Structured Questions-Lesson-1-history

Question 1

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) The policy that the British followed to dispel 'the communal harmony' was 'Divide and Rule'. The
British started turning caste against caste and Hindus against Muslims.

(b) The loading process of the Enfield Rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off
the top greased paper with the teeth. There was a rumour that the greased cartridge had the fat of
cow or pig. The cow is sacred to the Hindus while the pig is a taboo to the Muslims so both Hindu
and Muslim soldiers refused to use these cartridges thinking it was a deliberate move to defile their
religion. When the British forced them, they unitedly staged an uprising.

(c) The Indian army was reorganised to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, in the
following manner:

1. The strength of European troops in India was increased. The ratio of European to Indian
troops was fixed at 1:2 (Bengal army) and 2:5 (Madras and Bombay armies). Practically the
same ratio was maintained till the First World War. The general principle adopted was that
the number of Indian sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.

2. European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.

3. To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the British rule, the sophisticated
weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery
units, with the exceptions of a few mountain units, were disbanded.

4. Discrimination based on caste, region and religion was practised in the recruitment to the
army.

5. To discourage nationalism, measures such as introduction of caste and community in most

regiments were taken.

6. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers
to keep the Indian army separated from the life of the rest of the population.

Question 2

Economic exploitation of the country produced discontent, resentment and resistance among the
people that culminated in the Great Uprising of 1857. In this context discuss:

(a) The British crippled the Indian trade and handicrafts in the following manner-

1. Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain destroyed Indian industries.

2. On the other hand, British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty.

3. By the middle of 19th century, export of cotton and silk goods from India practically ceased.

4. The art of spinning and weaving, which for ages had given employment to thousands of
artisans, became extinct.
 5. The misery of the artisans was further compounded by the disappearance of their traditional
patrons and buyers- the princes, chieftains and zamindars.

(b) The official land revenue policy was the main cause of the impoverishment of the cultivators.

1. It was the peasantry that bore the heavy burden of taxes to provide money for the trade of
the Company, for the cost of administration and the wars of British expansion in India.

2. The land revenue was double the amount collected under the Mughals.

3. Not even a part of this revenue was spent on the development of agriculture or on the
welfare of the cultivator.

(c) The British exploited the Indian resources for their own benefits in the following manner-

1. They made agricultural India an economic colony to serve the interests of industrial England.

2. India was forced to export, at cheaper rates, raw material, raw cotton and raw silk that the
British industries needed urgently.

3. India also exported plantation products and food grains which were in short supply in Britain.

Question 3

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:

(b) The temptation or provocation being talked about in the excerpt refers to the causes and
motivations behind the Indian rebellion of 1857. Some of the causes being:

1. Economic causes like exploitation of economic resources and decay of cottage industries and
handicrafts.

2. Military causes like ill-treatment of Indian soldiers and General Service Enlistment Act.

3. Immediate cause being introduction of the Enfield Rifle.

Question 4

(b) The uprising of 1857 ushered in the era of economic exploitation in the following manner-

1. India was turned into a typical colonial economy, exporting raw material and importing
finished goods.

2. The salary and allowances of the Secretary of State and members of the India Council, the
civil servants and military officers were a large drain on the country's resources.

3. Rural artisan industries such as handicrafts, spinning and weaving collapsed.

Picture Study

Question 1

Study the picture and answer the following questions:

(b) Three grievances the Indian soldiers had against the British were —
 1. Bleak prospects of promotion — All higher positions in employment were reserved for the
British, irrespective of their performance. Indian Sepoys could not rise above the rank of a
Subedar.

2. Lower Salaries — The wages of the Indian Sepoys were inadequate to support their families.
On the other hand, the British soldiers received more than eight times the salary of the
Indian soldiers.

3. Deprivation of Allowances — The Indian Sepoys were required to serve in areas away from
their homes without extra payment and additional Bhatta. The Post Office Act of 1854
withdrew the privilege of free postage enjoyed by the sepoys.

(c) The Indian army was reorganised after 1858; to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising and
the status of Indian Sepoys was affected in the following ways:

1. Discrimination based on caste and religion was practised in the recruitment of the army.

2. Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the
soldiers.

