AY 2024-25

II Semester

CSMC102: COMPUTER WORKSHOP

LAB REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

MADHAV KUMAR (24241)

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

UNA
SALOH, HIMACHAL PRADESH -177209.

MAY 2025

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
[Link] Name of the Experiment Page No.

1. To study the various hardware components of a computer system 3 to 5

2. To study the primary functions of electronic and network components 6 to 7
3. To study the various steps of software installation process 8 to 9
4. To study the functionalities of various device drivers 10 to 11
5. To study the basic concepts of software booting on a system 12 to 13
6. To study and identify the software troubleshooting problems 14 to 17

7. To study the functionalities of various networking devices 18 to 22

8. To study the various tab wise options available in the single MS Word 23 to 30
9. 31 to 43
To perform various function in excel

10. To create the presentation on Cybersecurity Attacks 44 to 49

11. To study Latex Functions 50 to 53
12. To study Linux Functions 54 to 63

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 1. STUDY OF VARIOUS HARDWARE

Aim: To study the working principle and various hardware components of a

computer system.
List of Components: Processor, Power Supply, Cooling fan, Hard disk, Optical
Drive,

Motherboard, RAM, Sata Cable.

[Link]:A Microprocessor is a semiconductor

based electronic device .It integrates billions of the
transistors to perform various tasks .The functions
include processing ,memory storage ,and power
management, etc. They are organised for the different
types of three functions like for cpu ’s, gpu’s etc.
Now a days advance microprocessors like
ASCIS,FGPAs etc are designed for the artificial
intelligence and telecommunications.

[Link] supply :
It is the external power supply unit for the computer
hardware’ s It is responsible for the conversion of the
electrical power from an outlet into its usable forms . It
converts dc current from the incoming ac current . It
ensures the stable and reliable power delivery ,protecting
components etc . A reliable power supply is longetivity.

[Link]:
A motherboard serves as the central nervous system of the
computer, serving the platform to connect and integrate all
the hardware components. It is the backbone of the
computer system which houses the CPU, RAM, expansion
slots, integrated circuit chips and other small parts. It also
includes BIOS firmware for system initialization.

[Link] fan :
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 It is the crucial component of the computer that helps int
the regulation of the system’s temperature by releasing the
energy of the processor, graphics card etc . It draws cool
ait in the system and expels out the hot air . Proper cooling
is essential for the stability of the system.

[Link] Disk: It is the data storage device .It is used int eh

computers to store and retrieve the information .They connect
to the motherboard via cables such as SATA ,with or IDE etc.
They consist of the magnetic platters and read/write head that
moves across the surface .It is coast effective for storing big
data.

[Link] Drive: It is used to read and write data from optical

discs like CDs, DVDs. etc. It uses the laser beam to read or
engrave data into the disc’s surface ,making it useful for media
purposes. It is connected using the USB or the SATA cable.
Optical Drives are available in the internal and external versions.

[Link]:It is the main circuit board in the computer that connects and allows
the communication between all the components. It acts as a
centre for distributing the power and facilitating the data
transfer. They feature critical components like the chipset,
which manages communication between the CPU and other
hardware, and BIOS/UEFI firmware, which initializes
hardware during startup.

[Link].:It is the highest speed memory in the computer .It is volatile in nature and
temporarily stores the data and instructions .It is necessary for the multitasking the
process, as it enables the multiple applications to run simultaneously. The amount of
RAM in a computer affects its capacity to handle complex tasks, such as gaming,
video editing, and large-scale computations. Since RAM is volatile, its data is lost
when the computer is powered off, making it a temporary but crucial component in
computing operations.

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 [Link] Cable :It is used to connect the storage devices such as hard disks, SSDs
etc .It connects them to the motherboard for data transfer.
They support the high-speed data transfer rates ,with
versions like SATA 1 ,SATA
11 etc ,providing faster access
to stored data . SATA cables
are commonly used in
desktops and laptops due to
their reliability, ease of use, and compatibility with a wide
range of storage devices.

[Link] Player:
DVD player is designed for playing digital video discs (DVD) and compact discs
(CDs). It consists of a drive mechanism that reads the
discs, a laser system to decode the data, and video and
audio output to display it. It is nowadays not so popular
due to its other alternatives.

Inference: The various hardware components and working principle of the computer
system is successfully studied and demonstrated in the hardware laboratory.

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 [Link] OF ELECTRONIC AND NETWORK COMPONENTS

Aim: To study the various ports available in the computer system.

Ports: Audio/ Video, ports ,Networking ports ,Storage/Expansion ports ,Power ports, Legacy
ports.
[Link] ports: It allows communication and power transfer between computers and
peripherals like keyboards, mice, printers etc .It
provides a standardised connection with plug-and-play
capability, enabling easy installation of the devices.
Types of the USB cales are:1)USB A,2)USB B,3)USB
C etc.
USB- A:It is rectangular in shape commonly used
for the keyboards, mice ,and storage devices.
USB- B:It is used for the printers and few external drives.

