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1 Types and components of

computer systems

Key objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to revise: – input and output devices
l hardware and software: – backing store
– types of hardware and software – operating systems
– analogue and digital data types l types of computer
– central processing unit/microprocessor l emerging technologies.
– internal memory (RAM, ROM)

1.1 Hardware and software

1.1.1 Types of hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components that make up any typical
computer system. These components can be internal or external to the
computer.

Internal

Motherboard RAM ROM CPU NIC Graphics card Sound card Internal storage

Printed circuit board Network interface

Integrated circuit
in all computers Read-only memory; card
board that provides
that acts as a ‘hub’ internal non-volatile allows a device
the computer with
that all computer and permanent (e.g. a printer) to
the ability to produce
components memory chip connect to a network
sounds
connect to (e.g. the internet). Has
a unique MAC address
code

Hard disk drive

Random access Central processing
Internal circuit board (HDD) or solid-state
memory when running unit microprocessor;
that allows graphical device (SSD) that act
applications; internal allows execution of
data to be send to a as additional data
volatile and temporary instructions from
visual display unit storage to RAM and
memory chip programs
ROM
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External

Printer Monitor Mouse Plotter Keyboard Camera

1.1.2 Types of software

Software is a general term used for programs that control the computer
system and process data; software can be applications software or
system software.

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1.1 Hardware and software

Applications software provides the services that the user requires to

solve a particular task. System software is designed to provide a platform
on which all other software can run. Examples of both include:

Applications software

Word Control/ Audio/video Graphics Apps/

Spreadsheet DBMS CAD
processor measurement editor editor applets

Database Computer-aided design

Allows Allows user to edit, software: this is used in
management:
manipulation of a manipulate and the creation,
organise, manipulate
text document, e.g. generate sound files manipulation and
and analyse data
creating text, page and video modification of
stored in tables; drawings and designs
formatting, entered/stored on a
allows queries to find (e.g. used by an
spellchecking etc. computer
associated data architect)

Organises and manipulates Allows a computer to Applications

Allows bitmap and
numerical data arranged in rows monitor and/or control a perform certain
vector graphic
or columns, produces graphs, process by taking and complex tasks;
images to be
carries out ‘what if’ calculations analysing data from applets only do a
changed
and modelling sensors single task

Systems software

Compiler Linker Device drivers Operating system Utilities

Software that Software that runs Software designed

Software that
Software that takes a enables one or more in the background to do a specific task
translates programs
number of object devices to that manages all to maintain and
written in high-level
files and combines communicate with basic functions such control the
language code
them into a single an operating as input/output, computer’s
(HLL) into machine
program (e.g. system; the device loading/running resources, e.g.
code that can be
combines modules) usually connects via programs, error antivirus, disk
run on a computer
a USB port handling repair, security

1.1.3 Analogue and digital data

Computers can only understand data that is in a binary format (i.e. 0s
and 1s only). This is referred to as digital data which is in contrast to
analogue data found in the real world.
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Analogue data is physical data that is continuous and not discrete in

nature; it can have an infinite number of values. Digital data is written in
binary format; the data is discrete and can only have specific values. The
accuracy of digital data depends on how many bits are used to represent
the data values. If analogue data needs to be sent to a computer, it must
first be converted into digital data. If a computer needs to control a
device (for example a motor), then the digital output must be converted
into an analogue form. To convert data from analogue to digital requires
an analogue-to-digital converter and to convert from digital to analogue
requires a digital-to-analogue converter.

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1 Types and components of computer systems

1.2 Main components of computer systems

1.2.1 Central processing unit
The central processing unit (CPU) is a computer component that interprets
and executes commands from computer hardware and software. It is usually
part of the motherboard. The main components of the CPU are the control unit
and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It is often referred to as a microprocessor.

1.2.2 Internal memory and backing storage

Random access memory (RAM) is an internal memory chip where data
is stored temporarily. The contents of RAM are lost when the computer is
powered down. Read-only memory (ROM) is also an internal memory chip
and stores data permanently; the data is retained even when the computer
is powered down.
ROM also contains coding known as a boot file. This file tells the
computer what to do when it first starts up. Basic input-output system
(BIOS) is also part of this start-up procedure; here BIOS stores computer
settings on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
This table summarises the differences between RAM and ROM:

RAM ROM
Temporary memory so data can be Permanent memory so data cannot be
changed changed
Volatile memory – contents lost when Non-volatile memory – contents
power turned off retained even when power turned off
Can be written to and read from Can only be read from
Stores data, files, part of operating Used to store BIOS and other start-up
system currently in use data
Can be increased in size to improve
computer’s performance

1.2.3 Input and output devices

Input devices allow data to be entered into a computer either manually
(e.g. using a keyboard) or automatically (e.g. direct data entry such as QR
code readers).
Output devices allow the results of a computer’s processing to be shown in
a human-readable form (e.g. monitor or printer). Note that some devices
can be both input and output (e.g. a touchscreen). Input and output
devices are covered in more detail in Chapter 2.