3. To discourage nationalism, measures such as introduction of caste and community in most

regiments were taken.
Structured Questions- Lesson-2-history
Question 1

Various factors led to the rise and growth of nationalism in India in the 19th century. In this context,
explain the role of each of the following:

(a) Economic Exploitation:

1. These exorbitant taxes led the peasants into the clutches of land lords and moneylenders.

2. The East India company destroyed indigenous industries and handicrafts of India.

3. They exploited India as a source of cheap raw materials.

Question 2

Read the excerpt given below and answer the question that follows:

(c) Dadabhai Naoroji used the term "Drain Theory" to describe "Corporate violence" of East India
Company.
In his book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India", he explained his famous 'Drain Theory' outlining
the various ways in which India's wealth was being 'drained' to England. He concluded that the root
cause for the economic ills of India was the exploitation of India by the British.

Question 3

With reference to Nationalism and the birth of the Indian National Congress, explain each of the
following:

(c) Dadabhai Naoroji played a significant role in the rise of Nationalism and the birth of the Indian
National Congress.

1. The East India Association was founded in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji.

2. It voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures.

3. The association had its branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.

Question 4

The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a significant event in the development of
national movement in India. In this context:

(c) By the second half of the 19th century, there emerged a consciousness among the Indians that
the British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people and until this
control was ended, India could not be a sovereign nation. This consciousness led to the formation of
several political associations led by English-educated professionals.

1. Though many of these associations were formed in specific parts of the country, they had
common goals for all the people of India.

2. They did not work for any one religion, community or class.

3. The first political association to be started in India was the 'Landholders' Society in Kolkata in
1838.
 4. Many public associations were started in different parts of India like Bengal British India
Picture Study

Question 1

(b) The contributions of Jyotiba Phule to the growth of Indian National movement were:

1. He worked for the upliftment of women. To provide them education, he along with his wife
Savitribai Phule started one of the first girls school in Pune.'

2. He pioneered widow remarriage and started a private orphanage for the widows.

3. He considered the caste system prevalent in India as an epitome of slavery. In his famous
book, 'Ghulamgiri', he described the hardships and distress felt by the lower castes.
Structured Questions-Lesson-3-history
Question 2

The Early Nationalists were practical and wanted to win freedom by a gradual process. In this
context, answer the following:

(a) The Early Nationalists played an important role in exposing the true nature of British rule in India.
They did so in the following ways-

1. Resolutions on Self-government, Boycott, Swadeshi and National Education were passed by

the Congress under Dadabhai's Presidentship.

2. The Early nationalists criticised the British rule in newspapers, journals and magazines. They
wrote and edited newspapers criticising the unjust policies of British.

3. Surendranath Banerjee started agitation against the License Act, Arms Act and the
Vernacular Press Act which aimed at curbing the nationalist activities of the people. Through
these works, he made people aware of the colonial mindset of the British.

Question 3

Surendranath Banerjee was popularly known as father of Indian Nationalism. In this context answer
the following questions:

(a) Surendranath Banerjee advocated the use of constitutional methods to attain India's goals and his
contribution towards the formation of the Indian National Congress is quite significant.

1. He established the Indian Association in 1876 to fight against the wrong policies of the
British.

2. To create an all India-political organisation Surendranath convened the Indian National

Conference in 1883 at Kolkata.

3. His Indian National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both
organisations had similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895
and 1902.

Picture Study

Question 1

(a) The person in the given picture is Gopal Krishna Gokhle. The three policies of the imperial regime
which were opposed by this person were:

1. Incurring huge expenditure on the British army

2. Adopting the policy of racial discrimination in appointments to high posts

3. Imposing production tax on cotton.

(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale actively worked to arouse national awakening in India through several
impactful efforts:
1. During his visit to England, he tried to persuade the British statesmen not to give effect to
the Partition of Bengal.

2. Servants of India Society in 1905. The main aim of the Society was to train national leaders
who would dedicate themselves to the service of India.

3. He actively addressed social issues like untouchability and caste discrimination.

Structured Questions-Lesson-4-history
Question 1

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) The Anti-Partition Movement had the following impact:

1. The Partition of Bengal along with the Anti-Partition Movement accelerated the Nationalist
Movement by spreading it among the general masses. The people rose in unity to resist, to
suffer and to sacrifice.

2. The people lost their faith in the fair play and justice of the British. Lord Curzon refused to
concede to the demands of annulling the partition.

3. The Anti-Partition agitation backfired the plans of Lord Curzon. It gave added strength to the
National Movement. The methods adopted by the Early Nationalists lost their appeal and
gave an opportunity to the Assertive Nationalists to lead the National Movement.