USB- C:It is smaller and reversible port. It transfers data faster and supports charging.

[Link]/Video Ports: These ports are used to connect the

audio devices such as headphones ,microphones ,and
speakers to run the sound input and output .The most
common type of audio port is 3.5mm audio jack. It is
generally in colour coded for example green audio output
and pink for the microphone input. Ports like HDMI also
carries video signals. It reduces the need the separate cables.
The video ports are used for the transmission of the visual signals to external displays such as
monitors ,TVs ,etc. The
most commonly used port
is the HDMI port .It
supports the high
definition video and audio
quality etc .Display port is
a high performance port used for offering the high refresh
rates .VGA(video graphics array) and DVI(digital visual
interface ) are used for the transmission of video signals to
legacy monitors etc . DVI
supports digital signals and VGA supports analog signals .

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[Link] Ports : It is used for the connection to LANs
/WANs etc. It enables internet access data and helps in data
sharing between two devices . The most common Ethernet port is
RJ-45 .It provides high speed and reliable data transfer .It is
commonly used in desktop computers ,routers and switches .It
supports speeds such as 10/100 Mbps ,1Gbps etc .The older
versions of computer include [Link] is generally used for the
telephone lines and sial up for the internet .
4 Storage ports: It is used to connect the internal and external storage devices .It is also used
to expand the system’s capabilities .For internal storage connection SATA(serial advanced
technology attachment ) caves are used .It connects Hard drives to the computer system.

Other important components are :

1. SD card slot :reads SD/micro SD cards in cameras and phones .

[Link]:connects internal storage devices .

[Link]:external version of SATA for external hard drives.

[Link]:It is used to supply electrical power to device ,ensuring it operates effectively.

Desktop computers typically uses a standard AC power port connected to a power supply unit
,which converts AC electricity into the necessary DC voltages for internal
components .Laptops and portable
devices often use DC barrel jack
connectors or USB-C Power delivery ,it
allows for the necessary DC voltages for
internal components .Some
manufacturers ,like Apple ,use property
connectors such as Mag Safe ,which provides a magnetic ,easily
detachable charging solution.

[Link] Ports: They are older connection interferences. They are widely used in the past
computer systems .It is mostly replaced by the modern alternatives .for example, PS/2 port
which was used for connecting keywords connecting peripherals like modems ,industrial is
replaced by the USB ports .Another example is the replacement of VGA ports .It is an analog
video port that is commonly used for the monitors is replaced by the HDMI and Display port.

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Inference: The various electronic and network components is successfully identified and

studied in the hardware laboratory.

3. VARIOUS STEPS OF SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCESS

Aim: To study the various steps involved in the software installation process.

List of the components: USB storage devices or any optical media or SSDs etc.

Steps for the installation of the windows operating system are as follows:

Step 1: Prepare Installation Media

1. Download the Windows ISO File:

o Visit Microsoft’s official site and
download the Windows Media Creation Tool
or ISO file. o If you already have a
bootable USB drive with Windows on it,
skip to Step 2.

2. Create a Bootable USB Drive:

o Insert a USB flash drive (8 GB or more). o Open the Media Creation Tool
and follow the prompts to create a bootable USB.

Step 2: Boot from Installation Media

1. Insert the Bootable USB/DVD into your PC.

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 2. Restart your PC and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings by pressing a specific key during
startup .

3. Change Boot Order to make the USB or DVD the first boot device.

4. Save your settings and exit the BIOS.

Step 3: Start the Windows Installation

1. When your PC boots from the USB/DVD, you’ll see the Windows setup screen.

o Choose your language, time, and keyboard layout, then click Next.

o Click Install Now.

2. Enter Your Product Key:

o If you have a valid Windows product key, enter it here. Otherwise, select I
don’t have a product key to continue (you can activate later).

3. Select Your Windows Version (if applicable) and click Next.

Step 4: Partition the Hard Drive

1. Choose Custom: Install Windows Only if you want a fresh installation.

2. You’ll see a list of partitions:

o To perform a clean install, delete existing partitions , then select Unallocated
Space and click Next.
o Alternatively, select the partition where Windows is installed and click Next to
install over it.

Step 5: Windows Installation Process

1. Windows will now start copying files, installing features, and updates. This
process can take 10-30 minutes.

2. Your PC may restart several times during the installation. Let it proceed.

Step 6: Configure Initial Setup (OOBE – Out-of-Box Experience)

1. Set Your Region and Keyboard Layout when prompted.

2. Connect to Wi-Fi (if needed).

3. Sign In or Create a Microsoft Account or choose Offline Account if you prefer.

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 4. Create a User Name and Password.

