36° cos 9° + cos 36° sin 9° = sin ( 36° + 9°) = sin 45 ° = ⋅
2
EXAMPLE 7 Prove that
1
sin ( 40° + θ) cos (10° + θ) − cos ( 40° + θ) sin (10° + θ) = ⋅
2
SOLUTION We know that sin x cos y − cos x sin y = sin ( x − y).
Putting x = ( 40° + θ) and y = (10° + θ) in this identity, we get
sin ( 40° + θ) cos (10° + θ) − cos ( 40° + θ) sin (10° + θ)
= sin [( 40° + θ) − (10° + θ)]
1
= sin 30° = ⋅
2
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 541

EXAMPLE 8 Prove that

cos θ + sin ( 270° + θ) − sin ( 270° − θ) + cos (180° + θ) = 0.

SOLUTION We have
cos θ + sin ( 270° + θ) − sin ( 270° − θ) + cos (180° + θ)
= cos θ + sin {180° + ( 90° + θ)} − sin {180° + ( 90° − θ)} + cos (180° + θ)
= cos θ − sin ( 90° + θ) + sin ( 90° − θ) − cos θ
[B sin (180° + x) = − sin x , cos (180° + x) = − cos x ]
= cos θ − cos θ + cos θ − cos θ = 0
[B sin ( 90° + θ) = cos θ , sin ( 90° − θ) = cos θ ].

EXAMPLE 9 Prove that

cos ( 90° + θ) sec ( 270° + θ) sin (180° + θ)
= cos θ.
cosec ( −θ) cos ( 270° − θ) tan (180° + θ)

SOLUTION We have
cos ( 90° + θ) sec ( 270° + θ) sin (180° + θ)
LHS =
cosec ( −θ) cos ( 270° − θ) tan (180° + θ)
cos ( 90° + θ) sec {180° + ( 90° + θ)} sin (180° + θ)
=
− cosec θ cos {180° + ( 90° − θ)} tan (180° + θ)
cos ( 90° + θ){− sec ( 90° + θ)}{− sin θ}
=
− cosec θ{− cos ( 90° − θ)} tan θ
⎡B sin (180° + x) = − sin x , cos (180° + x) = − cos x ⎤
⎢ sec (180° + x) = − sec x , tan (180° + x) = tan x ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( − sin θ)( cosec θ)( − sin θ)
=
( − cosec θ)( − sin θ) tan θ
[B cos ( 90° + θ) = − sin θ , sec ( 90° + θ) = − cosec θ ,
cos ( 90° − θ) = sin θ ]
= cos θ = RHS.

EXAMPLE 10 Prove that

⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
cos ⎜ + θ⎟ cos ( 2π + θ) ⎢cot ⎜⎝ 2 − θ⎟⎠ + cot ( 2π + θ) ⎥ = 1.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

SOLUTION We have
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
cos ⎜ + θ⎟ cos ( 2π + θ) ⎢cot ⎜⎝ 2 − θ⎟⎠ + cot ( 2π + θ) ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎧ ⎛π ⎞⎫ ⎤
= cos ⎢π + ⎜ + θ⎟ ⎥ cos ( 2π + θ) ⎢cot ⎨π + ⎜ − θ⎟ ⎬ + cot ( 2π + θ) ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭ ⎦
⎛π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= − cos ⎜ + θ⎟ cos θ ⎢cot ⎜ − θ⎟ + cot θ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎦
[B cos ( π + x) = − cos x , cot ( π + x) = cot x and cot ( 2π + x) = cot x ]
542 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
= sin θ cos θ[tan θ + cot θ] ⎢B cos ⎜ + θ⎟ = − sin θ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ sin θ cos θ ⎤ (sin 2 θ + cos2 θ)
= (sin θ cos θ) ⎢ + ⎥ = (sin θ cos θ) ⋅ (sin θ cos θ) = 1.
⎣ cos θ sin θ ⎦
EXAMPLE 11 Prove that
7π π 7π π 3
(i) sin cos − cos sin =
12 4 12 4 2
π π π π 3
(ii) sin cos + cos sin =
4 12 4 12 2
2π π 2π π − ( 3 + 1)
(iii) cos cos − sin sin =
3 4 3 4 2 2
7π π 7π π
SOLUTION (i) sin cos − cos sin
12 4 12 4
⎛ 7π π ⎞
= sin ⎜ − ⎟ [B sin x cos y − cos x sin y = sin ( x − y)]
⎝ 12 4 ⎠
π 3
= sin = ⋅
3 2
π π π π
(ii) sin cos + cos sin
4 12 4 12
⎛π π⎞
= sin ⎜ + ⎟ [B sin x cos y + cos x sin y = sin ( x + y)]
⎝ 4 12⎠
π 3
= sin = ⋅
3 2
2π π 2π π
(iii) sin cos − sin sin
3 4 3 4
⎛ π⎞ π ⎛ π⎞ π
= cos ⎜ π − ⎟ cos − sin ⎜ π − ⎟ sin
⎝ 3⎠ 4 ⎝ 3⎠ 4
π π π π
= − cos cos − sin cos
3 4 3 4
[B sin ( π − x) = sin x , cos ( π − x) = − cos x ]
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ ⎧( 3 + 1) ⎫
= ⎜− × ⎟ −⎜ × ⎟ =−⎨ ⎬⋅
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭
π 5π
EXAMPLE 12 Evaluate: (i) sin (ii) sin
12 12
π ⎛ π π⎞
SOLUTION (i) sin = sin ⎜ − ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 6⎠
π π π π
= sin cos − cos sin
4 6 4 6
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ( 3 − 1)
=⎜ × ⎟ −⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 543