The Partition of Bengal was revoked in 1911. A new scheme of partition of Bengal was implemented
on linguistic rather than on religious grounds. Hindi, Oriya and Assamese speaking areas were
separated from Bengal to form separate administrative units. The administrative capital of British
India was shifted from Kolkata to Delhi in 1911.

(b) People started a strong movement against the partition, known as the Anti-partition Movement.

1. The Partition of Bengal led to a mighty upsurge which brought people and political leaders
together.

2. There was strike in Kolkata.

3. The streets of Kolkata were full of the cries of 'Bande Mataram' which became the theme
song of the national movement.

4. Rabindranath Tagore composed the patriotic song, 'Amar Sonar Bangla' (My Golden Bengal),
for the occasion which was sung by huge crowds parading the streets.

5. The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was celebrated in a new way. Hindus and Muslims tied
rakhis on one another's wrists as the symbol of unbreakable unity of the Bengalis and the
two halves of Bengal.

(c) Lord Curzon stated that the main motive for the Partition of Bengal, was administrative necessity.
The government said that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a
single provincial government.

The Indian nationalists clearly saw the design behind the Partition and condemned it.

1. They saw that it was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious and territorial
grounds and thereby, disrupt and weaken nationalism in Bengal.

2. They felt that administrative efficiency could have been better secured by separating Hindi-
speaking Bihar and the Odiya-speaking Odisha from the Bengali-speaking part of the
province.
 3. Moreover, the manner in which the announcement of partition was made without any
regard for the public opinion, hurt the sentiments of sensitive Bengalis.

Question 2

With reference to the Surat Split of 1907, answer the following questions:

(a) The issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion were-

1. The Assertive Nationalists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and boycott to the rest of India
and make it a vehicle for a full-fledged political mass struggle leading to Swaraj. The Early
Nationalists, however, did not approve it for the whole of India and wanted it to be confined
to Bengal only.

2. There was also a disagreement over the candidature of the next President. The Assertive
Nationalists proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai as President of the Surat Session. The Early
Nationalists proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh. When the session at Surat began in
December 1907 there was utter confusion.

The British exploited the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists.
The British adopted a policy of 'concession and repression' — concession for the Early Nationalists as
well as the Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.

(b) The split in the Congress was unfortunate because it gave an opportunity to the British to exploit
the situation to their advantage.

1. They adopted a policy of 'concession and repression' — concession for the Early Nationalists
as well as the Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.

2. The Surat Split weakened the national movement.

3. The Early Nationalists, however, were largely able to capture the Congress organisation and
in the Allahabad convention, held in April 1908, the split was formalised.

(c) The Assertive Nationalists adopted the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government
due to the following reasons:

1. The main focus of the Assertive Nationalists was to get a larger share for Indians in the
administration of their country and to end Britain's economic exploitation of India.

2. They believed that these objectives could not be realised without pressure tactics and some
sort of direct action.

3. Hence, they adopted the policy of non-cooperation and resistance to unjust acts of the
British government.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first nationalist leader who sought close contact with the masses. With
this objective and to inculcate courage, self-defence and patriotism, he organised many akharas and
lathi clubs where physical training was imparted.

Question 3

In the second phase of the national movement, there emerged a new younger group of leaders
within the Congress who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context, answer the following
questions:
(a) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and influence of International events led to the
Assertive nationalism.

(b) Name the Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against
Simon Commission. How were his words, when he was wounded, prophetic?

(c) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and
achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.

Answer

(a) Lord Curzon refused to recognise India as a nation. He was not in favour of giving freedom to
India because he believed that the English were destined to rule over India. Therefore, he took
several repressive measures to crush Indian Nationalism. These measures included —

1. The Act of 1898 which made it an offence to provoke people against the British

2. The Official Secrets Act

3. The Indian Universities Act of 1904 which imposed strict official control over the Indian
universities because Curzon considered them as the centres of nationalism.

All these measures created resentment in India.

Assertive nationalism was inspired by the examples of international events.

1. For the first time, Japan, an Asian country, defeated Russia.

2. Italian forces were defeated by the Abyssinians in Ethiopia.

3. In Ireland people were waging a full-scale Home Rule agitation.

These events broke the myth of the invincibility of the Europeans. The Assertive Nationalists felt that
the united masses could throw out the British yoke.