5. Adjust Privacy Settings (like location services, diagnostic data) and click Next.

Step 7: Complete Installation

1. Windows will finalize the setup, install apps, and prepare your desktop.

2. After the setup is complete, you’ll be taken to the Windows desktop.

Step 8: Install Drivers and Updates

1. Open Settings > Windows Update and check for updates.

2. Download and install any necessary drivers from your PC manufacturer’s website if
not automatically installed.

3. Install antivirus software (if needed) and configure your system settings as desired.

Step 9: Personalize Windows (Optional)

• Customize your background, themes, and taskbar settings.

• Istall your essential applications (browsers, productivity tools, etc.).

Inference: The various steps of software installation process is successfully studied in the
software laboratory.

4. STUDY OF VARIOUS DEVICE DRIVERS

Aim: To study the various functionalities of device manger and drivers.

Device Manager: A device manager is a Windows

utility that enables you to manage and
configure hardware devices on your computer. It allows
you to view a list of all installed hardware devices, view
device properties, update drivers, disable or enable
devices, troubleshoot issues, and configure hardware
settings.

List of Drivers :

1. Display Adapters
o NVIDIA GeForce, AMD Radeon,
Intel Integrated Graphics

o Update, disable, or uninstall

graphics drivers
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 2. Network Adapters o Intel Wireless Adapter, Realtek

Ethernet Adapter, Qualcomm Bluetooth o Update

drivers to fix network connection issues o

Enable/disable network adapters

3. Sound, Video, and Game Controllers o Realtek

Audio, NVIDIA High Definition Audio, Xbox Controller

Adapter o Update audio drivers to fix sound issues

4. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Controllers o USB Root

Hub, Intel USB 3.0 Host Controller, USB Mass Storage

Device o Enable/disable USB ports

5. Keyboards o Standard PS/2 Keyboard, HID Keyboard

Device o Update drivers if keys stop responding

6. Mice and Other Pointing Devices o HID-compliant

Mouse, Synaptics Touchpad o Enable/disable

touchpad or external mice

7. Disk Drives o Samsung SSD, Seagate HDD, External

USB Drive o View device properties (capacity,

partitions)

8. Processors o Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen 7

o View driver details (though processor drivers

rarely need updates)
o

9. Batteries (Laptops) o Microsoft AC Adapter, ACPI-

Compliant Battery

o Troubleshoot battery-related issues (e.g.,

charging problems)

10. DVD/CD-ROM Drives o ASUS DVD-RW Drive,

LG Blu-ray Drive
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 o Update, disable, or uninstall the driver

11. Human Interface Devices (HID) o HID-compliant

Touch Screen, Game Controller o Update drivers if

touchscreen stops working

12. Printers and Print Queues o HP LaserJet, Epson Inkjet

Printer o Manage or clear print queues

13. Imaging Devices o Logitech Webcam, Canon Lide

Scanner o USB Webcams (e.g., Logitech C920)

14. Ports (COM & LPT) o COM1 Serial Port, LPT1

Parallel Port.

Inference: : The various functionalities of device manager and drivers is successfully studied
and surveyed in the software laboratory

5. STUDY OF SOFTWARE BOOTING CONCEPTS

Aim: To study the basic concepts of software booting on a system.

1. Various Steps:
Definition: Booting is the process that starts when a computer is powered on and leads
to the operating system being loaded and ready for use. It initializes hardware
components and loads necessary software, including the operating system, into the
system's memory.

The booting process typically involves the following steps:

1. Power-On Self-Test (POST):
o When the system is
powered on, the BIOS
(Basic Input/Output
System) performs
POST to check the
hardware components
such as
RAM, keyboard, and
disk drives.

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 o Any errors are displayed as beep codes or error messages.
2. BIOS/UEFI Execution:
o BIOS or UEFI
(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) initializes system settings and
devices. It determines which device (hard drive, CD/DVD, USB) to boot from
based on the boot priority set in the firmware settings.
3. Loading the Bootloader:
o The BIOS hands over control to the bootloader, a small program stored in the
Master Boot Record (MBR) or GUID Partition Table (GPT). o Common
bootloaders include GRUB (Linux) and Windows Boot Manager.
4. Operating System Loading:
o The bootloader loads the kernel (the core of the operating system) into
memory and transfers control to it.
o The kernel then takes over and initializes the rest of the operating system
components, including device drivers and system services.
5. User Login:
o After the OS has been fully loaded, the user
is presented with a login screen, marking the
completion of the boot process.

4. Key Booting Components and Concepts

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):

Firmware responsible for POST and system
initialization.

• UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface):

Modern firmware that offers faster booting, larger drive support, and a graphical
interface compared to traditional BIOS.
• Bootloader:
A program that loads the operating system into memory. Examples include GRUB,
LILO (Linux Loader), and Windows Boot Manager.
• Kernel:
The core part of the operating system that manages hardware and system resources.

5. Boot Configuration
• Boot Order/Priority: The order in which devices are checked for bootable files. •
Dual Booting: Setting up a system to boot into more than one operating system.

6. Common Boot Issues and Troubleshooting

• Boot Device Not Found: This can occur due to incorrect boot order settings or a
damaged bootloader.
• Corrupted Bootloader: May require rebuilding the bootloader or reinstalling the OS.

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 • Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) (for Windows): A system crash during boot, often due
to hardware or driver issues.

6. Conclusion
The booting process is essential for initializing both hardware and software and
loading the operating system. Understanding how booting works, the components
involved, and common boot issues is crucial for diagnosing and troubleshooting
system problems.

Inference: The basic concept of software booting is successfully studied and demonstrated in
the software laboratory.

6. STUDY OF SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING ISSUES

Aim: To study the various software troubleshooting issues on a system.

Various Troubleshooting Issues:

1. Slow System Performance

Issue:
The computer becomes sluggish, applications take a long time to load, and overall
system performance is slow. Causes:

• Too many background applications.

• Insufficient RAM or disk space.

• Fragmented hard disk (for HDD users).

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 • Malware infections.

Solutions:

• Close unnecessary
applications and
background processes.
• Uninstall unwanted
programs.
• Run disk cleanup and
defragmentation (for
HDD).
• Upgrade hardware (e.g.,
add more RAM, switch
to SSD).
• Run a full system
antivirus scan.

2. Application Crashes or Freezing

Issue:
Applications may crash, stop responding, or freeze during usage.
Causes:

• Software bugs or corrupted program files.

• Insufficient system resources (CPU, RAM).

• Outdated software or drivers.

Solutions:

• Restart the application or system.

• Update the software to the latest version.

• Check for driver updates, especially for graphics and hardware drivers.

• Reinstall the problematic application. 3. Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) – Windows

Issue:
A critical system error causes the computer to show a blue screen with error messages and
crash.
Causes:

• Faulty drivers, hardware malfunctions, or corrupted system files.

• Incompatible software or updates.

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Solutions:

• Boot the system in Safe Mode and uninstall recently installed drivers or software.

• Perform a System Restore to return to a stable state.

• Run hardware diagnostics to check for issues like faulty RAM.

• Update or reinstall drivers.

4. Software Compatibility Issues Issue:

Applications may not run properly due to compatibility issues with the operating system
or hardware. Causes:

• Outdated software trying to run on a modern OS.

• 32-bit software on a 64-bit system or vice versa.

Solutions:

• Use Compatibility Mode (in Windows) to run the application.

• Check for updated versions of the software.

• Install supporting software, like older versions of .NET Framework, if required. 5.

Network Connectivity Issues Issue:

The system is unable to connect to the internet or the network, or experiences

slow connectivity. Causes:

• Misconfigured network settings (IP address, DNS).

• Corrupted network drivers.

• Router/modem issues or ISP problems.

Solutions:

• Restart the router, modem, and computer.

• Run network troubleshooting tools (e.g., Windows Network Diagnostics).

• Update network drivers.

• Check and reset TCP/IP or DNS settings. 6. Virus, Malware, or Spyware Infections

Issue:

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The system may slow down, display unusual pop-ups, or behave erratically due to malicious
software. Causes:

• Downloading files from untrusted sources.

• Opening phishing emails or links.

Solutions:
• Install and run a reliable
antivirus/antimalware tool.

• Boot in Safe Mode and run a malware

scan.
• Keep the operating system and antivirus
software updated.
• Avoid downloading files from untrusted
sources.

7. Missing DLL Files (Windows) Issue:

When launching an application, the system shows an error stating that a particular DLL
(Dynamic Link Library) file is missing. Causes:

• Corrupted or incomplete software installation.

• Deleted or missing DLL files.

Solutions:

• Reinstall the application that shows the error.

• Download and register the missing DLL file from a trusted source.

8. Operating System Errors

Issue:
The OS may encounter issues, such as failing to load, frequent errors, or crashing during use.
Causes:

• Corrupted system files and Software conflicts or failed updates.

Solutions:

• Run System File Checker and DISM to repair corrupted system files.

• Perform a system restore to revert to an earlier state.

• Reinstall or repair the operating system using installation media.

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9. Boot Issues (Bootloader Problems) Issue:

The system fails to boot or shows errors like "Operating System Not Found" or "Bootmgr is
Missing." Causes:

• Corrupted bootloader or missing boot files.

• Improper shutdowns or failed OS updates.