5π ⎛ π π⎞
(ii) sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 6⎠
π π π π
= sin cos + cos sin
4 6 4 6
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ( 3 + 1)
=⎜ × ⎟ + ⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
sin ( x + y) tan x + tan y
EXAMPLE 13 Prove that = ⋅
sin ( x − y) tan x − tan y

SOLUTION We have
sin ( x + y)
LHS =
sin ( x − y)
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
sin x cos y − cos x sin y
tan x + tan y
= [dividing num. and denom. by cos x cos y]
tan x − tan y
= RHS.
15 12
EXAMPLE 14 If sin θ = and cos φ = , where θ and φ both lie in the first quadrant,
17 13
find the values of
(i) sin (θ + φ), (ii) cos (θ − φ), (iii) tan (θ + φ).
15 12
SOLUTION Given: sin θ = and cos φ = ⋅
17 13
Since θ lies in the first quadrant, we have
sin θ > 0, cos θ > 0 and tan θ > 0.
Again, since φ lies in the first quadrant, we have
sin φ > 0, cos φ > 0 and tan φ > 0.
⎛ 225 ⎞ 64
Now, cos2 θ = (1 − sin 2 θ) = ⎜1 − ⎟ =
⎝ 289 ⎠ 289
64 8
⇒ cos θ = + = ⋅
289 17
⎛ 144⎞ 25
And, sin 2 φ = (1 − cos2 φ) = ⎜1 − ⎟ =
⎝ 169⎠ 169
25 5
⇒ sin φ = + = ⋅
169 13
sin θ ⎛ 15 17 ⎞ 15
∴ tan θ = =⎜ × ⎟ = and
cos θ ⎝ 17 8⎠ 8
sin φ ⎛ 5 13 ⎞ 5
tan φ = =⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
cos φ ⎝ 13 12 ⎠ 12
544 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

Now, (i) sin (θ + φ) = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ

⎛ 15 12 ⎞ ⎛ 8 5 ⎞ ⎛ 180 40 ⎞ 220
=⎜ × ⎟ +⎜ × ⎟ =⎜ + ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 17 13 ⎠ ⎝ 17 13 ⎠ ⎝ 221 221⎠ 221
(ii) cos (θ − φ) = cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ
⎛ 8 12 ⎞ ⎛ 15 5 ⎞ ⎛ 96 75 ⎞ 171
=⎜ × ⎟ +⎜ × ⎟ =⎜ + ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 17 13 ⎠ ⎝ 17 13 ⎠ ⎝ 221 221⎠ 221
tan θ + tan φ
(iii) tan (θ + φ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
⎛ 15 5 ⎞ ⎛ 55 ⎞
⎜ + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 12⎠ ⎝ 24⎠ ⎛ 55 32⎞ 220
= = =⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎧ ⎛ 15 5 ⎞ ⎫ ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎝ 24 7 ⎠ 21
−
⎨ ⎜⎝
1 × ⎟⎬ ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎩ 8 12⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 32⎠

3 −12
EXAMPLE 15 If sin θ = and cos φ = , where θ and φ both lie in the second
5 13
quadrant, find the values of
(i) sin (θ − φ), (ii) cos (θ + φ), (iii) tan (θ − φ).

3 −12
SOLUTION Given: sin θ = and cos φ = ⋅
5 13
Since θ lies in the second quadrant, we have
sin θ > 0, cos θ < 0 and tan θ < 0.
Again, since φ lies in the second quadrant, we have
sin φ > 0, cos φ < 0 and tan φ < 0.
9 16 −4
Now, cos θ = − 1 − sin 2 θ = − 1 − =− =
25 25 5
sin θ 3 ⎛ 5 ⎞ −3
and tan θ = = × ⎜− ⎟ = ⋅
cos θ 5 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
144 25 5
Also, sin φ = + 1 − cos2 φ = + 1 − =+ =+
169 169 13
sin φ 5 ⎛ −13 ⎞ −5
and tan φ = = ×⎜ ⎟ = ⋅
cos φ 13 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 12
∴ (i) sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ
⎧ 3 ⎛ −12⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ − 4⎞ 5 ⎫ ⎛ −36 20 ⎞ −16
=⎨ ×⎜ ⎟ ⎬ − ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎬ = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⋅
⎩ 5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 5 ⎠ 13 ⎭ ⎝ 65 65 ⎠ 65
(ii) cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
⎧⎛ − 4⎞ ⎛ −12⎞ ⎫ ⎧ 3 5 ⎫ ⎛ 48 3 ⎞ 33
= ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟⎬ − ⎨ × ⎬ = ⎜⎝ − ⎟ = ⋅
⎝
⎩ 5 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
13 ⎭ ⎩ 5 13 ⎭ 65 13 ⎠ 65
 Trigonometric, or Circular, Functions 545