1.2.4 Backing storage

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Although main memory is RAM and ROM, data to be kept permanently

(that can also be altered) is stored on a backing store. Backing stores are Tip
generally either hard disk drives (HDD) or solid-state drives (SSD).
RAM and ROM are
Backing storage (usually solid state in modern computers) is used to directly addressable
permanently store data; but it can also be changed, added to or removed by (i.e. can be read directly)
the computer or user. Backing storage can also be hard disk (magnetic) or by the CPU but backing
Blu-ray disc (optical) and it can be either internal or external to the computer. storage is not. The data
must be loaded into RAM
Data access is slower than for RAM or ROM but backing storage is usually first before it can be used
considerably larger (2 TB or 4 TB is not unusual). The cost per byte of by the computer.
storage is also much less for backing storage devices.

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1.3 Operating systems

1.3 Operating systems

An operating system (OS) is a type of software that enables a computer Tip
system to function and allows the user to communicate with the
computer by: A GUI is often called a
windows icons menu and
l controlling input/output devices and backing storage devices – this pointing (WIMP) device
usually involves control of data flow environment and is used
l supervising the loading, running and storage of applications (apps) by PCs not equipped
with touchscreens.
l dealing with errors as they occur
Modern devices, such
l maintaining security as notebooks, tablets
l keeping a computer log of events and smartphones, all
use touchscreens and
l allowing communication between computer and user.
these adopt a post-
1.3.1 User interfaces WIMP environment – this
interface allows fingers
In this part of the computer, we will consider four types of human–
to be used to carry out
computer interface (HCI): tasks such as pinching
and rotating, which would
be impossible with a
Human–computer interface mouse.

Command line Graphical user Dialogue-based Gesture-based

interface (CLI) interface (GUI) interface interface

Requires the user to type Uses icons on a screen to

Uses the human voice to Relies on human interaction
in instructions in an exact open apps or to interact with
give commands to the by movement of the hands,
format (and spelling). It is the computer. A pointing
computer. A microphone fingers, head or feet; uses
slow, error-prone and device (e.g. mouse) or finger
is used to pick up ‘key computer vision and
commands need to be (if a touchscreen) is used.
words’ spoken by the user image processing
learned. However, the user The user is not in direct
and the computer then software (sensors, such as a
is in direct communication communication with the
takes the necessary action camera, pick up movement)
with the computer computer

Sample questions and responses

a Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using dialogue-based
and gesture-based interfaces [6 marks]
b Give an example of where each type of interface is used. [2 marks]

Tip
This is a ‘describe’ question so it is necessary to give all the main facts,
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features and/or characteristics of both types of interface. No comparison

of the two types of interface has been asked for. In the second part of
the question, it is important that the examples given reflect the list of
advantages and disadvantages; they should not be contradictory. Six
marks are awarded in the first part; you would be expected to give a
minimum of six features. It would be advisable to give three features of
each type of interface.

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1 Types and components of computer systems

Sample high-level answer Teacher’s comments

a) Advantages of dialogue based-interfaces: The first answer is
• when used in a vehicle, there is no need for a driver to take their hands off well-constructed and,
the steering wheel to increase sound volume in a stereo, for example if anything, gives too
• in a home this is very useful for people with disabilities, since many tasks much information. This
can be carried out by the spoken word only is fine provided the
• it is possible to use this as a security feature, since voice recognition could student doesn’t write
be used to identify a person. anything that contradicts
Disadvantages of dialogue-based interfaces: any earlier answers.
• the system is still not that reliable, with many commands not being The answers are set out
recognised or needing to be repeated several times (especially if there is logically which will make
background noise) it easy for the examiner to
• dialogue-based interfaces can be quite complex to set up pick out salient points and
• the user needs to know which commands can be used. it also logically follows
Advantages of gesture-based interfaces: the question.
• replaces mechanical input devices
The second answer is
• there is no physical contact required
probably only worth
• it is a very natural interface for a human operator; no training is needed to
about 2 marks in total.
interface with the computer. The reference to the
Disadvantages of gesture-based interfaces: person with disabilities
• it is possible for unintentional movement to be picked up is repeated in part (b),
• it only works fairly near to the camera or sensor (maximum of 1.5 metres) so credit would only be
• it can be limiting what the gesture-based system will accept (e.g. it may given once. A second mark
take several attempts to find out exactly what finger movements are could also be awarded for
recognised). suggesting this type of
b) Dialogue-based systems could be used in the home by people with disabilities interface would be useful
to do tasks such as close the curtains, switch on the lights (etc.) by simple in a car, even though the
verbal commands. Gesture-based systems could be used in a vehicle to open/ scenario given totally
close windows and doors or to alter the heating/air conditioning settings. misses the point of
gesture-based interfaces.
The rest of the answer is
very vague and not worth
Sample low-level answer any additional marks.
a) The advantage of a dialogue-based interface is it allows a person with
disabilities to control the opening and closing of curtains without them having
to leave their seat. The biggest disadvantage would be verbal commands to
control devices could annoy other people in the house.
The advantage of gesture-based interfaces would be in a car where the
passenger finds the music too loud; they could gesture to the driver to turn
the sound down. This, of course, could distract the driver which is an obvious
disadvantage.
b) Dialogue-based interfaces could be used in the house by a person with disabilities
to control devices without leaving their seat. Gesture-based interfaces could be
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used in a car to let the driver know what needs to be altered.