(b) The Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against Simon
Commission was Lala Lajpat [Link] the day he was wounded, he said, 'Lathi blows inflicted on me
would prove some day as nails in the coffin of the British empire.' His words, when he was wounded,
turned out to be prophetic. This statement turned out to be significant, as it reflected the growing
sentiment and determination of Indians to free themselves from British colonial rule. His words
became symbolic of the resistance movement and inspired many to join the struggle for
independence. His sacrifice galvanized the Indian nationalist movement and intensified the call for
self-governance.

(c) The difference between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives is
as follows-

Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

Their main objective was to attain a self-government Their main objective was the immediate attainment
like the British occupied colonies did. They did not of 'Swaraj' through more self-reliant methods. They
want British to leave India. wanted British to leave India.
 Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

They inculcated national

They trained Indians in the art of political work. pride among the Indians by
extolling India's past.

They pressurized the British Government to introduce certain reforms like the
They promoted self-reliance
appointment of Public Service Commission, 1886, holding ICS examination
through Swadeshi and
simultaneously in London and India and appointment of the Welby
Boycott movements.
Commission on Indian Expenditure.

Question 4

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Bipin Chandra Pal started his political career as a social reformer attached to the Brahmo Samaj,
visited a number of European countries and the United States of America.

1. It was during these visits that he observed how people resisted foreign domination.

2. In 1886 he joined the Indian National Congress.

3. He belonged to the Assertive Nationalist group.

4. He wanted complete independence from the British.

5. As a journalist he worked for Bengal Public Opinion, The Tribune and New India to propagate
his brand of nationalism.

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal wanted National Education to be the basis of the freedom movement.

1. It would arouse nationalistic passions and become an effective instrument of social progress.

2. Educating women, he believed, was the most effective way of elevating their position.

(c) Bipin Chandra Pal proposed the following remedies to eradicate India's poverty and
unemployment-

1. He stressed the need to develop indigenous industries in the country.

2. He preached the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and
unemployment.

3. To establish equality in society, he wanted to tax the rich more heavily than the poor

4. He demanded forty-eight hours of work in a week and an increase in the wages.

Question 5

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) The main aim of the Swadeshi movement, as referred to in the excerpt, was to promote self-
reliance, economic independence, and reduce dependence on British goods. It encouraged Indians
to use Indian-made goods and actively boycott foreign products. The British government continued
drain by imposing a protective duty and there was a need to start self-help.

The Swadeshi movement and the concept of ‘boycott’ were closely intertwined. Indians actively
boycotted British-manufactured goods. The movement emphasized using Khadi (hand-spun cloth)
and other Indian-made or swadeshi products. The boycott of foreign goods gave an economical jolt
to the government and Indian goods were there to fulfill the demand generated by the boycott.

(b) The primary aim of the Swadeshi movement was to promote self-reliance and reduce
dependence on British goods. Indians wanted to create an indigenous economy by supporting
Indian-made products. Swadeshi aimed to revive traditional crafts and promote local industries. By
supporting Indian products, people could strengthen their own economy. Also, the movement
fostered a sense of national identity and unity.

(c) Tilak was the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi in following ways:

 Tilak’s idea of Swaraj was akin to Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of complete independence.

 Tilak sought close contact with the masses as Mahatma Gandhi did.

 Tilak preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition. These ideas were preached
and followed by Mahatma Gandhi later on.

 Tilak had to suffer several terms of imprisonment for the sake of the country, an example
followed by Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalist leaders.

Picture Study

Question 1

Study the pictures given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) The picture 'A' shows Dadabhai Naoroji and the picture 'B' shows Lala Lajpat Rai.

Dadabhai Naoroji belonged to the Early Nationalists section of the Congress and Lala Lajpat Rai
belonged to the Assertive Nationalists section of the Congress.

Dadabhai Naoroji wanted to achieve self-government and strove for autonomy within the Empire
and not for absolute independence while Lala Lajpat Rai aimed at nothing short of Swaraj (i.e.,
Complete Independence).

(b) Three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress were-

Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

They believed in constitutional methods and worked

They were assertive in their approach.
within the framework of the law.

They followed the method of three P's - petitions, They followed the method of swadeshi, boycott,
prayers and protests. national education and passive resistance.
 Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

They sent memorandums and petitions to They adopted the policy of non-cooperation, mass
government officials and the British Parliament. agitation and self reliance.

(c) Two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji in the freedom struggle are as follows —

1. India's Unofficial Ambassador — Dadabhai Naoroji spent a major part of his life in England
fighting for the cause of his country. He founded London India Society and East India
Association in London to further the cause of India in Britain.

