Education in INDIA
The pursuit of knowledge (Jnan), wisdom (Pragyaa), and truth (Satya) was always considered in Indian
thought and philosophy as the highest human goal.
SDG Goal #4: India’s baseline in (brackets) India’s SDG Target 2030
Enrollment ratio from class 1 to 10 (75%) 100%
Dropout rate at Secondary level (17%) 10%
% of schools where Pupil Teacher ratio is 100%
less.
Improve Learning Outcomes in Maths, 57-67% score in learning
Language, Science etc. outcome quiz
In ancient times India followed the Gurukul system of education.
1700: East India Company for first 60 years of its dominion took no interest for education.
1781: Calcutta Madrasah by Warren Hastings to study Muslim law.
1791: Sanskrit College by Jonathan Duncan in Banaras to study Hindu law and philosophy.
1800: Fort William College by Wellesley for training of civil servants
1813: Through Charter act company sanctioned 1 lakh rupees and promoted Christian missionaries.
1817: Raja Rammohan Roy opened Hindu College.
1784-Asiatic Society
1825: RRMR opened Vedanta College.
1835: Macaulay Minutes ( Anglicist Edu., English medium, Downward Filtration Theory, few Eng. school.
1854: Woods dispatch to review Macaulay minutes,considered Magna Carta of English Edu.
1882: Hunter education commission recommended to transfer responsibility of education to
districts and municipal boards.
1904: Indian universities act,to curb nationalism ,autonomy was snatched from the universities.
1917: saddler university commission (To enquire into the conditions of University of Calcutta)
1919: Education shifted to provincial government under Dyarchy.
1929: Hartog Committee (by Simon commission to review the position of education)
1944: Seargeant plan (Not imp.)
1937: Wardha scheme (Gandhian idea:Harijan) here Congress organised a national conference.
1956: UGC was established on the recommendation of Radhakrishnan commission (on paper-1953)
1964-66: education commission under [Link]
1968: National policy on education Woods despatch rejected
1976:42nd CAA: education put under concurrent list download filtration theory
1986: National policy on education(NPE)→Modified in 1992. IGNOU setup.
2015-16:[Link] committee for education policy Orientalist - Indian Edu.
2017-19:Dr.K. Kasturirangan committee for education policy (NEP 2020) (James Princep)
Anglicist - Modern Edu.
-
Constitutional provisions: (Lord Macaulay)
BUDDHI IAS ACADEMY
Education is a concurrent list subject.
Article 40 DPSP government should provide free and compulsory education(0-6 yrs.)
Article 21A 86th CAA Elementary education (6-14 free) made a fundamental right by RTE.
(Person aged 7 or higher who can read & write) Census-2011:
______________________________________________ 73%. Literacy of urban area > rural ;
Literacy Rate:
Total population of age 7 & higher males > females.
No. of students enrolled in an age group or std
Gross Enrolment Ratio: _______________________________________________
total population in that group
GER in 6 to 14 age group is ~97.2% means 2.8% children (6-14 age) out of school.
Budget-2020: GER (girls) >> GER (boys) in all 3 levels i.e. elementary, secondary, higher secondary.
Adult Literacy Rate: It is measured for age 15 Years and above.
Dropout: No. of pupil who enrolls in a school but leaves before the completion of a school stage.
Gender Parity Index for education =_________________________________________________________
ratio of female students enrolled in an age or std-group
by male students in that group.
Fundamental principles:
Talent Recognition:recognizing, identifying, and fostering the unique capabilities of each student.
Strong foundation: Foundational Literacy and Numeracy by all students by Grade 3
flexibility: learners can choose their own paths according to their talents and interests.
multidisciplinarity: holistic education across the sciences, social sc., arts, humanities etc.
conceptual understanding: rather than rote learning and learning-for-exams.
critical thinking: to encourage logical decision-making and innovation.
Values: ethics and human & Constitutional values like empathy,(Fundamental duties)
multilingualism: utilise power of language in teaching and learning.
life skills: communication, cooperation, teamwork, and resilience.
technology: Digital boards and digital classes.
pupil-teacher ratio BUDDHI IAS ACADEMY
(PTR) of under 30:1
BEFORE AFTER
ECCE (early ECCE (early
childhood care childhood care &
& education) education)
not a priority Is a priority
Pratham NGO(ASER) foundational literacy
7th Grade students and numeracy in
can’t do basic primary school by 2025.
numeracy of 2nd grade
Strict separation No strict separation
between commerce between different
& science streams.
most Private More autonomy
colleges are usually will be given to
affiliated to some private colleges
universities.
Children 3-6 age Balavatika” (that is,
group not covered Regional/mother
before Class 1),
language promoted
which has an ECCE-
qualified teacher. Creative combinations
of subjects Philosophy
Ministries of HRD/Edu, Ministry of Women and NOT & architecture
Child Development (WCD), Ministry of Health SPECIFIC
Credit Based
and Tribal Affairs will jointly implement ECCE. Semester System
Language to impart education: multiple entry and exit
Teaching in mother tongue/ regional language? points with appropriate
Yes upto class 5 (try to extend up to 8) certification.
Sanskrit medium to be offered at all levels.
At secondary level, we'll also offer foreign languages. Multiple Regulators in Higher Education
Three-language formula. the higher education Commission of India for
sector for example entire higher education
❑At Least two of the languages must be native Indian.
❑No language will be imposed on any student. UGC, AICTE except medical and legal
❑New organizations will be setup- Union+State's in
1) National Institute for Pali, Persian and Prakrit total public investment
education currently
2) Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation to be increased to 6%
about 4.4% of GDP
Higher education financing agency Massive Open Online
Not for profit company Swayam Prabha
Courses
shareholding: 91% Edu Ministry + 9% Canara bank. (DTH Channels)
(MOOCs) technology.
Registered as non-deposit taking NBFC with RBI.
Provides loan to IIT,IIM,AIIMS. National Testing Agency
Multiple institutions
to conduct common
Swayam portal: free online MOOCs took Exams like
college entrance exam
Swayam Prabha: free DTH TV channels for edu. AIEEE, IIT, PMT
twice a year
e-Pathshala: NCERT portal for books,audio,video,etc.
DEPT. Department of School Education & Literacy
Department of Higher Education
Statutory All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) Act, 1987.
Body University Grants Commission Act, 1956 Now→Higher Education Commission of India
Higher education financing agency (HEFA)
CPSE BUDDHI IAS ACADEMY
Educational Consultants of India Limited (EdCIL)
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
Autonomous
bodies National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT)
National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)
Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)
Advisory Highest advisory body to advise CG/SG for education since 1920.
Chairman:HRD Minister.
UN Specialized Agency: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Intern. Inst. (UNESCO, 1946, HQ: Paris, France)
Annual Status National Achievement Survey All India Survey National Medical Commission
of Education Report Of Higher EDU. - regulates medical education
Bar Council of India
NGO (Pratham) NCERT (MoE) MoE - regulates legal education
Institutes of Eminence
Household School based Web based for higher edu. institutes
All children School children Institutes launched by UGC-2017
Rural areas All areas All areas gets more autonomy
Rs 1k crore for Govt institute
Every year since Every 3 years Every year No funds for Pvt institute
2005 since 2001 since 2010 Some IITs, Jio institute, etc.
Academic Bank of Credits
❑ Ministry of Education
❑ Helps in seamless integration of skills and
experiences into a Credit Based system
❑ Enabling students mobility across Higher
Education Institutions
❑ Works through National Academic Depository
National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) Atal Ranking of Institutions on
done annually since 2016. Innovation Achievements (ARIIA):
Separate rankings for following categories- It gives rankings for different
overall, universities, engineering, management, college, different types of institutes
pharmacy, medical, architecture, law, dental etc.
Steps Taken
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan:
Universal access to education and retention,gender & social equity & enhancing learning outcomes.
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan:
secondary level education GER 75% by 2017 and Universal retention by 2020
Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abiyan:
GER 30% by 2020, Quality Education and retention.
PMRF (PM- Research Fellowship) :
Improving the quality of research and talent attraction
RISE: Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education -
Lend low-cost funds to government higher educational institutions through HEFA
SWAYAM: Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds -Online Platform ( 9th-graduation)