Solutions:

• Access BIOS/UEFI and ensure the correct boot device is selected.

• Repair the bootloader using OS installation media.

• Run boot recovery utilities provided by the operating system. 10. Software

Update Issues

Issue:
The system may fail to update, show update errors, or get stuck during the update process.
Causes:

• Network issues, insufficient storage, or software conflicts.

• Interrupted updates or corrupted update files.

Solutions:

• Ensure the system is connected to a stable network.

• Clear the update cache and restart the update process.

• Use system troubleshooting tools to diagnose update-related errors.

Inference: The various software troubleshooting issues are successfully studied and
identified in the software laboratory

[Link] DEVICES
Aim: To study the various functionalities of various networking devices.

Networking Devices:

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A network switch is a crucial networking device that operates at the data link layer of the OSI
model. Its primary function is to connect devices within a local area network (LAN) and
facilitate the efficient exchange of data between them. Unlike hubs, switches are smarter and
forward data only to the specific device it's intended for, improving network performance.

Types of networking devices:

1. Switch
2. Hub
3. Router
4. Bridge
5. Gateway
6. Access points
7. NIC
8. Repeater

1. Switch:

A network switch is a crucial networking device that operates at the data link layer of the
OSI model. Its primary function is to connect devices within a local area network (LAN)
and facilitate the efficient exchange of data between them. Unlike hubs, switches are
smarter and forward data only to the specific device it's intended for, improving network
performance.
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 2. Hub:

A hub is a basic networking device that operates at the physical layer of the OSI model.
Its primary function is to connect multiple devices in a local area network (LAN) and
broadcast data to all connected devices. Unlike switches, hubs lack intelligence – when a
device sends data to the hub, it broadcasts that data to all other devices connected to the
hub.

3. Router:

Routers serve as the backbone of network connectivity, operating at the network layer
to connect diverse networks and enable seamless data exchange. These devices
intelligently forward data packets based on logical addressing, such as IP addresses,
ensuring efficient communication between devices across different networks. With
features like Network Address Translation (NAT), routers enhance both addressing
efficiency and security.

4. Bridge:

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 Bridges in networking act as intelligent connectors, functioning at the data link layer to
enhance network efficiency. By segmenting networks into smaller parts, they mitigate
collision domains, optimizing overall performance. Bridges make filtering decisions
based on device MAC addresses, selectively forwarding data to specific segments, thus
improving bandwidth usage and network security.

5. Gateway:

A gateway serves as a pivotal point in networking, acting as an entry point that facilitates
communication between different networks. Operating at the network layer, it excels in
translating data between disparate communication protocols and addressing schemes.
Beyond protocol translation, gateways often integrate security features such as firewalls,
contributing to enhanced network security.

6. Access points:

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 Access points (APs) are crucial components in wireless networking, facilitating the
connection between wireless devices and a wired network. Acting as a bridge, access
points enable devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets to communicate with the
network infrastructure using Wi-Fi signals. They provide a wireless interface for devices
to access resources and services on the wired network, extending the reach of
connectivity.

7. NIC:
"NIC" commonly stands for Network Interface Card. A Network Interface Card is a
hardware component that allows computers to connect to a network. It is usually a
physical device that can be integrated into a computer's motherboard or added as a
separate expansion card. The NIC enables communication between the computer and the
network by providing a unique identifier known as a MAC (Media Access Control)
address. This address is crucial for data transmission within a network. NICs support
various network technologies, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, and play a fundamental role in
ensuring devices can communicate over a network.

There are two common types of Network Interface Cards (NICs):

a) Ethernet NICs:
These NICs are designed for wired Ethernet
networks and are one of the most prevalent
types.
They come in various speeds, such as
10/100/1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet), and are
widely used for connecting computers to local
area networks (LANs). Ethernet NICs operate
using the Ethernet protocol and are crucial for
wired network communication.

b) Wireless NICs (Wi-Fi Adapters):

Wireless NICs enable devices to connect to Wi-Fi
networks. They operate using various Wi-Fi standards,
such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and
802.11ac, each offering different data transfer rates and
frequency bands. Wireless NICs are commonly found in
devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets, providing
the flexibility of connecting to networks without
physical cables.

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 8. Repeaters:

Repeaters are vital components in networking that play a crucial role in extending the
reach of network signals. Whether in wired or wireless systems, repeaters operate at the
physical layer, amplifying and retransmitting signals to overcome the challenges of signal
degradation over long distances. In wired networks, they bolster signal strength as data
traverse lengthy cables, ensuring the integrity of the transmitted information.

Inference:
The networking systems and their working is successfully studied in the lab.

Learning Outcomes:
I learned how to use networking systems and studied them in detail.