2. Exposed the Economic Ills of India — Through his works, 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in
India' and his famous 'Drain Theory' he explained how India's wealth was being 'drained' to
England through various ways.

Two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in the freedom struggle are as follows —

1. An Educationlist and a Forceful Writer — Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer. When he was in
the USA, he started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of
India to attain Swaraj. His publications included: 'The Call to Young India', 'England's Debt to
India' and 'THe Political Future of India'.

2. A Social Reformer — Lajpat Rai was associated with the Arya Samaj Movement. He was
instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V. College at Lahore in 1886.
Structured Questions-Lesson-5-History
Question 1

The growth of communalism in India was encouraged by the British authorities as well as certain
trends in Indian society. In the light of this observation, explain:

(a) The British saw the unity between the Hindus and the Muslims as a threat to them. Thus, to check
the growth of a united national feeling in India and to encourage communal and separatist
tendencies in Indian politics, they decided to follow the policy of 'Divide and Rule'. They did so in the
following manner:

1. In 1871, Lord Mayo's government adopted a resolution which made Urdu the medium of
instruction for Muslims in primary and secondary schools and increased government aid to
educational institutions run by the Muslims.

2. They tried to create hatred among the Hindus and the Muslims by portraying Muslim rulers
as plunderers, and Hindu rulers as cruel kings to their Muslim subjects.

3. They tried to justify the Partition of Bengal by convincing the Muslims that Bengal was being
partitioned to create a new Muslim majority province where the Hindus would not be able to
subvert their interests.

4. They tried to utilise the caste structure to turn the non-brahmins and the lower castes
against high castes.

5. They treated Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs as separate communities and accepted their
communal leaders as authentic representatives of all their co-religionists.

They tried to spread communal hatred through the Press, posters, literature and public platform.

(b) The assertive nationalists played an important role in the national movement. But some of their
actions marked a step back in respect of the growth of national unity.

1. The speeches and actions of some of the assertive nationalists annoyed some sections of
Indians.

2. For example, the propagation of Shivaji and Ganapati festivals by Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh's
concept of India as mother and nationalism as religion and the initiation of the Anti-Partition
agitation with dips in the Ganga did not appeal to some of the Muslims.

(c) The manner in which Indian history was interpreted in those days contributed to the growth of
communal thinking among the Hindus and the Muslims.

1. Some British and communal historians divided Indian history into the Hindu and the Muslim
periods. The rule of Turks, Afghans and Mughals was called the Muslim rule, where the rulers
were said to be the followers of Islam and their subjects, the followers of other religions. In
the so-called Hindu period, Muslim rulers were dubbed as foreign invaders who had settled
in India. They portrayed Rana Pratap and Shivaji as national heroes and Akbar and Aurangzeb
as foreigners and infused communal feelings.
 2. The British and communal historians ignored the notion of a composite culture in India and
tried to create a rift between the two communities. They failed to interpret that the diversity
was primarily class-wise and region-wise and not religion-wise.

3. Some communal historians highlighted the myth that Indian society and culture had reached
great heights during the ancient period but was declining during the medieval period which
was dominated by Mughal rulers. They did not give much importance to the contribution of
the medieval period to the development of Indian economy, religion, art, literature, culture
and society.

4. The communal bias was propagated through poetry, drama, novels, short stories,
newspapers, etc.

Picture Study

Question 1

(a) The person shown in the picture is Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. His views regarding Hindu-Muslim
unity were as follows:

1. He regarded Hindus and Muslims to be one Quam (nation).

2. When the Indian National Congress was founded, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan opposed it.

3. He founded the United Indian Patriotic Association in 1888 mainly with a view to oppose the
Congress.

(b) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh which had
both Hindu and Muslim patrons.

1. Sir Sayyid Ahmad believed that since the Hindus formed the majority of the Indian
population, they would dominate the Muslims in case of a withdrawal of the British rule.

2. His idea was that Anglo Muslim unity was possible, but Hindu-Muslim unity was impossible.

3. This paved the way for the formation of the Muslim League.

(c) The impact of the Muslim League on the National Movement is as follows:

League's Role in the Beginning —

1. Initially Muslim League sought greater representation of Muslims in all services.

2. As regards representation in Assemblies, it wanted more seats than its numerical

representation warranted.