tan θ − tan φ
(iii) tan (θ − φ) =
1 + tan θ tan φ
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −3 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 4 12⎠ ⎛ −1⎞ 16 −16
= = =⎜ ⎟× = ⋅
⎧⎛ − 3 ⎞ ⎛ − 5 ⎞ ⎫ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 21 63
1 + ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 16⎠

4 12
EXAMPLE 16 If cos θ = and cos φ = , where θ and φ both lie in the fourth
5 13
quadrant, find the values of
(i) cos (θ + φ), (ii) sin (θ − φ), (iii) tan (θ + φ).
4 12
SOLUTION Given: cos θ = and cos φ = ⋅
5 13
Since θ lies in the fourth quadrant, we have
cos θ > 0, sin θ < 0 and tan θ < 0.
Again, since φ lies in the fourth quadrant, we have
cos φ > 0, sin φ < 0 and tan φ < 0.
16 9 −3
Now, sin θ = − 1 − cos2θ = − 1 − =− =
25 25 5
sin θ ⎛ −3 ⎞ 5 −3
and tan θ = =⎜ ⎟ × = ⋅
cos θ ⎝ 5 ⎠ 4 4
144 25 −5
Also, sin φ = − 1 − cos2 φ = − 1 − =− =
169 169 13
sin φ ⎛ −5 ⎞ 13 −5
and tan φ = =⎜ ⎟ × = ⋅
cos φ ⎝ 13 ⎠ 12 12
∴ (i) cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
⎛ 4 12 ⎞ ⎧⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎫ ⎛ 48 15 ⎞ 33
= ⎜ × ⎟ − ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ = ⎜ − ⎟ = ⋅
⎝ 5 13 ⎠ ⎩⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 65 65 ⎠ 65
(ii) sin (θ − φ) = sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ
⎧⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎫ ⎧ 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎫ ⎛ −36 20 ⎞ −16
= ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ − ⎨ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⋅
⎩⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 65 65 ⎠ 65
tan θ + tan φ
(iii) tan (θ + φ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎛ −7 ⎞ 16 −56
= = =⎜ ⎟× = ⋅
⎧⎛ − 3 ⎞ ⎛ − 5 ⎞ ⎫ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 11 33
1 − ⎨⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎭ ⎝ 16⎠
1 −5 3π π
EXAMPLE 17 If cot α = and sec β = , where α ∈]π , [ and β ∈] , π [, find
2 3 2 2
the value of tan (α + β ).
546 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

SOLUTION Here, α lies in Quadrant III and, therefore, tan α is positive.

1
Now, cot α = ⇒ tan α = 2.
2
Again, β lies in Quadrant II and, therefore, sin β is positive and cos β
is negative.
−5 −3
Now, sec β = ⇒ cos β = ⋅
3 5
9 16 4
And, sin β = + 1 − cos2 β = + 1 − =+ = ⋅
25 25 5
sin β 4 ⎛ −5 ⎞ − 4
∴ tan β = = ×⎜ ⎟ = ⋅
cos β 5 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
tan α + tan β
∴ tan (α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
4 ⎛ 2⎞
2− ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 2 3⎞ 2
= = =⎜ × ⎟ = ⋅
⎛ − 4⎞ ⎛ 11⎞ ⎝ 3 11⎠ 11
1−2× ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
cos 11° + sin 11°
EXAMPLE 18 Prove that tan 56° = ⋅
cos 11° − sin 11°
SOLUTION We have
LHS = tan 56° = tan ( 45 ° + 11°)
tan 45 ° + tan 11°
=
1 − tan 45 ° tan 11°
1 + tan 11°
=
1 − tan 11°
sin 11°
1+
cos 11° cos 11° + sin 11°
= = = RHS.
sin 11° cos 11° − sin 11°
1−
cos 11°
EXAMPLE 19 Prove that tan 70° = tan 20° + 2 tan 50°.
SOLUTION We have
tan 70° = tan ( 20° + 50°)
tan 20° + tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° =
1 − tan 20° tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° − tan 70° tan 20° tan 50° = tan 20° + tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° − tan ( 90° − 20°) tan 20° tan 50° = tan 20° + tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° − cot 20° tan 20° tan 50° = tan 20° + tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° − tan 50° = tan 20° + tan 50°
⇒ tan 70° = tan 20° + 2 tan 50°.