[Link] WORD
Aim: To Study the various tab wise options available in the single MS Word document
MS Word
1. HOME RIBBON:

a. FONTS: Using Calibri Light font.

Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click
Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add.
You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your
document.
b. BOLD, ITALICS AND UNDERLINED:
Using bold and italics attributes.
Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click
Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add.

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 You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your
document.
c. FONT AND BACKGROUND COLOR:
Using red font colour and yellow background.
Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point.
d. FONT PROPERTIES:
Used to change font size, font weight, style and font case.
Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. Madhav
Kumar. When you click on video, you can paste in THE EMBED code for
THE video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to search online

e. ALLIGNMENT:
In Word, we can align text left, right, centre, or justify it
(aligned on both sides).
f. ORDERED AND UNORDERED LIST:
In Word, we can use ordered and unordered
list as per the use. Ordered list includes use of
numbers, alphabets or roman numbers to make points whereas Unordered
list includes use of symbols to make points.

g. REPLACE:
INPUT: Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point.

OUTPUT: MP-4 provides a powerful way to help you prove your point

2. INSERT RIBBON:

a) COVER PAGE:
We can add page covers by this.

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 b) TABLE:
In this way we can add tables in a word file.

TABLE 1

c) PICTURE:

Used to add picture in a word file like this.

d) ICONS:

Used to add icons in Word document.

e) CHARTS:
Used to add charts in a word file.

Chart Title
6

4
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 2

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

f) 3-D MODEL:
Used to add 3D Model inside MS Word.

g) LINK:
Ctrl + Click
to open this file that has been added to add hyperlink in a MS Word.
C:\Users\Madhav\OneDrive\Documents\[Link]

h) CROSSREFERENCE:
Video provides a Table 1 way to help you prove your point.

i) HEADER: Used to add a header in the MS Word Document.

j) FOOTER: Used to add a footer in the MS Word Document.

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 3. DRAW RIBBON:

Used to draw and design any shape of text on MS WORD document page.
4. DESIGNS FOR DOCUMENT FORMATTING:

a) Themes: Used to change the theme the of MS Word.

b) Page Layout: Used to change the page format according to the give themes.

c) Colours and fonts: Used to change the font and colour of the lists, maps and
graphs.

d) Paragraph Spacing: Used to define the spacing between the paragraph and line
spacing.

e) Page colour: Used to change the colour and add watermark to the page.

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 5. LAYOUT:

Used to change the layout of the page and change the border. We can change the
indentation and spacing of the lines. It can also used to wrap the picture with text as
per requirement.
6. REFERENCES:

a)
Tables of Content:
Used to add the content page for any book or a document.

Contents
ABCD .................................................................................................................................. 27
BCDE .................................................................................................................................. 27
Madhav .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

ABCD
BCDE
Madhav
b) Inserting Captions and adding Bibliography:
We can add captions to the pictures and add bibliography to the word file as a part
of book content.
7. MAILINGS:

a) Create: Used to create the envelope and labels to the word file in order to get aid
in mailing.

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 b) Mail merge: Used to adjust the content according to the address list for invitation
or formal letters.

c) Select Recipients: Used to make a recipient list for the mailing purpose.

8. REVIEW:

a) Proofing: Used to check the spelling and word count of the file to create a
professional Document.

b) Language: Used to change the language of the word file format.

c) Comments: Used to add comments to the pages of a file.

d) Protect: Used to restrict some changes in the word file.

9. VIEW:

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Provide us various viewing options for the MS Word file in read mode or in print layout. We
can also select the vertical and horizontal scroll view for personalized experience.

Inference: The various software tools of MS WORD are successfully studied and
experimented in the software laboratory.

EXPERIMENT-9
EXCEL FUNCTIONS AND FORMULAS
Aim: To perform various function in excel

Excel functions:
1. Sum: Adds all numbers in a range of cells.

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 2. Average: Returns the average (mean) of its arguments.

3. Count: Counts the number of cells in a range that contains numbers.

4 Max: Returns the largest numeric value in the data provided.

5 Min: Returns the smallest value from a group of numbers.

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 6. AND: Returns TRUE only if all arguments

7. OR: Returns FALSE only if all arguments are false.

7. NOT: Changes FALSE to TRUE, or TRUE to FALSE.

8. If: Checks whether a condition is met and returns one value if true else another value.

9. Modulus: Returns the remainder of a number after dividing it with a divisor.

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 10. SUMIF: Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria.

11. Power: Returns the result of a number, raised to the specified power.

12. Time: Converts hours, minutes and seconds formatted at numbers to the time format.

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 13. Date: Combines three values to form a date in the format: YYYY, MM, DD.

14. DATEVALUE: The DATEVALUE function converts a date that is stored as text to
a serial number that Excel recognizes as a date.

