DESIGN MANUAL for ROADS and BRIDGES PART 6(a)-Bridges and Culvert Design
2009
11 OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
11.1 SCOPE
This section specifies design requirements for structural components made of sawn lumber
products, stressed wood, glued laminated timber, wood piles and mechanical connections.
11.2 NOTATIONS
a = coefficient
b = width of the component
CD = deck factor
CF = modification factor for size effects
CM = moisture content factor
d = depth of the beams or stringers or width of the dimension lumber component
E = specified modulus of elasticity (MPa)
Eo = base modulus of elasticity (MPa)
F = nominal resistance (MPa)
Fb = specified resistance in flexure (MPa)
Fbo = base resistance of wood in flexure (MPa)
Fc = specified resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa)
Fco = base resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa)
Fcp = specified resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa)
Fcpo = base resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa)
Fo = base resistance (MPa)
Ft = specified resistance of wood in tension (MPa)
Fto = base resistance of wood in tension (MPa)
Fv = specified resistance of wood in shear (MPa)
Fvo = base resistance of wood in shear (MPa)
L = length (mm)
Mn = nominal flexural resistance (N-mm)
M = factored flexural resistance (N-mm)
= resistance factor
11.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR TIMBER
11.3.1 GENERAL
Displacements in joints shall be considered. When two or more connectors interact in a joint,
the force effects within the joint shall be designed considering the deformation, the stiffness
and the capacity of deformation. The movements due to moisture shall be considered if it
affects the load bearing capacity.
Reduction of area shall be considered when the properties of the area are designed. Holes
from screws and nails need not be considered if the diameter is less than 6 mm.
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Chapter 11
Other Structural Materials Bridge Design Manual - 2009
The theory of elasticity shall be used when designing the bearing capacity of a timber
structure.
The lumber grade is the designation of the material quality of a manufactured piece of wood
(Select Structural, No 1, No 2).
The stress grade is a lumber grade having assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity
in accordance with principles of resistance grading.
Structural timber for beams and columns shall be of Stress Grade F17 or above as per Tables
11-1 through 11-3, and of Strength Group 1 or 2. This results in a basic working stress in
bending of at least 17.0 MPa.
In soil or in areas with high risk of termite- and/or fungi- attacks, Red Mahogany should be
used as second choices since they are slightly less resistible.
Stress Grade Basic working Basic working Basic working Basic working Basic working
stress in Flexure stress in Tension stress in Stress in stress in Shear
parallel to grain, parallel to grain, Compression Compression 90 parallel to grain,
Fbo 17.0 Fto 22.0 parallel to grain, to grain, Fcpo Fro
Fco 27.5
F17 17 10 16 7 3
F22 22 14 21 7 3
F27 27 18 25 7 3
F34 34 22 32 7 3
Table 11-1 Timber Stress Values [MPa] (Ref. 1 and 2)
11.3.2 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR RESISTANCE AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Nominal resistance and modulus of elasticity values shall be obtained by adjusting base
values by applicable modification factors in accordance with the following equations:
F = Fo C F C M C D (11.1)
E = E o CM (11.2)
Where: F = applicable nominal resistance Fb, Fv, Ft, Fc, or Fcp (MPa)
Fo = base resistance Fbo, Fvo, Fto, Fco, or Fcpo specified in Table 11-3 (MPa)
E = base modulus of elasticity (MPa)
Eo = base modulus of elasticity specified in Table 11-2 (MPa)
CF = size effect factor specified in Table 11-3
CM = moisture content factor specified
CD = deck factor specified in Table 11-4
The Republic of Kenya – Ministry of Roads Page 11-2 Draft Document – December 2009
DESIGN MANUAL for ROADS and BRIDGES PART 6(a)-Bridges and Culvert Design
2009
Values of Stiffness for Flexural Design Values of Stiffness for Deformation Design
Stress grade Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Shear Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Shear
(E) MPa (F) MPa (Eo) MPa (Fo) Mpa
F17 5 000 340 9 000 550
F22 6 500 420 10 000 650
F27 7 600 550 11 500 750
F34 9 200 640 12 500 820
Table 11-2 Characteristic Timber Stiffness Values for Flexural and Deformation
Design
Size effect factor, CF, shall be 1.0, unless specified otherwise herein. For sawn dimension
lumber, and stress grade F17-F27, CF shall be as specified in Equations 11.3 & 11.4 without
modification.
All other
Fbo Fto Fco
Properties
Thickness
Width (mm) 50 mm and
100 mm All All All
75 mm
Structural Joists and Planks – 50 mm x 125 mm through 100 mm x 400 mm
100 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.16
125 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.13
150 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.10
200 1.19 1.30 1.19 1.06
250 1.09 1.20 1.09 1.03
300 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00
350 0.93 1.02 0.93 0.98
400 0.88 0.97 0.88 0.96
Table 11-3 Size Effect Factor, CF, for Sawn Dimension Lumber
For sawn beams and stringers and post and timbers and for vertically laminated, glued
laminated timber with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations, F bo shall be
adjusted by CF determined to be:
If d 300 mm, then CF = 1.0 (11.3)
If d > 300 mm, then (11.4)
where: d = net width (mm)
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Chapter 11
Other Structural Materials Bridge Design Manual - 2009
For glued horizontally laminated timber, with loads applied perpendicular to the wide face of
the laminations, Fbo shall be reduced by CF, given below, when the depth, width, or length of
a glued laminated timber exceeds 300 mm, 130 mm, or 6400 mm, respectively:
(11.5)
where: d = depth of the component (mm)
b = width of the component but need not be taken as greater than 270 (mm)
L = length of the component measured between points of contraflexure (mm)
a = 0.05 for Pine and 0.10 for all other species
Unless otherwise specified herein, the moisture content factor, CM, shall be equal to 1. An
analysis of in-service moisture content should be based on regional, geographical, and
climatological conditions.