3. Its political activities were directed not so much against the foreign rulers as against the
Congress.

Government Support to the League —

1. The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 provided separate electorates for Muslim whereby seats
were reserved for the Muslims from where Muslims could vote for the Muslim candidates.

2. The provision for separate electorate in the Morley-Minto Reforms was intentionally
incorporated to please the Muslim League and create a rift between the Muslim League and
the Congress.
The Phase of Rapprochement — From 1910 to 1913, new forces emerged in Muslim League politics
and some of its leaders realised that rapprochement with the Congress was desirable. Several factors
were responsible for this change in attitude:

1. Britain's hostility to Turkey in the Turko-Italian War (1911-12) and the Balkan Wars (1912-13)
and the annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911 made a large section of Muslim leaders
critical of British policies

2. The younger section of emerging Muslim leaders disliked the loyalist politics of the Aligarh
group and the leadership of big Nawabs and Zamindars. Some young scholars, influenced by
the Deoband school of Muslim studies were inspired by nationalist sentiments.

Congress and the League —

1. When the British Government acted against the Turkish interests and supported the cause of
the Balkan countries, the Indian Muslims stood up and launched the Khilafat Movement
against the British.

2. The Congress cooperated with them and the Khilafat issue was included as one of the
demands of the Non-cooperation Movement.

3. As a result, a pact which is known as the Lucknow Pact was signed. The Lucknow Pact refers
to the joint scheme of political reforms agreed to by both the Congress and the Muslim
League in 1916 regarding the structure of government in India and the relationship between
the Hindus and the Muslims.

Partition of the Country on Communal Lines —

1. In 1930 the idea of two nation states was born and in the 1940 session of the League at
Lahore, Jinnah put forward his two-nation theory.

2. Thus, despite a severe opposition from Gandhiji, the country drifted towards the partition.

3. The communal riots broke out in the country and in 1947, a separate country, Pakistan, came
into existence.

Question 2

(c) Two significant outcomes of this agreement were:

1. Hindu-Muslim Unity — The joint scheme symbolised Hindu-Muslim unity. Both the
communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the common good. As a result of this
pact, the Hindus and the Muslims worked together from 1916 to 1922.

2. Unity Within the Congress — The Lucknow Session and the signing of the Lucknow Pact
brought about unity between the Assertive Nationalists and the Early Nationalists. As a
result, the Congress was strengthened.
Structured Questions-Lesson-1-Civics
Question 1

India has opted for a federal system of government with a strong unitary bias. In this context answer
the following questions:

(b) The Parliament can make laws on Subjects in the State List:

1. During the Proclamation of an Emergency.

2. When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority that a subject in the State
List has assumed national importance.

Question 3

With reference to the composition of the Lok Sabha answer the following questions:

(c) The Lok Sabha has special powers which make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. These
special powers are:

1. Motions of No-confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the
Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers
resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence no real
power over the executive.

2. Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the
Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days.

Question 4

With reference to the powers and functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha state the following:

(c) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha occupies a position of great authority and responsibility.

1. In the Table of Precedence, he ranks higher than all Cabinet Ministers, other than the Prime
Minister himself.

2. With respect to the discharge of his powers and functions, the speaker is not answerable to
anyone except the House.

3. No court of law can go into the merits of a ruling given by him.

Question 6

With reference to the differences in the powers of two Houses answer the following questions:

(c) The differences between a money bill and a non-money bill are as follows:

Non-money bill Money Bill

It can be introduced in either Lok Sabha or Rajya

It can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.
Sabha.
 Non-money bill Money Bill

Ordinary Bill can be introduced without the Money Bill can be introduced only on the
recommendation of the President. recommendation of the President.

Either a Minister or private member can introduce Only a Minister is allowed to introduce Money Bill in
ordinary bill. the Parliament.

Structured Questions-Lesson-2-Civics
Question 2
According to Dr. Ambedkar, "The President represents the nation but does not rule the nation." In
this context answer the following questions:

(a) The President of India is referred to as a nominal head of the State because of the following
reasons-

1. According to the Constitution, the President is required to exercise his powers on the aid and
advice of the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.

2. All proclamations of emergency made by the President have to be approved by the

Parliament within one month. If it is not approved then it ceases to exist.

(b) The President can declare a national emergency in case of danger of foreign aggression or danger
to the peace and security of the country because of a civil war, insurgency or any other such cause
(Article 352).