15. Day: Returns the day of the month, a number from 1 to 31.

16. Days: Returns the number of days between two dates.

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 17. EDATE: Returns the serial number that represents the date that is the
indicated number of months before or after a specified date.

18. EOMONTH: Returns the serial number for the last day of the month
that is the indicated number of months before or after start date.

19. Hour: Returns the hour of a time value.

20. Now: Returns the current date and time formatted as a date and time.

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 21. Minute: Returns the minutes of a time value. The minute is given as an
integer, ranging from 0 to 59.

22. Today: Returns the current date, formatted as date.

23. Year: Returns the year corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an
integer in the range 1900-9999.

24. Second: Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is given as an
integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.

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 [Link]: Returns FALSE only if all arguments are false

26. Concatenate: Combines a list or a range of text strings.

27. Replace: Replaces a part of the text string with a text string.

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 28. Substitute: Replace existing text with new text in a text string. The difference
between replace and substitute is used to substitute when you want to replace
specific text and use replace when you want to replace any text that occurs in a
specific location in a text string.

29.
Left: Returns the specified number of characters from the start of the text string.

30. Mid: Returns the specified number of characters from the middle of the text.

31. Right: Returns the specified number of characters from the end of the text string
32. Upper:

Converts the text to all UPPERCASE letters.

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 33. Lower: Converts the text to all lowercase letters.

34. Length: Returns the number of characters in a text string.

35. Exact: Checks whether two text strings are exactly same, and returns
TRUE or [Link] CT is case-sensitive.

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 36. Find: Returns the starting position of one text string within another text string.
FIND is case-sensitive.

37. Lookup: Searches a value in a row or column and returns a matching value
from another row or column.
Syntax: =LOOKUP (lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector)

38. H lookup: Searches a value in the topmost row of the table, and then returns a value in
the same column from the row you specify. For Columns.
Syntax: =HLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, range_lookup

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 39. Vlookup: Searches a value in the leftmost column.
Syntax: =VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, range_lookup)
of the table, and then returns a value in the same row from the column you specify. By
default, the table must be sorted in ascending order. For Rows.

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 40. Transpose: Converts a vertical range of cells to a horizontal range,or vice versa.

41.

Match: The MATCH function searches for a specified item in a range of cells, and
then returns the relative position of that item in the range.

[Link]: Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on your

hard dive, a network server, or on the internet.

Inference: The study of various EXCEL functions and formulas have been studied
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successfully.

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 EXPERIMENT-10
Power Point on Cyber Attack and its Solutions
Aim: To create a visually engaging presentation on “Cyber attacks and its possible solutions.”

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 EXPERIMENT-11
LaTeX
Aim: To study latex
LaTeX: LaTeX is a typesetting system commonly used for producing scientific and mathematical
documents due to its powerful formatting capabilities. It allows users to focus on content creation
while taking care of document layout and styling automatically.

CODE

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 12. STUDY OF LINUX COMMANDS
Aim: Study of basic Linux commands
Linux Commands: Linux commands are the building blocks of interaction with
the operating system. Here are a few basic Linux commands:

operating system. Here are a few basic Linux commands:

1) ifconfig: This command is used to display the configuration of the active network interfaces
on your system. When you run ifconfig without any arguments, it shows information about
the active interfaces (those that are currently up and running).

2) ifconfig -a: The -a option stands for "all." When you run ifconfig -a, it displays information
about all network interfaces, whether they are currently active or not. This includes both
active and inactive (down) interfaces.

3) ip link show: The ip link show command in Linux provides a quick overview of network
interfaces, including their names, states (UP or DOWN), MAC addresses, and other relevant
details. It's a handy tool for swiftly checking the configuration and status of network interfaces
on a system.

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 4) curl [Link]: Using curl [Link] is a quick way to retrieve your public IP address
from the command line. The [Link] service responds with your external IP address,
allowing you to easily obtain this information without navigating through a web browser.

5) hostname: The hostname command in Linux displays or sets the system's hostname. It helps
identify a device on a network. Using it without arguments shows the current hostname, and
specifying a new hostname changes it for the current session. Persistent changes may require
additional configuration.

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 6) dig: The dig command in Linux is a tool for querying DNS servers. It helps retrieve
information about domain names, IP addresses, and DNS records. Examples include basic
domain queries, specific record type queries (e.g., MX records), reverse DNS lookups,
querying a specific DNS server, and displaying concise information. It's a versatile tool for
DNS-related tasks and network troubleshooting.

7) ping: The ping command in Linux tests network connectivity by sending packets to a
specified host and measuring the round-trip time. It's used for troubleshooting and monitoring,
with options to set the number of packets, intervals, and choose between IPv4 or IPv6.

8) netstat -l: The netstat -l command in Linux is used to display a list of all listening (bound)
sockets. It shows the network services that are actively waiting for incoming connections.
This is helpful for understanding which services are running and configured to accept network
connections on the system.