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1.3 Operating systems

Exam-style questions for you to try

1 Explain the following terms. In each case, give an example to help in your
explanation.
a Input device
b Output device
c Dialogue-based interface
d Gesture-based interface [8]
2 In the following table, five statements about CLI and GUI have been made. In
each case, tick (✓) the appropriate box to show whether the statement refers
to a CLI or GUI interface.

Statement CLI (✓) GUI (✓)

The user is in direct communication with the computer
All commands need to be typed in using the correct format
Needs a complex OS and large memory requirement to operate
Allows computer configuration settings to be directly changed
Makes use of pointing devices (such as a mouse) or finger (if
using a touchscreen)

 [5]
3 Seven statements are shown on the left and seven computer terms are shown on
the right. By drawing lines, connect each statement to the correct term.

1. Non-volatile chip that is battery-powered and stores

key BIOS data such as the date, time and system A. RAM
requirements

2. Used with touchscreens to allow actions such as

B. ROM
pinching and rotating as well as app selection

3. Software used in the creation, manipulation,

C. CMOS
modification and analysis of drawings and designs

4. Internal memory chip which can be read from and

written to; stores files, data and part of the operating D. CPU
system currently in use

5. Picture or symbols used on screen to represent apps

(or applets); when selected, the app will be launched; E. CAD
part of a WIMP system

6. Internal memory chip which stores data

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permanently; it is non-volatile in nature and is often F. Post-WIMP

used to store the computer BIOS

7. Interprets and executes commands from hardware

and software; part of the motherboard; main G. Icon
components are CU and ALU

 [7]

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1 Types and components of computer systems

1.4 Types of computer

1.4.1 Desktop computers Tips
l Desktops: not portable but less expensive than other computer types In the sample question
and usually more powerful for the same cost. More stable internet below, the term ‘give’
connection since usually uses wired connectivity. means it is acceptable to
write a single sentence to
1.4.2 Mobile computers highlight a typical use. In
There are four categories of mobile computers: the second part, be brief
when giving an example.
l Laptop (or notebook): lightweight, low power consumption, with no However, remember your
trailing wires, takes up less room than a desktop and is easy to work with example must match
multimedia systems since it is portable. Similar advantages to tablets but with the use or it won’t
gain any marks. Note
often bulkier (but this is changing with introduction of notebooks).
that each use, plus its
● Smartphone: very small and easy to carry round (always with you), example, is only worth
can connect to cellular network and WiFi. Has a long battery life. one mark. This means it
Small screen size and virtual keyboards can make them difficult to use; is very easy to lose the
relatively small memories and slower data transfer rates. mark if either your use or
● Tablet or phablet: similar features to smartphones but much larger the chosen example are
screen size (can be up to 33 cm); can be used with much larger keyboards too vague or don’t match.
built into cases. Slowly taking over from laptops as the preferred portable
computing device since they often have similar or better performance.

Sample question and response

Apart from making phone calls and text messaging, give five
uses of the smartphone. For each use, give an example to Teacher’s comments
illustrate your answer. [5 marks]
The first answer is well-
constructed. The student
Sample high-level answer has separated uses from
l In the field of entertainment examples; this means they
– for example, when streaming videos or music. could potentially gain all
l As a camera the marks available for
– for example, taking ‘on the spur of the moment’ photos at an accident since the question. Where only
your phone is always with you. 1 mark is available for use
l Internet services and example, both are
– for example, using QR codes at an airport or bus station, which allow needed to gain the marks.
automatic website connections to tourist attractions, hotels or taxis.
In the second answer, the
l Telephone banking
student was unable to
– for example, payment of goods or services at a supermarket or restaurant distinguish between the
(no need to carry a credit/debit card with you). use of a smartphone and
l Remote control of devices examples to illustrate the
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– for example, devices that contain embedded processors (e.g. an oven) can use. Consequently, they
be controlled by an app via the internet. could potentially lose all 5
marks! It is possible to join
up accessing the internet
Sample low-level answer with playing music/videos
Five uses of a smartphone would include: and using Facebook giving
l accessing the internet a maximum of 2 marks.
l playing computer games However, you should not
l using Facebook or Twitter use tradenames (Facebook)
l playing music so this second mark would
l watching videos be at serious risk.

