BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY-II
ROOF AND ROOF FRAMING
Module 9-10
Ar. DENNIS L. ESTACIO, Ph.D.
Dean, CAFA-BulSU
Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ Roof types
◼ Gable – Most common, built with “common”
rafters
◼ Hip – Provides overhang on all four sides
◼ Gambrel – Provides more space on second
floor
◼ Mansard – Combination of Hip and Gambrel
◼ Shed- Frequently used to attach one structure
to another
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Roof pitch height chart base on Temperature
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Roof pitch chart:
Roof pitch chart is based
on the rise, span and slope.
It includes a rise/span ratio
for different measurements
as you can observe on the
right side:
Hip Roof and Gable Roof Design with same length, width and pitch will consume same
quantity of Roof Sheet Material.
GABLE ROOF HIP ROOF
Roof Framing
◼ Definitions
◼ Common rafter – Runs from top plate
to ridgeboard of a gable roof
◼ Hip rafter – Runs from corner of top
plates to ridgeboard on a hip roof
◼ Jack rafter – any rafter which does not
run the full length from plate to ridge
( e.g. – Hip jack, Valley jack)
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Purlin distance @ .60M
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SHOULD NOT YIELD
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GABLE ROOF SIMPLE TRUSS
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RAFTER @
90⸰
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WALL
HIP RAFTER
COMMON
RAFTER
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An attic is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a
house or other building.
ATTIC
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Ceiling Height
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Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ Roof Geometry Definitions
◼ Span – Measurement from
outside of wall to outside of
opposite wall
◼ Run – One half of span (for
symmetric roofs)
◼ Rise – The total vertical
distance that the roof
projects above the top plate
◼ Slope – The rise divided by
the run, always given in
terms of 12” of run (e.g. 3
on 12 written 3/12)
◼ Pitch – The rise over the
span .
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Roof Framing
◼ Overhang – The section of the
rafter extending past the edge of
the wall
◼ Projection – The horizontal
distance that the overhang
covers
◼ Rafter tail cuts – Cuts made to
form the overhang
◼ Birdsmouth – Cuts made to sit
on the top plate
◼ Ridge cut – Cut made to attach
to the ridgeboard
Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ Rafters vs. Trusses
◼ Rafters used frequently
for remodeling, for
cathedral ceilings, for
shed roof additions, for
full 2nd floor storage,
and spans up to 24’
◼ Trusses used in most
new construction, for
spans 24’-60’, and most
commonly for lower
sloped roofs
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Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ The Hip (or
Valley) rafter
forms a
diagonal on the
roof, and the
length of that
diagonal is 17”
for each 12” of
run of the
common
rafters.
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Roof Framing
◼ The ridge cut is modified to fit into the space
between the common rafters
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Roof Framing
◼ The Birds mouth must be
dropped, or the top of the rafter
beveled to account for the
centerline being lower than the
edges of the rafter.
Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ The tail cuts will be beveled for solid nailing at
the outside corner. For Hip rafters this is an
outside corner, and for valley rafters this is an
inside corner.
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Roof Framing
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Roof Framing
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Roof Framing
◼ Jack rafters have a cheek cut where they meet the
hip or valley. Each one is shorter than the last by a
“common difference”.
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Roof Framing
◼ The concept of “common difference” will
also be applied when cutting gable end studs.
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Roof Framing
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Roof Framing
◼ Dormers – Most dormers are either shed or
gable dormers. They are framed with common
rafters.
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Roof Framing
◼ Where shed or gable dormers meet the main roof,
the rafters must be cut to create either a valley or
break.
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Roof Framing
◼ Gable end overhangs – Both rafter and truss
roofs commonly use gable end overhangs.
However the overhangs are framed
differently for trusses than for rafters.
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Roof Framing
◼ The vast majority of new construction uses trusses
for the roof framing. Each truss is designed for the
individual characteristics of the job, and delivered
to the site ready to be erected. It is very rare that
anyone site builds a truss today.
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Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ There are a number of important points in
building a truss roof:
◼ Proper handling
◼ Proper lifting and setting
◼ Proper temporary bracing
◼ Proper permanent bracing
◼ These are explained in notes will be found on
the paper that comes with the trusses
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Roof Framing
◼ Proper Handling –Trusses are made of small dimension
lumber connected by metal plates. Side loading, heat,
shock loading can damage metal plates and greatly
weaken truss.
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Roof Framing
◼ Proper lifting and
setting – A truss
erection plan will
show the location of
each numbered truss.
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Roof Framing
◼ Proper temporary
bracing – The most
common cause of truss
collapse is insufficient
or improper temporary
bracing. Temporary
bracing stays in place
until the roof is
sheathed and the
permanent bracing is
installed.
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Copyright 2006 The National Association of Certified Home Inspectors
Roof Framing
◼ The result of not bracing trusses.
◼ 47 MPH wind speed for a period of 1 minute.
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Roof Framing
◼ Permanent Bracing –
This is usually shown
on the truss erection
diagram. Compression
members will buckle
easily (and truss will
not develop its design
strength) if not properly
braced. This can be
done with continuous
lateral or individual T
bracing
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END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU!