Certainly, let's solve the questions presented in the image.

Section - C
5. Define:
●​ Aluminium oxide: A compound formed by the combination of aluminum (Al) and oxygen
(O) with the chemical formula Al₂O₃.
●​ Zinc oxide: A compound formed by the combination of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O) with the
chemical formula ZnO.
●​ Sodium sulphate: A compound formed by the combination of sodium (Na), sulfur (S),
and oxygen (O) with the chemical formula Na₂SO₄.
●​ Potassium hydroxide: A compound formed by the combination of potassium (K), oxygen
(O), and hydrogen (H) with the chemical formula KOH.
●​ Sodium oxide: A compound formed by the combination of sodium (Na) and oxygen (O)
with the chemical formula Na₂O.
●​ Magnesium hydroxide: A compound formed by the combination of magnesium (Mg),
oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) with the chemical formula Mg(OH)₂.
Section - D
6. Draw Rutherford model of an atom.
The Rutherford model of an atom depicts it as a positively charged nucleus, which is a tiny,
dense center, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
Section - E
7. Number of protons and electrons are same in an atom. Then why is it wrong to say that
atomic number of an atom is equal to its number of electrons.
While the number of protons and electrons is typically equal in a neutral atom, the atomic
number specifically refers to the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, it's incorrect to
say that the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons, as the number of electrons can
vary in ions (charged atoms).
8. What is valency? Explain different types of valencies.
Valency is the combining capacity of an atom or a group of atoms. It represents the number of
electrons an atom needs to gain, lose, or share to achieve a stable electron configuration
(usually a full outer shell).
Types of Valencies:
●​ Electrovalency: Formed by the complete transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting
in the formation of ions.
●​ Covalency: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable
configuration.
●​ Coordinate Covalency: A type of covalent bond where one atom provides both electrons
for the shared pair.
9. An atom is electrically neutral, on loss or gain of electrons why does it become
charged?
An atom is electrically neutral because it has an equal number of protons (positive charge) and
electrons (negative charge). When an atom loses or gains electrons, the balance between
positive and negative charges is disrupted, resulting in a net charge. If an atom loses electrons,
it becomes positively charged (cation), and if it gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged
(anion).
10. According to you, among the structure of atom studies which model is correct and
why?
The currently accepted model of the atom is the quantum mechanical model. This model is
more accurate and comprehensive than previous models like Rutherford's and Bohr's. It
describes the behavior of electrons in terms of probability distributions (orbitals) rather than
fixed orbits.
11. Give an activity to understand the implications of Rutherford's a scattering
experiment by a gold foil.
Activity: You can simulate Rutherford's experiment using a small, positively charged ball
(representing the nucleus) and a large number of negatively charged balls (representing alpha
particles). Throw the alpha particles at the nucleus and observe how they scatter. Most alpha
particles will pass through with little deflection, while some will be deflected at large angles or
even bounce back. This simulation helps visualize the concept of a small, dense nucleus
surrounded by a mostly empty space.
12. Explain Rutherford's a-particle scattering experiment and give its observation and
conclusion drawn.
Rutherford's Experiment:
●​ Alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) were directed at a thin gold foil.
●​ Most alpha particles passed straight through the foil, indicating that most of the atom is
empty space.
●​ Some alpha particles were deflected at small angles, suggesting the presence of a
positively charged nucleus.
●​ A few alpha particles were deflected at large angles or even bounced back, indicating the
presence of a very small, dense, and positively charged nucleus.
Conclusion:
Rutherford concluded that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center,
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
13. Establish the relationship between atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars,
and valency of an atom.
●​ Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
●​ Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
●​ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass
numbers (due to a different number of neutrons).
●​ Isobars: Atoms of different elements with the same mass number but different atomic
numbers.
●​ Valency: The combining capacity of an atom, typically determined by the number of
electrons in its outermost shell.
The atomic number determines the element's identity and its chemical properties. The mass
number affects the atom's physical properties. Isotopes of an element have similar chemical
properties but different physical properties. Isobars have different chemical properties due to
their different atomic numbers. Valency is related to the electron configuration of an atom, which
is influenced by the number of protons and neutrons.
Section - F
14. Give the difference between three sub-atomic particles.
Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton +1 1.673 x 10⁻²⁷ kg Nucleus
Neutron 0 1.675 x 10⁻²⁷ kg Nucleus
Electron -1 9.109 x 10⁻³¹ kg Electron cloud around
the nucleus
15. Draw electron distribution system of first 20 elements.
I cannot draw here, but I can describe the electron distribution using the concept of electron
shells and subshells. For the first 20 elements, you can use the following rules:
1.​ Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill orbitals in the order of increasing energy levels.
2.​ Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
3.​ Hund's Rule: Electrons will occupy empty orbitals within a subshell before pairing up.
Using these rules, you can determine the electron configuration for each element, which shows
how electrons are distributed among the shells and subshells (s, p, d, f).
16. Explain Neel Bohr model of an atom.
Bohr's model of the atom proposes that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific, circular energy
levels or shells. Each shell has a fixed energy level, and electrons can only exist in these
specific energy levels. Electrons can transition between energy levels by absorbing or emitting
energy in the form of photons.
17. Write down the drawbacks of Rutherford model of an atom.
Rutherford's model, while groundbreaking, has some limitations:
●​ It couldn't explain the stability of the atom, as electrons orbiting a nucleus would
continuously lose energy and spiral into the nucleus.
●​ It couldn't account for the line spectra observed in atomic emission and absorption.
●​ It didn't provide any information about the arrangement of electrons within the atom.
Let me know if you have any more questions or would like further explanation on any specific
topic!