Question 3

The President may declare an emergency in a State, if he/she is convinced of the breakdown of
constitutional machinery in the State. In this context, answer the following questions:

(a) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or otherwise, is satisfied that the
governance of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, he
may declare an emergency in the State. This is called President's rule because the President may
assume to himself all or any of the functions of the Government of the State.

Question 4

According to Article 63 of our Constitution "There shall be a Vice-President of India". In this context,
state:

(c) Two important powers of a Vice-President are-

1. Chairman of the Rajya Sabha — The Vice-President of the Indian Union acts as the ex-officio
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In this capacity he regulates debates and proceedings of the
House and decides the order of speeches. He decides the admissibility of a resolution or of
questions. He may suspend or adjourn the business of the House in case of grave disorder.
He issues directions to the chairmen of various committees in all matters relating to their
working.

2. Taking over as the President — The Vice-President takes over the office of the President
under the following situations:

i. death of the President

ii. resignation of the President

iii. removal of the President

iv. when the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or
any other cause.

Structured Questions-Lesson-3-Civics
Question 1
With reference to the powers and functions of the Cabinet, briefly state the following:

(a) Three administrative functions of the Cabinet are as follows-

1. Policy Making — The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic policies of the
Government. Individual Ministers have reasonable freedom of action, but on all major
matters they have to consult the Cabinet.

2. Implementation of Policies — Once a policy decision is taken by the Cabinet on any subject,
it is conveyed to the Minister of State and the Deputy Minister of the concerned Ministry.
They work out the details and pass it to the civil servants under that Ministry to implement
the decision.

3. Coordinating the Functioning of Various Ministers — The Cabinet coordinates the working of
various departments for the smooth implementation of government policies.

(b) Three legislative functions of the Cabinet are as follows-

1. Amendment to the Constitution — The Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving the
Amendment to the Constitution.

2. Summoning the Houses of Parliament — Although the Houses are summoned by the
President, initiative in this matter is taken by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.

3. Issuing Ordinances — Cabinet also advises the President to issue ordinances when the
Parliament is not in session.

(c) Four financial functions of the Cabinet are as follows-

1. Budget — The Finance Minister prepares the Annual Budget containing estimates of income
and expenditure for the ensuing year.

i. Though the budget is passed by Parliament, usually no changes are made in the
budget figures against the wishes of the Cabinet.

ii. Any amendment to the budget proposals against the wishes of the Cabinet that may
be passed by the Lok Sabha amounts to a vote of No-Confidence in the Ministry. It
happens only when the Ministry has lost the support of the majority in the Lok
Sabha. In such a situation the Ministry must resign.

2. Finances of the Government — The Cabinet is responsible for the expenditure of the
government for presenting the demand for grants and also for raising necessary income by
various means including taxation.

3. Introduction of Money Bills — A Money Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only by a
Minister.

Question 2

The Constitution provides a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President. In this context,
answer the following questions:

(a) Three functions of Council of Ministers are-

 1. Policy Making — The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic policies of the
Government. Individual Ministers have reasonable freedom of action, but on all major
matters they have to consult the Cabinet.

2. Implementation of Policies — Once a policy decision is taken by the Cabinet on any subject,
it is conveyed to the Minister of State and the Deputy Minister of the concerned Ministry.
They work out the details and pass it to the civil servants under that Ministry to implement
the decision.

3. Finances of the Government — The Cabinet is responsible for the expenditure of the
government for presenting the demand for grants and also for raising necessary income by
various means including taxation.

(b) Parliament ensures Cabinet's responsibility to the people, in general, and to the Parliament as a
whole. The methods adopted by the Parliament are —

1. A vote of No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers.

2. Rejection of a Government bill.

3. Passing a bill opposed by the Government.

4. Voting a cut in the Budget.

5. Passing an amendment to a bill against the wishes of the Government.

6. Reducing the salaries of the Ministers.

7. Asking questions.

8. Adjournment motions.

9. Rejecting some government measures.

(c) The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic policies of the Government.

1. It takes decisions on matters such as defence, economic policy, security needs, President's
rule in State, formation of new States, industrial policy, imports and electoral reforms.

2. Individual Ministers have reasonable freedom of action, but on all major matters they have
to consult the Cabinet.

Question 3

With reference to the Prime Minister of India, answer the following questions:

(a) Three qualifications which a person should possess to be eligible for appointment as Prime
Minister are-

1. He should be a citizen of India.

2. He must have completed 25 years of age in case he is a member of Lok Sabha and 30 years in
case of Rajya Sabha.

3. He must be a member of either house of Parliament.

(b) While the President is the nominal head of State, the Prime Minister is the real head of the
nation.
 1. Leader of the Lok Sabha — As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in
Parliament, he is said to be the leader of the House.