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1.5 Emerging technologies

Exam-style questions for you to try

4 Give three advantages and three disadvantages of using smartphones
rather than laptop computers. [6]
5 Explain the following terms. In each case, also give an example to
help in your explanation.
a Phablet c Fast battery drain
b Accelerometer d App store [8]
6 Six statements about types of computer are shown in the following table.
Tick (✓) the appropriate columns to indicate whether each statement is
true or false.

Statement True (✓) False (✓)

Desktop computers are easier to upgrade/expand than
laptops
Laptop computers use a touchpad, as part of the
keyboard, as a pointing device
Phablets and tablets require the use of plug-in
keyboards to allow them to be used to write emails
Tablets don’t allow the use of Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) or video calling
The built-in cameras on smartphones and tablets can
be used to read QR codes
Desktop computers must use a wired internet
connection; they cannot connect to WiFi
 [6]

1.5 Emerging technologies

1.5.1 Impact of emerging technologies
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a machine or application which carries out a
task that requires some degree of intelligence. There are a number of positive
aspects of AI:
l improvements in safety l faster development of products
l improvements in quality l autonomous vehicles.
There are also a number of negative aspects of AI:
l can lead to job losses and de-skilling
l technology dependency
l suspicion that machines are ‘taking over’.
Extended reality (XR) refers to the combination of real and virtual
environments. The most common examples are augmented reality (AR) and
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virtual reality (VR). The table summarises the differences between AR and VR:

Augmented reality Virtual reality

The user experiences relationship between digital Technology is able to take the user out of the real world
(virtual) and physical (real) worlds into a virtual, digital environment
The user is not isolated from the real world and can still The user is fully immersed in the simulated world
interact and see what is in front of them
The user can experience the AR world through special Users wear a VR headset which gives a 360° view of the
goggles or via a smartphone/tablet virtual world
Virtual data and objects are overlaid Can be used in medicine/surgery, construction,
education and military applications

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1 Types and components of computer systems

Sample question and response

The manager of a car showroom has decided to use AR to allow their
customers to gain the best possible experience when choosing a new car. Tips
Explain what features of AR persuaded the manager to decide to use this Since this is an ‘explain’
technology in the car showroom.  [5 marks] question, it is necessary
to give as many facts
as possible to support
Sample high-level answer the chosen features. It
AR allows the user to experience the relationship between physical and digital is imperative that the
worlds; sitting in the showroom the customer could be made to believe they were features given match the
sitting behind the wheel of an actual car, thus gaining the full experience of being in car showroom scenario,
the car. and generic answers
Virtual information and objects would be overlaid onto real world situations, which are not given in the
would also lead the customer to believe they were actually sitting in the car. hope of gaining some
The user can experience the AR world through special goggles; this allows an marks. Three features
with full justification
immersive experience but also permits the customer to still interact with the real
would gain full marks,
world. The customer is still able to ask the car salesperson questions while ‘sitting’
or six features, with less
in the virtual car. supporting information,
would also be acceptable.

Sample low-level answer

Teacher’s comments
AR allows the customer to wear special goggles, which allows them to immerse
themselves into the experience. They will be cut off from the real world, which The first answer is
allows them to fully enjoy the experience without outside noises and lighting probably worth 4 or 5
disturbing them. The AR system allows them to drive the car without actually marks since they have
leaving the showroom covered about five
different points. Their
answer has successfully
distinguished AR from VR,
Exam-style questions for you to try which is very important in
7 Six statements about AR and VR are shown on the right. Draw lines to this question.
connect each feature to the AR or VR technology.
The second answer has not
A. Takes the user out of the real-world environment
into a simulated digital environment
given sufficient evidence
that the student really
knows the difference
B. Virtual objects and information are overlaid onto
real world situations between AR and VR. They
VR have mixed up the two
C. Allows the user to experience the relationship technologies in their
between real and physical worlds at the same time answer. They would gain
credit for the use of special
D. Users wear a headset which allows 360° view of goggles and a reference to
simulated world (this ‘fools’ the brain to immersive experience.
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believe the situation is real)

AR E. The user is fully immersed in a simulated digital

world

F. The user is not isolated from the real world and

is still able to interact and see what is happening
in the real world

 [6]

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