Unless specified otherwise in this chapter, the deck factor, CD, shall be equal to 1.0. For
stressed wood, nail-laminated, and spike-laminated decks constructed of solid sawn lumber
50 mm to 100 mm thick, Fbo shall be adjusted by "CD" as specified in Table 11-4 below.
Deck Type Lumber grade CD
Stressed Wood Select Structural, 1.30
No 1 or No 2 1.50
Spike-Laminated or All 1.15
Nail-Laminated
Table 11-4 Deck Factors, CD, for Mechanically Laminated Solid Sawn Lumber Decks
11.3.3 LIMIT STATES FOR WOOD
Factored resistance shall be the product of nominal resistance and the resistance factor.
Strength Limit State: Resistance factors, , shall be as given in Table 11-5, except for load
combination IV.
Flexure = 0.85
Shear = 0.75
Compression Parallel to Grain................................................... = 0.90
Compression Perpendicular to Grain......................................... = 0.90
Tension Parallel to Grain........................................................... = 0.80
Resistance during Pile Driving.................................................. = 1.15
Table 11-5: Resistance Factors, , for Wood
The Republic of Kenya – Ministry of Roads Page 11-4 Draft Document – December 2009
DESIGN MANUAL for ROADS and BRIDGES PART 6(a)-Bridges and Culvert Design
2009
For Strength Load Combination IV (permanent loads, including dead load and earth
pressure) Table 3-2, resistance factors shall be multiplied by 0.75. Resistance of wood
subjected to long-duration loads is reduced.
For extreme event limit state, the resistance factor shall be taken as 1.0.
11.3.4 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE
The factored resistance, M, shall be taken as:
M = Mn (11.6)
Where: Mn = nominal resistance specified herein (Nmm)
= resistance factor as specified above
11.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR STONE
Masonry is divided into 3 classes, depending primarily on craftsmanship. Class A and Class
B Masonry consists of stones shaped, dressed, and laid broken-coursed in cement mortar in
accordance with certain specified requirements as indicated in Table 11-6. The two classes
differ only in the degree of the specified requirements. Both classes of masonry are intended
for use in any part of a structure. Class A is used primarily for major structures such as arch
barrels, piers and abutments higher than 6 m. Class B is used for minor structures such as
spandrel walls, piers, abutments and retaining walls less than 6 m high.
Dimensioned Masonry shall consist of broken-coursed ashlar masonry composed of stone
having two or more dimensions as shown on the plans. It is intended for use in any part of a
masonry structure where appearance is an important factor, particularly in arch barrels,
spandrel walls, copings, corner trim, and elsewhere.
Dressing - The stone shall be dressed to remove any thin or weak portions. Face stones shall
be dressed to provide bed and joint lines with a maximum variation from true line as
follows:
Masonry Type Maximum Function
Variation
1. Cement Rubble Masonry 40 mm. Low retaining walls, pipe end walls, etc.
2. Class B Masonry 20 mm. Retaining walls, low piers and abutments, etc.
3. Class A Masonry 5 mm. Arch rings/barrels, high piers and abutments, etc.
4. Dimensioned Masonry True. As Class A above with very high quality demands
Table 11-6: Tolerances for Masonry
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Chapter 11
Other Structural Materials Bridge Design Manual - 2009
For testing of the stone material, the following properties shall be attained:
Material E(MPa) fc (MPa) fc all core (MPa) fc all edge (MPa)
Stone masonry Granite 2 – 4*104 50 – 100 0.1*fc but 5 0.14*fc but 7
Stone masonry Sandstone 1 – 2.5*104 35 – 70 0.1*fc but 4 0.14*fc but 6
Stone masonry Clinker 0.5 – 1*104 15 – 25 0.1*fc but 2 0.14*fc but 3
Unreinforced Concrete 2.5 – 3.2*104 15 – 25 0.14*fc but 3.5 0.2*fc but 4.5
Lime stone 0.3 – 2.7*104 4 – 200 0.1*fc but 2 0.14*fc but 3
Basalt 3 – 6*104 80 – 580 0.1*fc but 8 0.14*fc but 11
Gabbros 4 – 10*104 100 – 280 0.1*fc but 10 0.14*fc but 14
Table 11-7 Material Properties of Different Bridge Stones
For further information, see section 7: Superstructure Design/Arch Bridges and Stone
Masonry Piers and regarding Preliminary Design see section 5: Preliminary Design/Layout
of Bridges and Structures/ Masonry and Concrete Arch Bridges.
REFERENCES
1. Eurocode 1 “Basis of Design and Actions on Structures. European Prestandard ENV
1991-3, March 1995.
2. A. Engelund. “Brobyggiing- I. Jernbeton, sten og trae.” (Bridge Design- Part 1
Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Tree). In Danish. Copenhagen, 1934.
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