2. Spokesperson of the Government — The Prime Minister is the chief spokesman of the
Government in the Parliament. He makes all important announcements on national policies
on the floor of the House.

3. Defender of Government Policies — The Prime Minister defends the Government in the
Parliament. When a policy or a Minister comes under attack in the Parliament, the Prime
Minister comes to defend the issue involved.

4. Intervention in case of Controversial Issues — There are some controversial issues like the
language issue, Centre-State relations, price-rise and atrocities on women over which
members lose their temper. If an ugly situation arises in any of the Houses, the matter
generally ends with the intervention of the Prime Minister.

(c) The Prime Minister is a link between the Cabinet and the President.

1. Our Constitution lays down that it shall be the duty of the Prime Minister to communicate to
the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the
Union and the proposals for legislation.

2. A Minister cannot discuss any matter of national policy with the President on his/her own.

Question 4

With reference to the Prime Minister of India, answer the following questions:

following points-

1. Leader of the Lok Sabha — As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in
Parliament, he is said to be the leader of the House.

2. Spokesperson of the Government — The Prime Minister is the chief spokesman of the
Government in the Parliament. He makes all important announcements on national policies
on the floor of the House.

3. Defender of Government Policies — The Prime Minister defends the Government in the
Parliament. When a policy or a Minister comes under attack in the Parliament, the Prime
Minister comes to defend the issue involved.

4. Intervention in case of Controversial Issues — There are some controversial issues like the
language issue, Centre-State relations, price-rise and atrocities on women over which
members lose their temper. If an ugly situation arises in any of the Houses, the matter
generally ends with the intervention of the Prime Minister.

(b) Three powers of the Prime Minister as a Chairperson of the Cabinet are as follows-

1. Power to Allocate Portfolios and to Reshuffle the Council of Ministers — It is the Prime
Minister who allocates departments or portfolios to the Ministers. He can reshuffle his
Council of Ministers whenever he pleases.

2. Power to Select and Dismiss Ministers — The Prime Minister chooses the Ministers and has
the power to dismiss them too. He can ask an erring Minister to resign.
 3. Power to Direct and Coordinate Policy — The Prime Minister coordinates the working of
various departments so that administration is carried on smoothly. In critical matters such as,
foreign, defence, economic and technological affairs, he coordinates the policy of the
Government.

(c) Three ways in which the Constitution ensures the pre-eminent position of the Prime Minister in
relation to the Union Council of Ministers are as follows-

1. Appointment of Council of Ministers — The Prime Minister chooses the ministers and, on his
advice, the President appoints them.

2. Power to Allocate Portfolios and to Reshuffle the Council of Ministers — It is the Prime
Minister who allocates departments or portfolios to the Ministers. He can reshuffle his
Council of Ministers whenever he pleases.

3. Power to Dismiss Ministers — The Prime Minister has the power to dismiss the ministers. He
can ask an erring Minister to resign.

Question 5

Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Madhavrao's resignation reflects Individual Responsibility. This is because he was directly in
charge of the Civil Aviation Ministry and not the entire Council of Ministers.

(b) Two important differences between Individual and Collective Responsibility are as follows:

Individual Responsibility Collective Responsibility

The Ministers are individually responsible to The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to
the President, i.e., they hold office during the the Parliament and has to resign if it loses the
pleasure of the President and may be confidence of the Lok Sabha. A Vote of No-
1.
dismissed by him/her, on the advice of the Confidence against one Minister is a vote against the
Prime Minister even when they may have the whole Ministry. Such a Ministry that has lost the
confidence of the Legislature. confidence of the Lok Sabha has to resign.

Each Minister is answerable to Parliament for All Ministers jointly share the responsibility for the
the department under his/her control. It is government's policies and performance. The
2. obligatory for him/her to answer all the Ministers must function as a team in supporting and
questions asked by the MPs, regarding the defending government policies inside as well as
functioning of his/her department. outside Parliament.

(c) Collective Responsibility can be considered more crucial and important because it ensures
accountability at a larger scale. This can be clearly noticed when a vote of No-Confidence against one
minister is considered a vote against the whole Ministry, in the case of which the whole Ministry has
to resign.