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 9) lsof
- i:
The
lsof
-i

command in Linux lists open files associated with network connections, offering details on
processes, protocols, addresses, and connection states for effective network monitoring and
troubleshooting.

10) ls: The ls command in Linux is used to list files and directories in the current directory. When
executed without any arguments, it displays the names of files and folders in a simple,
vertical list.

11) cd: The cd command in Linux is used to change the current working directory. By providing
the desired directory as an argument, you can navigate to different locations in the file
system. For example, cd Documents would move you into the "Documents" directory. Using
cd without any arguments takes you to the home directory of the current user. It's a
fundamental command for navigating and moving around the file system in the command
line.

12) mkdir: The mkdir command in Linux creates new directories. We use it with the desired
directory name to make a single directory or with multiple names to create several at once.

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 13) touch: The touch command in Linux creates empty files or updates the timestamps of
existing ones. It's useful for quickly generating files or modifying access and modification
timestamps.

14) cat>: The cat> command is used to write content for a file.

15) cat>>: The cat>> command is used for adding some text into a prewritten text for a file.

16) cat: The cat command is used to display the content of a file that has been previously signed.

17) cp: The cp command in Linux copies files or directories. Use it with the source and
destination paths.

18) rm: The rm command in Linux is used to remove or delete files and directories.

19) pwd Command: The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working
directory.

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 20) mv: The mv command in Linux moves or renames files and directories. Use it with the source
and destination paths for moving and with old and new names for renaming. It's a versatile
tool for file manipulation.

21) su Command: The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other
words, it allows access of the Linux shell to another user.

22) id Command: The id command is used to display the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).

23) head Command: The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the
first 10 lines of a file.

24) tail Command: The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between
both commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the file content. It is useful for reading
the error message.

25) tac Command : The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as Its name specified. It
displays the file content in reverse order (from the last line).

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 26) more command: The more command is quite similar to the cat command, as it is used to
display the file content in the same way that the cat command does. The only difference
between both commands is that, in case of larger files, the more command displays screenful
output at a time.

27) less Command: The less command is similar to the more command. It also includes some
extra features such as 'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.' Comparatively, the
more command cuts the output in the width of the terminal.

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 28) useradd Command: The useradd command is used to add or remove a user on a Linux
server.

29) passwd Command: The passwd command is used to create and change the password for a
user.

30) groupadd Command: The groupadd command is used to create a user group.

31) cut Command: The cut command is used to select a specific column of a file. The '-d'
option is used as a delimiter, and it can be a space (' '), a slash (/), a hyphen (-), or anything
else. And, the '-f' option is used to specify a column number.

32) grep Command: The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The 'grep'
stands for "global regular expression print." It is useful for searching the content from a file.

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 33) comm Command: The comm command is used to compare two files or streams. By default,
it displays three columns, first displays non-matching Items of the first file, second indicates
the non-matching Item of the second file, and the third column displays the matching items of
both files.

34) echo command: The echo command is used to print any input in the command prompt.

35) tee command: The tee command is quite similar to the cat command. The only difference
between both filters is that it puts standard input on standard output and also write them into a
file.

36) tr Command: The tr command is used to translate the file content like from lower case to
upper case.

37) wc Command: The wc command is used to count the lines, words, and characters in a file.

38) uniq Command : The uniq command is used to form a sorted list in which every word will
occur only once.

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 39) od Command: The od command is used to display the content of a file in different s, such as
hexadecimal, octal, and ASCII characters.

40) sort Command: The sort command is used to sort files in alphabetical order.

41) gzip Command: The gzip command is used to truncate the file size. It is a compressing
tool. It replaces the original file by the compressed file having '.gz' extension.

42) gunzip Command: The gunzip command is used to decompress a file. It is a reverse
operation of gzip command.

43) find Command: The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory. It also
supports various options to find a file such as byname, by type, by date, and more.

44) locate Command:The locate command is used to search a file by file name. It is quite
similar to find command; the difference is that it is a background process. It searches the file
in the database, whereas the find command searches in the file system. It is faster than the find
command. To find the file with the locates command, keep your database updated.

45) date Command: The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more.

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 46) hwclock: The command allows users to view and set the hardware clock, as well as
synchronize it with the system clock.

47)

sleep Command: The sleep command is used to hold the terminal by the specified amount of
time. By default, it takes time in seconds.

48) time Command: The time command is used to display the time to execute a command.

49) exit Command: The exit command is used to exit from the current shell. It takes a parameter
as a number and exits the shell with a return of status number.

50) clear: The clear command in Linux is used to clear the currently opened terminal and to open
a new terminal.

Inference: The study of basic Linux commands is completed successfully.

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